Topic

1
LANGUAGE &
LITERACY

M S M Fawaz
 Teach
Reading & Writing
M S M Fawaz
SUGGESTED SITES:
• https://www.zerotothree.org/early-learning
Early Literacy
Early Literacy
Language & Communication
Literacy with Love
Learning to Write
and Draw
For very young children, there are
four stages of drawing and writing
that you may see as your child
grows from 15 months to 3 years
old. By offering repeated fun
experiences with a variety of art
and writing materials, you will see
forward progress over time.
How Your
Child’s
Writing and
Art Changes
Over Time
Stage 1: Random Scribbling
(15 months to 2½ years)
Stage 2: Controlled
Scribbling (2 years to 3
years)
• Stage 3: Lines and Patterns (2½ years to 3½ years)
• Stage 4: Pictures of Objects or People (3 years to 5 years)
• Stage 5: Letter and Word Practice (3 to 5 years)
 What Can You Do to Encourage Art and Writing Skills

• Make art a regular part of playtime

• No need for instructions
• Notice the process, not just the product
• Experiment with a variety of art
materials as your child nears 3
• Use art to help your child express strong
feelings
• Encourage your child’s attempts to
write
• Display your child’s art and writing
How Does Language relate to Literacy?
Writing Skills
• Writing is an art of expressing our thought and views.
• We cannot write something in an unorganized manner.
• Language is a medium of communicating our ideas, thoughts or feeling in the
form of speech or writing.
• we also have to know the techniques or the formats of writing along with the
writing skills.
• We develop our writing ability all along our childhood.
• For example, in our childhood, we first learned to write alphabets then we learned to
write words. Then, gradually we get the knowledge of writing sentences.
• In content writing also, there are certain levels or writing skills which we need
to get ourselves familiar with.
• Writing content is not an easy task, as it demands correct grammatical usage,
fine vocabulary, sentence structures, and other writing techniques.
Developing Writing Skills
• It is easy for one to think or generate some ideas or opinions.
• Now, the main task is the presentation of those ideas and thoughts in an
organized and logical way.
• Also, the main task for a writer is to make a reader indulge in his or her
writings.
• Writing skills which you can use to improve your writing:
Developing Writing Skills
Writing skills which you can use to improve your writing:
• Learn to write good sentences
• Try to add more flavours to your writing such as use engaging words
instead of bland phrases
• Make your writing more conversational. For instance, add some
questions to it. Let the readers feel that they are in some situation
• Use the paragraph style of writing because writing whole content in a
paragraph bores the reader
• The transition or the shift from one paragraph to another or from one
line to another must be a smooth ride. So that a connection is made in
between the lines
• Learn the use of voices or speech for effective writing
Developing Writing Skills
Writing skills which you can use to improve your writing:
• Use proper punctuations, correct spellings and develop fine vocabulary
• Avoid slang, jargon, fancy words, and abbreviations
• Practice daily and try to improve yourself by reading others’ writing and
try to find out the missing charisma in yours’
• Apply a structured process – plan, draft, edit, and format
• Find out the audience for the article and, try to engage the audience by
using simple, clear, empathy words
• Never lose the essence of your assertion
• Try to get familiar with the relevant software and platforms
Developing Writing Skills
Importance of Writing Skills
• Writing is a medium of communication, and writing skills help a person to
express ideas, opinions, and thoughts in an easy and clear way.
• It is used for any type of communication.
• Such as personal and official communication
• It helps to develop and compose any type of writing contents
• Also, it helps in bringing clarity and creativity in our writing
Developing Writing Skills
Steps for Writing
Developing Writing Skills
Importance of Writing Skills
• Writing is a medium of communication, and writing skills help a person to
express ideas, opinions, and thoughts in an easy and clear way.
• It is used for any type of communication.
• Such as personal and official communication
• It helps to develop and compose any type of writing contents
• Also, it helps in bringing clarity and creativity in our writing
Solved Example on Writing Skills
• Problem: Proof-read the following sentences
1. It was mind after all who does the work of the world.
2. he was a brahmin she the Rajput.
3. We should be devout and humble cheerful and serene.
4. high or low rich and poor wise and fool might all die.
Solved Example on Writing Skills
• Problem: Proof-read the following sentences
1. It was mind after all who does the work of the world.
2. he was a brahmin she the Rajput.
3. We should be devout and humble cheerful and serene.
4. high or low rich and poor wise and fool might all die.

