 Neurodevelopmental Disorders Repetition and narrow focus characterize their activities and

interests. They resist even small changes in their routines

• Intellectual Disability
The reaction to stimuli, may be either feeble or excessive.
difficulty with cognitive tasks such as reasoning, making Some are unusually preoccupied with sensory experiences
plans, thinking in the abstract, making judgments, and
They may use peculiar speech or show stereotypies of
learning from formal studies or from life’s experiences.
behavior such as hand flapping, body rocking, or echolalia
difficulty adapting their behavior so that they can become
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
citizens who are independent and socially accountable
inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present
• Global Developmental Delay
prior to age 12 years.
individual fails to meet expected developmental milestones in
difficulty paying attention and maintaining focus
several areas of intellectual functioning. Including: unable to
crawl by 12 months, poor social skills/ judgment, unable to • Specific Learning Disorder
roll over by 6 months, communication problems, fine/gross
motor difficulties, and aggressive behavior as a coping skill. The patient has important problems with reading (Dyslexia),
writing (Dysgraphia), or arithmetic (Dyscalculia)
Communication Disorders
a problem that isn’t consistent with a child’s age and native
• Language Disorder intelligence, and that can’t be explained by external factors
such as culture or lack of educational opportunity
spoken and written language persistently lags behind age
expectations Motor Disorders

small vocabularies, impaired use of words to form sentences,
and reduced ability to employ sentences to express ideas
• Speech Sound Disorder
problems producing the sounds of speech, compromising
communication.
• Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder
Stuttering
problems speaking smoothly, most notably with sounds that
are drawn out or repeated; there may be pauses in the
middle of words.
• Developmental Coordination Disorder
problems with balance; delayed developmental milestones;
and slow achievement of basic skills such as jumping,
throwing or catching a ball, and handwriting that is
substantially below that expected given the individual’s
chronological age and opportunity for skill learning and use.
• Stereotypic Movement Disorder
repetitive, purposeless movements (such as hand waving,
body rocking, or head banging) for at least four weeks. The
movements interfere with normal activity or have the
potential to cause bodily harm.

• Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

From early childhood, the patient has difficulty with each of Tic Disorders
these features: using language for social reasons, adapting
communication to fit the context, following the conventions • Tourette’s Disorder
(rules) of conversation, and understanding implied
Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics have been
communications
present at some time during the illness
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder
Social relationships vary from mild impairment to almost
Single or multiple motor or vocal tics have been present
complete lack of interaction. There may be just a reduced
during the illness, but not both motor and vocal
sharing of interests and experiences.
• Provision Tic Disorder
They tend to speak with few of the usual physical signals
most people use—eye contact, hand gestures, smiles, and Single or multiple motor and/or vocal tics
nods
  Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic
Disorders
• Schizophrenia
For at least 6 months, these patients have had two or more of
these five types of psychotic symptom:
➢ Delusions ➢ disorganized speech
➢ hallucinations ➢ negative symptoms
➢ and catatonia or other markedly abnormal behavior
• Schizophreniform disorder
This category is for patients who have the basic symptoms of
schizophrenia but have been ill for only 1–6 months—less
than the time specified for schizophrenia
• Schizoaffective disorder
For at least 1 month, these patients have had basic
schizophrenia symptoms; at the same time, they have
prominent symptoms of mania or depression
• Brief psychotic disorder
These patients will have had at least one of the basic
psychotic symptoms for less than 1 month.
• Delusional disorder
These patients have delusions, but not the other symptoms
of schizophrenia
 Mood Disorders and Bipolar Disorders
Mood Episodes
• Major Depressive Episode
For at least 2 weeks, the patient feels depressed (or cannot
enjoy life) and has problems with eating and sleeping, guilt
feelings, low energy, trouble concentrating, and thoughts
about death.
• Manic Episode
For at least 1 week, the patient feels elated (or sometimes
only irritable) and may be grandiose, talkative, hyperactive,
and distractible
• Hypomanic Episode
This is much like a manic episode, but it is briefer and less
severe
• Bipolar I Disorder
it is necessary to meet the criteria for a manic episode. The
manic episode may have been preceded by and may be
followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
• Bipolar II Disorder
it is necessary to meet the criteria for a current or past
hypomanic episode and the criteria for a current or past
major depressive episode
• Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia)
For at least 2 years, there have been numerous periods with
hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria for a
hypomanic episode and numerous periods with depressive
symptoms that do not meet criteria for a major depressive
episode.
Criteria for a major depressive, manic, or hypomanic episode
have never been met.
 Depressive Disorders
• Major Depressive Disorder
it is necessary to meet the criteria for a major depressive
episode, present during the same 2- week period. It is
necessary that there has never been a manic episode or a
hypomanic episode.
• Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not,
as indicated by either subjective account or observation by
others, for at least 2 years
• Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
For at least a year, several times a week, on slight
provocation a child has severe tantrums—screaming or
actually attacking someone (or something)—that are
inappropriate for the patient’s age and stage of development.
• Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
For a few days before menstruating, a patient experiences
pronounced mood shifts, depression, anxiety, anger, or other
expressions of dysphoria. Symptoms must be present in the
final week before the onset of menses.
Dysphoria - state of unease or generalized dissatisfaction with
life
  Anxiety Disorders
• Separation Anxiety Disorder
Because they fear what might happen to a parent or
someone else important in their lives, these patients resist
being alone. They imagine that the parent will die or become
lost, so that even the thought of separation can cause
anxiety, nightmares, or perhaps vomiting spells or other
physical complaints.
The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4
weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or
more in adults
• Selective Mutism
Despite speaking normally at other times, the patient
regularly doesn’t speak in certain situations where speech is
expected, such as in class
• Specific Phobias
Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation.
The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger
posed by the specific object or situation and to the
sociocultural context
• Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
a marked, or intense, fear or anxiety of social situations in
which the individual may be scrutinized by others.
• Panic Disorder
As a result of unexpected panic attacks, the patient fears that
they will happen again or tries to avert further attacks by
taking (ineffective) action, such as abandoning a once favored
activities or avoiding places where attacks have occurred.
• Agoraphobia
inordinate anxiety or dread when they have to be alone or
away from home. They are afraid that escape would be
impossible or that help (in the event of panic) unavailable. So,
they avoid such situations or confront them only with a
trusted friend or, if all else fails, endure them with lots of
suffering.
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Excessive worrying about a variety of issues, such as: health,
family problems, money, school, work— results in physical
and mental complaints. The individual finds it difficult to
control the worry.
 Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both, which are time
consuming.
