Community Policing for Violence Prevention in

Pakistan: A Critical Review of Evidence and Future

Directions
Abdul Qayyum Gondal
Ph.D. Research Scholar Lincoln University College Malaysia
Prof. Dr. Matloob Ahmad (Corresponding Author)
Dean Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, The University of
Faisalabad
Muhammad Arif Raza
Ph.D Scholar Islamic Studies, The University of Faisalabad
Dr.Uzma Bagum
Associate Professor Postgraduate College khrick,
Rawalakot Azad Kashmir
Mubashar Husnain
M.Phil Scholar Islamic Studies, The University of Faisalabad

Abstract: Community policing is an approach to law

enforcement aimed at improving police-community relations
and reducing crime rates. This article examines the
implementation of community policing in Pakistan and its
limitations. While community policing has been implemented at
the grassroots level in Pakistan, there are several challenges that
hinder its effectiveness, including inadequate resources,
training, and community participation. To overcome these
limitations, this article suggests prioritizing funding for
community policing programs, providing ongoing training for
police officers, and increasing community involvement in
policing initiatives. The article also explores different models of
community policing, including Robert C. Trojanowicz's
53
principles, the Broken Windows model, the Problem-Oriented
Policing model, and the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy
(CAPS) model, which can serve as a guide for effective
community policing in Pakistan. The article concludes that
enhancing community policing in Pakistan requires building
trust, transparency, and accountability in police-public relations,
promoting community participation in decision-making
processes, and providing appropriate resources and training for
police officers. By implementing effective community policing
strategies, Pakistan can create a safer and more secure future for
its communities.
Keywords: Community policing, Pakistan, Police-community
relations, Limitations, Effective strategies.
Introduction
Community policing is a law enforcement approach that
emphasizes cooperation and mutual support between the police
and the community. It is a philosophy and strategy that aims to
foster a strong partnership between law enforcement agencies
and the local communities they serve. The ultimate aim of
community policing is to work together to identify and solve
problems, with the goal of improving the overall safety and
wellbeing of the community [1].
Community policing emphasizes building relationships
between police officers and community members, so that
officers can better understand the concerns and needs of the
community, and community members can have more conviction
and sureness in the police. Engaging in community policing can
enhance communication and cooperation between law
enforcement and the community, which can contribute to the
creation of safer and more secure neighborhoods. [2].
Robert C. Trojanowicz’s principles of Community Policing
54
Robert C. Trojanowicz is widely considered to be one of the
pioneers of community policing [3,4,5]. He is credited with
developing the following set of nine principles that guide
community policing:
1. Community based crime prevention and control:
Community policing seeks to involve the community in
the development of solutions to crime and disorder
problems.
2. Reorientation of patrol functions: Rather than simply
responding to calls for service, community policing
emphasizes proactive patrol and problem-solving.
3. Empowerment of community residents: Community
policing encourages community members to take an active
role in identifying and addressing problems in their
neighborhoods.
4. Collaboration between police and community: For
community policing to be effective, it necessitates a
partnership built on trust and mutual respect between law
enforcement and community members.
5. Use of problem-solving strategies: The use of problem-
solving tactics to tackle the underlying causes of crime and
disorder is a key focus of community policing.
6. Organizational change and development: Community
policing requires changes to the organizational culture and
structure of law enforcement agencies, including training,
policies, and procedures.
7. Recognition of diversity: Community policing recognizes
and respects the diversity of the communities it serves, and
seeks to involve all members of the community in crime
prevention efforts.

