ET Lecture On 05-05-2021

DC Machines
1
Types of DC Motors
2
Types of DC Motors
3
Types of DC Motors
DC Shunt Motor DC Series Motor
4
Types of DC Motors
DC Long Shunt DC Short Shunt

Compound Motor Compound Motor
5
Characteristics of DC Motors
 The performance of a DC motor can be
judged by the following characteristics :
(i). Torque – Armature current characteristics
(ii). Speed – Armature current characteristics
(iii). Speed-Torque characteristics
 Before going to discuss these characteristics,

let us revisit the mathematical relationships
among these quantities.
6
 For a DC motor, Torque is directly
proportional to the product of Armature
current and Main flux.
=∅ ( )
2
∝∅
 where ∅ is the flux produced by the field
winding and is proportional to the current
passing through the field winding
∅∝
7
 The back emf produced in the armature of the
motor is given by
= ( )
60
∝
N∝
It is known that = +
⇒ =V−
Thus N ∝ ( )
8
Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor
Torque – Armature current characteristics
 It is seen that ∝∅
 For a constant values of RSh and supply
voltage V,
 = is also constant and hence flux is also
constant as ∅ ∝
∝
 The equation represents a straight line,
passing through the origin as shown in the
figure. 9
 Torque increases linearly
with armature current.
 It is seen that armature
current is decided by the
load, So as load
increases, Armature
current increases and
hence increasing the
torque developed linearly. 10
 To generate high starting torque, DC shunt
motor requires a large value of armature
current at the start. This may damage the
motor
 As DC shunt motors can develop moderate
starting torque, they are suitable for such
applications where starting torque
requirement is moderate.
11
Speed – Armature current characteristics
 It is seen that N ∝ ( )
 But is constant
 Thus N ∝ (V − )
 As load increases, The armature current
increases and hence drop IaRa also increases.
 Hence for constant supply voltage, V- IaRa
decreases and hence speed reduces.
12
 But as Ra is very small, for
change in Ia from no load to
full load, the voltage drop IaRa
is also very small and hence
drop in speed is also not
significant from no load to full
load.
 In DC shunt motor, Speed regulation is of order of
5 to 10 % from no load to full load
 So, DC shunt motor is also called as a constant
drive motor. 13
Speed – Torque characteristics
 Speed and Torque both has a linear

relationship. This characteristics is similar to
speed – Armature current characteristics
14
 This curve shows that the speed almost

remains constant through torque changes
from no load to full load conditions.
15
Characteristics of DC Series Motor
 In a DC series motor, the series field winding
carries the entire armature current.

 So flux produced is proportional to the
armature current.
 So, the torque in the case of a series motor

is proportional to the square of the armature
current. This relation is parabolic in nature 16
 As load increases, armature current increases and
torque produced increases proportional to the

square of the armature current up to a certain limit.
 As the entire Armature current passes through the
series field, saturation may occur.
17
 Because of saturation, the flux produced remains
constant though the current through the winding

increases.
 Hence after saturation, the characteristics take the
shape of the straight line as flux becomes constant.
 DC series motors can produce high torque for a
small amount of armature current hence series
motor is suitable for the applications which demand
high starting torque.
18
 As the values of Ra and Rse are so small that the

effect of change in Ia on speed overrides the effect
of change in V-IaRa-IaRse on the speed.
 Hence in the speed equation, Eb ≈ V and can be
assumed constant. 19
 As per the assumption, speed equation reduces to:
 Speed – armature current characteristics is

rectangular hyperbola as shown in the figure.
20
 Thus as torque increases when load increases, the

speed decreases. On no load, torque is very less and
21
hence speed increases to dangerously high value
 Thus the nature of the speed-torque characteristics

is similar to the nature of the speed – armature
characteristics.
22
Why Series motor is never started on No load?
 It is known that motor armature current is decided
by the load. On light load or no load, the armature

drawn by the motor is very small.
 In case of a dc series motor, ∅ ∝ . As on no load
armature current is small, flux produced is also
very small.
 According to speed equation, ∝ as Eb is
assumed to be almost constant
23
Why Series motor is never started on No load?
 So on very light load or no load as flux is very
small, the motor tries to run at a dangerously high

speed which may damage the motor mechanically.
 For this reason, it is not selected for belt drives as
breaking or slipping of belt causes to throw the
entire load off on the motor and made to run a
motor with no load which is dangerous.
 Practically pure DC series motors are not used,
instead of them, a Compound motor is used.
24
Characteristics of DC Compound Motor
 Compound motor characteristics basically
depend on the fact whether the motor is
cumulatively compound or differential
compound.
 All the characteristics of the compound
motor are the combination of the shunt and
series characteristics.
 A cumulative compound motor is capable of
developing a large amount of torque at low
speed just like a series motor.
25
 A cumulative compound motor can run at a
reasonable speed and will not run with
dangerously high speed like series motor, on
light or no-load condition.
26
 In a differential compound motor, as two
fluxes oppose each other, the resultant flux
decreases as load increases.
 Thus the machine runs at a higher speed
with an increase in load.
 This property is dangerous as on full load,
the motor may try to run with dangerously
high speed.
 So the differential compound motor is
generally not used in practice.
27
 The exact shape of these characteristics
depends on the relative contribution of
series and shunt field windings.
 If the shunt field winding is more dominant
then the characteristics take the shape of
the shunt motor characteristics.
 While if the series field winding is more
dominant then the characteristics take the
shape of the series characteristics.
28
Applications of DC Motors
29

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DC Machines

DC Shunt Motor DC Series Motor

DC Long Shunt DC Short Shunt

 Before going to discuss these characteristics,

 Speed and Torque both has a linear

 This curve shows that the speed almost

carries the entire armature current.

 So, the torque in the case of a series motor

torque produced increases proportional to the

constant though the current through the winding

 As the values of Ra and Rse are so small that the

 Speed – armature current characteristics is

 Thus as torque increases when load increases, the

 Thus the nature of the speed-torque characteristics

by the load. On light load or no load, the armature

small, the motor tries to run at a dangerously high

instead of them, a Compound motor is used.

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