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder
preoccupied with the belief that they have a particular defect
or flaw in their physical appearance. Such beliefs drive the
individuals to repeatedly check themselves in response to the
appearance concerns.
Muscle dysmorphia - The individual is preoccupied with the
idea that his or her body build is too small or insufficiently
muscular
• Hoarding Disorder
They wind up with numerous useless and valueless items,
from junk mail to broken objects to unused clothes. Parts of
their homes may become inaccessible because of the clutter.
Animal hoarding - can be defined as the accumulation of a
large number of animals and a failure to provide minimal
standards of nutrition, sanitation, and veterinary care
• Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)
Recurrent pulling out of one’s hair, resulting in hair loss. The
individuals have repeated attempts to decrease or stop hair
pulling.
• Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder
Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions. The individuals
have repeated attempts to decrease or stop skin picking.
 Trauma-and-Stressor-Related Disorders
• Posttraumatic-Stress-Disorder (PTSD)
After an exposure to a traumatic event, individuals may
experience hyper-alertness, negative emotions, guilt, and
may re-experience the event through thoughts, memories, or
nightmares. They often avoid any reminders of the event.
Duration of the disturbance is more than 1 month.
• Acute Stress Disorder (ASD
include exposure to a traumatic event or stressor, the
presence of dissociative symptoms, and symptoms such as re-
experiencing the event, avoidance, and increased arousal that
begin within 4 weeks of the traumatic event and last for less
than a month.
 • Adjustment Disorder
person develops emotional or behavioral symptoms in
response to an identifiable stressor, causing marked distress
or significant impairment. Symptoms do not persist beyond 6
months after the stressor has ended.
• Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
Adverse child care (abuse, neglect, caregiving insufficient or
changed too frequently) has apparently caused a child to
withdraw emotionally; the child neither seeks nor responds
to soothing from an adult.
• Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)
Adverse child care (abuse, neglect, caregiving insufficient or
changed too frequently) has apparently caused a child to
become unreserved in interactions with strange adults. Such
children, rather than showing typical first-acquaintance
shyness, will little hesitate to leave with a strange adult.
 Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative Amnesia
People with dissociative amnesia are unable to recall
important information, usually of a stressful nature, about
their lives.
episode of amnesia is directly triggered by a traumatic or
upsetting event
Dissociative Fugue - not only forget their personal identities
and details of their past lives but also flee to an entirely
different location.
• Dissociative Identity Disorder
known in the past as multiple personality disorder, develops
two or more distinct personalities, often called
subpersonalities, or alternate personalities (“alters”), each
with a unique set of memories, behaviors, thoughts, and
emotions.
• Depersonalization / Derealization
Depersonalization - The sense that one’s own mental
functioning or body is unreal or detached. People
experiencing depersonalization feel as though they have
become separated from their body and are observing
themselves from outside
Derealization - The sense that one’s surroundings are unreal
or detached. Objects may seem to change shape or size;
other people may seem removed, mechanical, or even dead.
The symptoms of depersonalization/derealization disorder
are persistent or recurrent cause considerable distress, and
may impair social relationships and job performance.
 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
• Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self
known popularly as Munchausen syndrome, falsifies or
induces physical or psychological symptoms and presents
themselves as ill or injured to others. The behavior is evident
even in the absence of external rewards
• Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another
known popularly as Munchausen syndrome by proxy,
Falsification or induction of physical or psychological signs or
symptoms, or injury or disease in another individual (victim),
associated with identified deception. The person presents the
victim to others as ill, impaired, or injured, and the behavior
is evident even in the absence of obvious external rewards.
Perpetrator – the one who receives the diagnosis, not the
victim.
• Conversion Disorder
display physical symptoms that affect voluntary motor or
sensory functioning, but the symptoms are inconsistent with
known medical diseases.
• Somatic Symptom Disorder
excessively distressed, concerned, and anxious about bodily
symptoms that they are experiencing, and their lives are
greatly disrupted by those symptoms. The somatic symptoms
have no known cause; in others, the cause can be identified.
Predominant Pain Pattern - This specifier is for individuals
whose somatic symptoms predominantly involve pain
• Illness Anxiety Disorder
Previously called hypochondriasis. People with illness anxiety
disorder are chronically anxious about their health and are
convinced that they have or are developing a serious medical
illness, despite the absence of somatic symptoms.
They repeatedly check their body for signs of illness and
misinterpret various bodily events as signs of serious medical
problems.
Care-seeking type - Medical care, including physician visits or
undergoing tests and procedures, is frequently used.
Care-avoidant type - Medical care is rarely used
  Feeding and Eating Disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa
Sufferers of anorexia nervosa are convinced that they need to
be extremely thin. A person with anorexia nervosa purposely