55
 8. Use of technology to support community policing:
Community policing leverages technology to enhance
communication, data analysis, and information-sharing
between police and community members.
9. Evaluation and feedback: Community policing requires
ongoing evaluation and feedback to assess the
effectiveness of strategies and adapt to changing
community needs.
These principles have been influential in shaping the philosophy
and approach of community policing around the world.
Some famous model being used in different countries
The Neighborhood Watch Committee (NWC) program of Ghana
is a community policing initiative that involves citizens working
together with law enforcement to identify and prevent crime in
their communities. The program provides training and support
to members of the community, including education on crime
prevention, early warning systems, and effective
communication. NWC members also participate in regular
patrols and surveillance activities to monitor their
neighborhoods [6].
The community policing model in Malaysia is known as
Community-Oriented Policing (COP), which shares similarities
with the British Neighborhood Policing Teams (NPTs). This
model is focused on building relationships between police
officers and community members to identify and solve local
issues collaboratively. Its implementation in Malaysia is aimed
at improving police-public relations and enhancing public
safety. In this model, police officers closely work with
community members to identify and address local issues, while
providing education and resources to promote community
56
participation in crime prevention. The COP model prioritizes a
community-centric approach, emphasizing trust, transparency,
and accountability in police-public relationships [7].
In Japan, the Koban system is a widely recognized model of
community policing that involves the creation of small police
stations known as "Kobans" in various communities across the
country. At these stations, police officers collaborate with local
residents to identify and tackle crime problems in the area.
Additionally, these officers actively participate in community
events and programs to cultivate strong relationships with
members of the community. [8].
The Saemaul Undong Model of Community Policing in South
Korea is based on the Saemaul Undong movement, which was a
rural development initiative aimed at improving the living
conditions of rural communities in the country. This model of
community policing focuses on the development of self-help and
mutual cooperation among community members to address
local crime issues. The program involves training and support
for community members, as well as the establishment of
community policing centers [9].
The Mahalle Polisi (Neighborhood Police) program of Türkiye is
a community policing initiative that aims to improve security in
neighborhoods across the country. Trained police officers staff
community policing centers established under this program,
and they work in close collaboration with community members
to identify and address crime issues specific to the locality. The
program also involves regular patrols and surveillance
activities, as well as community engagement events and
activities to build strong relationships between community
members and law enforcement [10].

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All of these models of community policing share a common goal
of improving security and reducing crime through collaboration
between law enforcement and community members. By
involving citizens in crime prevention and law enforcement
activities, these programs aim to build stronger, more resilient
communities that are better equipped to address local crime
issues. Effective communication, training and support, and
strong relationships between law enforcement and community
members are key elements of successful community policing
programs.
Islamic concept of community policing and Riasat-e-Madina
Community policing in Islam is closely tied to the concept of
"Riasat-e-Madina," which reflects the Prophet Muhammad's
model of governance in Medina. The principles of Riasat-e-
Madina underscore the importance of justice, equality, and
community involvement in decision-making processes, which
serves as a fundamental basis for community policing. The
companions of Prophet Muhammad, including Hazrat Umar
and Hazrat Ali, played a significant role in promoting
community policing practices and principles in Islamic history.
They emphasized the importance of social welfare, justice, and
fairness in their approach to policing, which laid the foundation
for the Islamic way of community policing [11].
Some key principles of Islamic community policing include
prevention, empowerment, accountability, restorative justice,
compassion, and mercy. Prevention focuses on educating
community members, engaging them in community activities,
and creating a culture of accountability. Empowerment involves
enabling community members to take an active role in policing
their own neighborhoods and collaborating with law
enforcement and other community groups to solve problems.
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Accountability is a key principle in Islamic community policing,
holding both community members and law enforcement
accountable for their actions through transparent decision-
making processes, respect for human rights, and fair treatment
for all. Restorative justice emphasizes the importance of
restoring relationships and repairing harm caused by criminal
behavior, rather than just punishing offenders. Compassion and
mercy are also crucial principles of Islamic community policing,
promoting the support and resources needed to help individuals
reintegrate into the community and avoid future criminal
behavior [12].
Overall, the Islamic community policing model is based on the
principles of justice, equality, and community involvement. By
working together, community members and law enforcement
can create a safe and secure environment that promotes peace
and well-being for all. These principles have enduring relevance
in contemporary community policing efforts in Muslim-majority
countries and beyond.
A concise summary of how community policing is
implemented in Pakistan.
The history of community policing in Pakistan dates back to the
early 2000s and is relatively short. It began as a pilot project in
Lahore in 2004, with the objective of building a collaborative
relationship between law enforcement and the community to
tackle crime and security issues. The promising outcomes of the
project resulted in the nationwide expansion of community
policing across the country [13].
In the early stages, community policing in Pakistan was mainly
focused on creating a friendly and approachable police force that
would work closely with local communities to identify and
address crime issues. This involved training police officers in
59
communication and problem-solving skills, as well as involving
local leaders and volunteers in community-policing initiatives.
The main objectives of community-policing in Pakistan were to
reduce crime, improve public safety, and build trust and
cooperation between the police and the community [14].
However, the execution of community policing in Pakistan has
been challenging. One major obstacle has been the lack of
resources and funding, which has hindered the development
and expansion of community policing initiatives. Additionally,
the police force in Pakistan has faced criticism for being corrupt
and lacking accountability, which has eroded public trust in law
enforcement.
Despite these challenges, there have been some successful
examples of community policing in Pakistan. In Karachi, for
instance, the Citizens-Police Liaison Committee (CPLC) has
been successful in reducing crime and establishing trust between
police and the community [15]. The CPLC is a non-profit
organization that works in collaboration with the police to
address security concerns and provide support to victims of
crime. The organization has been able to establish a strong
relationship with the community and has been recognized for its
efforts in promoting community-policing.
In shorts, the history of community policing in Pakistan is
relatively short, but it has had a significant impact on the
country's law enforcement landscape. While there have been
challenges in its implementation, there have also been successful
examples of community policing that have improved public
safety and establish belief between police and community. With
continued effort and investment, community policing has the
potential to play a critical role in creating safer and more secure