• Solution:
1. It is mind, after all, which does the work of the world.
2. He was a Brahmin; she, a Rajput.
3. We should be devout and humble, cheerful and serene.
4. High and low, rich and poor, wise and foolish, must all die.
Styles of Writing
• Different people have different styles of communicating or expressing
ideas or beliefs.
• Not all the musicians have the same style of composing songs.
• Different dancers have different styles and genres of dancing.
• There is nothing alike or similar in two different things.
• They all are unique in their own ways.
• Similarly, in writing also we have different writing styles.
• In this section, we will make ourselves familiar with different writing
styles.
Writing Styles
• It is observable that different writers
write different kinds of stories.
• Some of them are good at writing
horror stories while other would be
good at the dramatic one.
• Every day we see different styles or
genres of movies written by the writers.
• The way in which one expresses his or
her ideas and thoughts forms different
writing styles.
• There are mainly four different types of
writing styles.
Writing Styles in details
• The style of writing depends upon the objective of writing, mood, tone,
and ideology of the writers.
• For a writer, it is very important to know about these writing styles for
proper and effective writing
Writing Styles in details
I. Expository
• The main purpose of this type of writing is to explain.
• In expository writing, the author focus and emphasis on telling or
explaining a given topic or subject.
• This is the most common types of writing.
• There is no place for the writer’s opinion, emotions, biases or points of
view.
• The main motive of this writing style is to spread information.
Writing Styles in details
I. Expository
• Highlights:
• It has fact and figures
• Organized in a logical order and in proper sequence
• It explains the subject
• Areas of Usage
• Textbooks Writing
• Business writing
• Research Papers
• Encyclopaedias
• Technical Writing
• Essays
• Reports
• Recipes Writing
• Scientific Writing
Writing Styles in details
I. Expository - Sample
The elephant is the largest and the strongest of all living animals. It has
thick legs, small tail, little eyes, large ears, long white tusk, and a long nose
which is its trunk. Elephants are found in Indian and in Africa. They live in
herds in jungles. The elephant is a very intelligent animal and has great
strength. Elephants can carry heavy loads. They live their lives entirely on
leaves of trees, grass, and roots.

The above sample tries to provide information about elephants. This is an

expository style of writing.
Writing Styles in details
II. Persuasive / Argumentative
• The main purpose of this type of writing is to convince.
• It contains the opinions, thoughts, and biases of the author.
• The writer uses justifications, arguments, and reasons to make the
readers agree to his or her points.

• Highlights
• It asks the readers to do something for the situation
• It has reasons, arguments, and justification
Writing Styles in details
II. Persuasive / Argumentative – Areas of Usage
• Speeches
• Cover Letters
• Editorial Pieces
• Letters of Complaints
• Letter of Recommendation
• Newspaper Opinion
• Review
• Critical Analysis
• Business Idea
• Advertisements or Commercials
Writing Styles in details
II. Persuasive / Argumentative – Sample
1. Our store has the lowest prices and the best collection of footwear in
the entire town. Visit us today for a great experience.
2. An LMN mattress is the most comfortable one you will ever sleep on.
Highly recommended by doctors. Give yourself a peaceful sleep today.

In the above examples, the writer is trying to convince the reader for the
trial as used in an advertisement. This is the persuasive style of writing.
Writing Styles in details
III. Descriptive
• The main purpose of this type of writing is to describe.
• It focuses on describing a character, a place, an event, an object or an action.
• There is a very slight difference between expository and descriptive writing
styles.
• The descriptive style is more detailed, personal and subjective.

• Highlights
• It uses figures of speech
• The writer makes the readers feel, hear, and visualize the situation the way he
wants
• It describes places, people, events, situation, or locations in a highly – detailed
manner
Writing Styles in details
IV. Narrative
• The main purpose of this type of writing is to tell or narrate a story.
• The writer creates different characters and tells you what happens to
them.
• The writer uses first person narration.
• Narrative writing is mostly personal, imaginative, and self-expressing.

• Highlights
• The inclusion of dialogues
• Use of metaphor, imaginative language, and figure of speech
• Addition of emotional words
• Have a beginning, intervals, and endings
Writing Styles in details
IV. Narrative - Areas of Usage
• Novels
• Short stories
• Poetry
• Fairy Tales
• Autobiographies
• Anecdotes
• Screen scripts
• Play
• Legends
• Songs
Writing Styles in details
IV. Narrative - Sample
It was a hot, sunny day. I finally visited Disneyland. It was a dreamland. I
always wanted to visit there. Being there it was like dream come true
experience. On entering, the very first thing that I said, “Oh wow! What a
wonderful place!” People were walking and enjoying their time with all the
Disney characters. Children over there were so happy and excited. I think it
is a must visit place for everyone.

Here the writer is sharing his or her personal experience and emotions. It is
a narrative style of writing.
Significance of Writing
• Improves communication skills
• Essential for self-understanding
• Encourages creative expression
• Helps in reviewing and remembering recently learned material
• Future career prospects
Solved Example on Writing Styles
Problem: How can you distinguish between the expository and descriptive
writing styles?

Solution: The main point of distinction between the two is to decide

whether the writing is subjective or objective. Expository writing is based
on facts whereas descriptive writing is more personalized and tries to hold
the interest of the readers.
• https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-correspondence-and-
reporting/introduction-to-basic-writing/steps-for-writing/