maintains a significantly low body weight, intensely fears
becoming overweight, has a distorted view of her weight and
shape, and is excessively influenced by her weight and shape
in her self-evaluations.
Restricting type - They reduce their weight by restricting their
intake of food. through dieting, fasting, and/or excessive
exercise.
Binge-eating/purging type - forcing themselves to vomit or
abusing laxatives or diuretics
• Bulimia Nervosa
aka Binge-purge syndrome. Persons with bulimia nervosa
engage in repeated episodes of uncontrollable overeating or
binges. In addition, people with this disorder repeatedly
perform inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as
forcing themselves to vomit; misusing laxatives, diuretics, or
enemas; fasting; or exercising excessively.
Although the binge itself may be experienced as pleasurable
in the sense that it relieves the unbearable tension the
individual has been experiencing, it is followed by feelings of
extreme self- blame, shame, guilt, and depression, as well as
fears of gaining weight and being discovered.
• Binge-Eating Disorder
Similar to bulimia nervosa, people with binge-eating disorder
engage in repeated eating binges during which they feel no
control over their eating. However, they do not perform
inappropriate compensatory behavior
• Pica
Eating of one or more nonnutritive, nonfood substances on a
persistent basis over a period of at least 1 month that is
severe enough to warrant clinical attention
• Rumination Disorder
individual regurgitates a bolus of food from the stomach and
chews it again. The repeated regurgitation is not attributable
to an associated gastrointestinal or other medical condition
• Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
disturbance in eating or feeding that results in failure to meet
appropriate nutritional or energy needs, leading to significant
weight loss, nutritional deficiencies, or dependence on
supplements. It is not explained by lack of available food, a
cultural practice, or another medical or mental disorder.
 Sleep-Wake Disorder
Dyssomnias
difficulties in getting enough sleep, problems with sleeping
when you want to, and complaints about the quality of sleep
• Insomnia Disorder
difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, early-morning
awakening with inability to return to sleep, causing clinically
significant distress in social, occupational, educational, or
other important areas of functioning, occurring at least three
nights per week, for at least three months
• Hypersomnolence Disorder
excessive sleepiness despite a main sleep period lasting at
least 7 hours. Symptoms include recurrent periods of sleep
within the same day, prolonged unrefreshing sleep, and
difficulty being fully awake after abrupt awakening.
• Narcolepsy
recurrent periods of irrepressible need to sleep or napping
occurring at least three times per week over the past 3
months, along with at least one of the following: episodes of
cataplexy, hypocretin deficiency, or rapid eye movement
(REM) sleep latency less than or equal to 15 minutes.
Cataplexy - occurs while the person is awake and can range
from slight weakness in the facial muscles to complete
physical collapse
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
breathing is interrupted during their sleep
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea
person's breathing is repeatedly interrupted during sleep,
causing them to wake up briefly and struggle to get a good
night's sleep. It happens when the airway becomes blocked,
despite the body's effort to breathe. This can lead to snoring,
gasping or choking during sleep and daytime fatigue.
• Central Sleep Apnea Hypopnea
breathing stops briefly due to problems in the central
nervous system. This may be caused by conditions such as
head trauma or degenerative disorders
• Sleep-Related Hypoventilation
decrease in airflow without a complete pause in breathing. It
is diagnosed by polysomnography which shows episodes of
decreased respiration associated with elevated CO2 levels.
 • Circadian Rhythm SW Disorder
recurrent pattern of sleep disruption due to an alteration in
the body's circadian rhythm or misalignment between the
body's internal clock and the required sleep schedule. This
disruption leads to excessive sleepiness or insomnia, causing
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning
Jet lag type - caused by the rapidly crossing multiple time
zones
Shift work type - sleep problems are associated with work
schedules
Delayed sleep phase type - typically seen in those who are
extreme night owls, people who stay up late and sleep late.
Advanced sleep phase type - typically seen in those who are
sleeping earlier than normal bedtime
Irregular sleep-wake type - A temporally disorganized sleep-
wake pattern, such that the timing of sleep and wake periods
is variable throughout the 24-hour period.
Non-24-hour sleep-wake type - A pattern of sleep-wake cycles
that is not synchronized to the 24-hour environment
Parasomnias
abnormal events that occur either during sleep or during that
twilight time between sleeping and waking.
• Nightmare Disorder
Occurs during REM or deep dream sleep. Repeated
occurrence of distressing and well-remembered nightmares
that involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security, or
physical integrity.
The person rapidly becomes alert upon awakening from the
nightmares, and the sleep disturbance causes significant
distress or impairment in important areas of functioning.
• Non-REM Sleep Arousal Disorders
recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep,
usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep
episode. This is accompanied by either sleepwalking or sleep
terrors
Sleepwalking - Repeated episodes of rising from bed during
sleep and walking about
Sleep terrors - Recurrent episodes of abrupt terror arousals
from sleep, usually beginning with a panicky scream.
• REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
repeated episodes of arousal during sleep accompanied by