60
communities in Pakistan.
Drawbacks of Traditional community policing in Pakistan
 Over-Mixing of Community Policing Models in Pakistan
Here is the problem in community policing in Pakistan that in
Pakistan we mainly focused on mixed model of Community
Policing which has many drawbacks due to local habitat and
climate of Pakistan. Pakistan's mixed model of community
policing has certain potential drawbacks, including the issue of
trust between law enforcement and some segments of the
community. This mistrust is especially prevalent among
individuals who have experienced discrimination or
mistreatment at the hands of the police in the past. As a result,
establishing productive partnerships and obtaining information
to prevent crime can be challenging for law enforcement
agencies Additionally, resource constraints and mission creep
are also potential challenges for implementing mixed
community policing in Pakistan [16]. Moreover, there is a risk
that some members of the community may be more engaged and
involved than others, leading to unequal access to police services
and resources, which can undermine the legitimacy of the police
in the eyes of some community members. Overall, these
drawbacks must be carefully considered and addressed to
implement mixed community policing effectively in Pakistan.
 Political-based amendments in Police Order 2002
The Police Order 2002 is a comprehensive framework for the
management and organization of the police force in Pakistan.
While the order has undergone some amendments since its
implementation, there have been no major overhauls of the
framework [17]. However, some of the amendments made to the
order have been politically motivated and have caused problems
61
for community policing efforts in Pakistan. These political-based
amendments have often resulted in changes that are not based
on the actual needs of the police force and the communities they
serve, leading to a breakdown in trust and effectiveness.
 Watering policing and momentary policing in Pakistan
These are the two major issues that are causing trouble in
community policing in Pakistan. Watering policing refers to the
practice of police officers being deployed in large numbers to a
particular area, often in response to a specific incident or threat,
which can lead to a sense of intimidation and mistrust in the
community [18]. Momentary policing refers to a situation where
police officers are only present in a community for a short period
of time before moving on to other areas, which can result in a
lack of continuity and follow-up in community policing efforts.
These issues can undermine the efficacy of community policing
in Pakistan and may lead to a collapse in trust between police
and community. Addressing these issues is essential to ensuring
the success of community policing initiatives in Pakistan.
Actions Needed to Improve Community Policing in Pakistan
Community policing in Pakistan could benefit from
modifications such as increased resources for training and
equipment, enhanced community engagement and
participation, and stronger accountability measures for law
enforcement. Implementing these changes can enhance the
efficacy of community policing programs and foster a sense of
trust and collaboration between law enforcement agencies and
the communities they are serving.
1. Police soft behavior plays a crucial role in the success of
community policing models. A friendly and respectful
demeanor towards community members can help to
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 build trust and positive relationships, making it easier
to gather information and prevent crime. This approach
also helps to promote cooperation between law
enforcement and community members, improving the
overall effectiveness of policing initiatives.
Furthermore, a softer approach to policing can create a
sense of safety and security within the community,
reducing fear and encouraging greater participation in
community initiatives [19]. Ultimately, police officers
who demonstrate a commitment to compassionate and
respectful policing can help to create stronger, more
connected communities that are safer and more secure
for all.
2. Collaboration between law enforcement and the
community is a vital element of successful community
policing. By working together, police officers and
community members can build trust, share
information, and promote accountability, creating a
more effective and efficient system of justice [20].
Through this collaborative process, community
members can provide valuable insights into local crime
patterns, as well as offer suggestions and feedback to
help shape policing strategies. Additionally, such
collaboration can facilitate the implementation of
community policing initiatives, which often rely on
community participation and support to succeed.
Ultimately, fostering strong partnerships between law
enforcement and the community can lead to improved
public safety outcomes, reduced crime rates, and a
more just and equitable society.