vocalization and/or complex motor behaviors. These
behaviors occur during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and
usually happen more frequently during the later portions of
the sleep period. Upon awakening from these episodes, the
individual is completely awake, alert, and not confused or
disoriented.
During normal REM sleep, our skeletal muscles are paralyzed,
which protects us from injury while we’re unconscious. But
for people with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), that
mechanism sometimes fails. Then dreams play out as activity,
and mischief can ensue.
• Restless Legs Syndrome
neurological sleep disorder characterized by a desire to move
the legs or arms, usually associated with uncomfortable
sensations typically described as creeping, crawling, tingling,
burning, or itching. The diagnosis of RLS is based primarily on
patient self-report and history.
 Sexual Dysfunctions
Sexual Desire & Arousal Disorders
• Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
persistent or recurrent lack of sexual/erotic thoughts,
fantasies, or desire for sexual activity.
• Erectile Disorder
The problem here is not desire. Their problem is in becoming
physically aroused. symptoms on almost all or all occasions of
sexual activity: difficulty in obtaining an erection, difficulty in
maintaining an erection, or a marked decrease in erectile
rigidity
Orgasm Disorders
• Premature Ejaculation
Also called early, or rapid ejaculation. Persistently reaches
orgasm and ejaculates within 1 minute of beginning sexual
activity
• Delayed Ejaculation
persistently is unable to ejaculate or has very delayed
ejaculations during sexual activity with a partner.
• Female Orgasmic Disorder
persistently fail to reach orgasm, have very low- intensity
orgasms, or have a very delayed orgasm.
 Disorders of Sexual Pain
• Genito-Pelvic Pain/ Penetration Disorder
persistent or recurring difficulties with vaginal penetration
during intercourse or marked pain, fear, or anxiety associated
with vaginal penetration attempts. Additionally, the disorder
can also include marked tensing or tightening of pelvic floor
muscles during attempted vaginal penetration
Vaginismus - The pelvic muscles in the outer third of the
vagina undergo involuntary spasms when intercourse is
attempted
 Gender Dysphoria
• Gender Dysphoria in Children
child experiences a marked difference between their
experienced gender and their assigned gender. A strong
desire to be of the other gender, preference for clothing or
activities stereotypically associated with the opposite gender,
a strong dislike of one's sexual anatomy, or a strong desire for
the primary and/or secondary sex characteristics that match
one's experienced gender.
• Gender Dysphoria in Adults
person experiences significant distress due to a marked
incongruence between their experienced/expressed gender
and their assigned gender for at least 6 months. The person
must meet at least two of the criteria listed, which include a
strong desire to be rid of one's primary and/or secondary sex
characteristics and a strong desire for the primary and/or
secondary sex characteristics of the other gender.
 Paraphilic Disorders
• Fetishistic Disorder
recurrent intense sexual urges, sexually arousing fantasies, or
behaviors that involve the use of a nonliving object or non-
genital body part, often to the exclusion of all other stimuli.
Almost anything can be a fetish; women’s underwear, shoes,
and boots are particularly common
• Transvestic Disorder
recurrent and intense sexual arousal from dressing in clothes
of a different gender— arousal expressed through fantasies,
urges, or behaviors
• Exhibitionistic Disorder
recurrent and intense sexual arousal from exposing
their genitals to an unsuspecting individual — arousal
reflected by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
• Voyeuristic Disorder
recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an
unsuspecting individual who is naked, disrobing, or engaging
in sexual activity. They may masturbate during the act of
observing or when thinking about it afterward but does not
generally seek to have sex with the person being spied on.
• Frotteuristic Disorder
repeated and intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing
against a nonconsenting person. The person, almost always a
male, may rub his genitals against the victim’s thighs or
buttocks or fondle her genital area or breasts with his hands.
• Pedophilic Disorder
experiences equal or greater sexual arousal from children
than from physically mature people. This arousal is expressed
through fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
• Sexual Masochism Disorder
repeatedly and intensely sexually aroused by the act of being
humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer.
Many people have fantasies of being forced into sexual acts
against their will, but only those who are very distressed or
impaired by the fantasies receive this diagnosis
Hypoxyphilia - people strangle or smother themselves in
order to enhance their sexual pleasure.
Autoerotic asphyxia - induce a fatal lack of oxygen by hanging,
suffocating, or strangling themselves while masturbating.
• Sexual Sadism Disorder
repeatedly and intensely sexually aroused by the physical or
psychological suffering of another individual. Including acts
such as dominating, restraining, blindfolding, cutting,
strangling, mutilating, or even killing the victim.
 Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder
argumentative and defiant, angry, irritable, and in some cases
vindictive. They may argue repeatedly with adults, ignore
adult rules and requests, deliberately annoy other people,
and feel much anger and resentment
• Conduct Disorder
a more severe problem, repeatedly violate the basic rights of
others. They are often aggressive and may be physically cruel
to people or animals, deliberately destroy other people’s
property, steal or lie, skip school, or run away from home.
 • Intermittent Explosive Disorder  Elimination Disorders

have episodes in which they act on aggressive impulses that

• Enuresis
result in serious assaults or destruction of property. have
periods of aggression that begin suddenly on little or no repeated involuntary (or in some cases intentional) bed-
provocation. wetting or wetting of one’s clothes. It typically occurs at night
during sleep but may also occur during the day
Verbal or physical violence may occur, but in either case, the
situation rapidly escalates, sometimes to the point where the Nocturnal only - Passage of urine only during nighttime sleep.
individual completely loses control.
Diurnal only - Passage of urine during waking hours.
• Kleptomania
Nocturnal and diurnal - A combination of the two subtypes
recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things that are not above
needed for personal use or their monetary value. the person
• Encopresis
begins to feel a sense of tension just before stealing, which is
followed by feelings of pleasure or relief while the theft is also called soiling, repeated passage of feces into
committed. inappropriate places (e.g., clothing, floor), whether
involuntary or intentional. Chronological age is at least 4
• Pyromania
years
the person feels a tension or arousal before setting a fire and
With constipation and overflow incontinence - There is
a sense of gratification or relief while the fire burns. These
evidence of constipation on physical examination or by
individuals will also be preoccupied with fires and the
history.
associated equipment involved in setting and putting out
these fires Without constipation and overflow incontinence - There is no
evidence of constipation on physical examination or by
 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
history
• Alcohol Use Disorder

causing significant impairment or distress, as shown by at

least two of 11 symptoms occurring within a 12-month
period. Symptoms include drinking more than intended,  Neurocognitive Disorders
unsuccessful efforts to cut down, craving, failure to fulfill
obligations, giving up activities, continued use despite • Delirium
problems, and tolerance or withdrawal symptoms.
disturbance in attention, awareness, and cognition, which
• Gambling Disorder develops rapidly over a short period of time and fluctuates in
severity during the day
Persistent and problematic gambling behavior leading to
significant impairment, with four or more of the following in a • Major Neurocognitive Disorder
12-month period: needing to gamble with increasing amounts
gradual deterioration of brain functioning that affects
of money, being restless or irritable when trying to cut down,
memory, judgment, language, and other advanced cognitive
repeated unsuccessful attempts to stop, preoccupation with processes.
gambling, gambling when feeling distressed, returning to
gamble to recoup losses, lying to conceal gambling • Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
involvement, jeopardizing important relationships or
opportunities, and relying on others to alleviate financial person has modest impairments in cognitive abilities but can,
difficulties due to gambling. with some accommodations continue to function
independently.
• Internet Gaming Disorder

individuals are so preoccupied with online games

(sometimes in a social context with other players) that a
similar pattern of tolerance and withdrawal develops.
  Personality Disorders Cluster C (Anxious or Fearful Personality Disorders)

Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric Personality Disorders) • Avoidant Personality Disorders

share common features that resemble some of the psychotic
symptoms seen in schizophrenia
• Paranoid Personality Disorder
A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that
their motives are interpreted as malevolent
• Schizoid Personality Disorders
A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships
and a restricted range of expression of emotions in
interpersonal settings
• Schizotypal Personality Disorders
A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of
inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
Extremely sensitive to the opinions of others and although
they desire social relationships, their anxiety leads them to
avoid such associations.
• Dependent Personality Disorders
A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which
leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of
separation. Their desire to obtain and maintain supportive
and nurturant relationships may lead to their other
behavioral characteristics, including submissiveness, timidity,
and passivity.

A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits • Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders

marked by acute discomfort with reduced capacity for close
relationships, as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions
and eccentricities of behavior
Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic
Personality Disorders)
A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness,
perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the
expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. People who
have obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are
characterized by a fixation on things being done “the right
way.”

• Antisocial Personality Disorders

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights

of others. They show no remorse or concern over the
sometimes devastating effects of their actions.

• Borderline Personality Disorders

A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal

relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses.
People with this personality disorder are often intense, going
from anger to deep depression in a short time

• Histrionic Personality Disorders

A pervasive pattern of excessive emotion and attention

seeking. Individuals with histrionic personality disorder tend
to be overly dramatic and often seem almost to be acting,
which is why the term histrionic, which means theatrical in
manner, is used.

• Narcissistic Personality Disorders

A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior),

need for admiration, and lack of empathy. They aren’t
comfortable unless someone is admiring them. Their
exaggerated feelings and their fantasies of greatness, called
grandiosity, create a number of negative attributes