63
3. Closing the gap between law enforcement and the
public, and reducing fear of the police, is a critical factor
in effective community policing in Pakistan. Building
trust between the police and the community is essential
in creating an environment of collaboration and
cooperation. Police officers need to be trained to engage
with the public in a respectful and professional manner,
addressing concerns and promoting transparency [21].
Community policing initiatives should focus on
building relationships with the community,
empowering them to participate in the decision-making
process and to work collaboratively with law
enforcement to promote public safety. By reducing the
gap between the police and the public, and instilling
confidence and trust, community policing can lead to a
safer and more secure Pakistan.
4. Community policing is an essential strategy for crime
prevention in Pakistan, and practical implementation is
critical to achieving this goal. By engaging with
community members and building trust, law
enforcement personnel can gain valuable insights into
local crime patterns and develop proactive strategies
for prevention. This encompasses encouraging
community engagement in crime prevention
endeavors, such as neighborhood watch programs and
other locally-driven initiatives. [22]. Additionally,
practical implementation of community policing
requires the establishment of effective communication
channels between the police and the public, with
regular opportunities for feedback and input from

64
 community members. By taking a proactive,
collaborative approach to crime prevention,
community policing can help reduce crime rates,
improve public safety outcomes, and build stronger,
more resilient communities in Pakistan.
5. Designing community policing strategies using the
scientific method is critical to ensuring their
effectiveness and sustainability. The scientific method
involves a systematic approach to problem-solving,
with a focus on empirical data, hypothesis testing, and
rigorous evaluation [23]. By applying this approach to
community policing, law enforcement personnel can
develop evidence-based strategies that are tailored to
local needs and grounded in empirical evidence. This
involves conducting a thorough needs assessment,
analyzing crime data, and identifying underlying
factors that contribute to crime and disorder in specific
neighborhoods or communities. Once these factors are
identified, targeted interventions can be designed and
implemented, with a focus on measurable outcomes
and ongoing evaluation to assess their effectiveness. By
using the scientific method to design community
policing strategies, law enforcement personnel can
make data-driven decisions, maximize resources, and
achieve better results in promoting public safety and
reducing crime.
Suggestions for future of community policing in Pakistan
 Implementing an ICT-Oriented Policing Model in
Pakistan
Here is a growing need for an ICT (Information and
65
Communication Technology) oriented policing model in
Pakistan. Such a model would utilize advanced technologies
such as mobile devices, geographic information systems (GIS),
and real-time data analysis can expedite police response times,
heighten community involvement, and augment the
effectiveness of law enforcement operations. With the rapid
advancements in technology, there is a need to integrate new
technological solutions into the police force to meet the growing
demands of the public and the changing nature of crime [24].
Adopting an ICT-based policing model can enable the Pakistani
police force to operate with greater efficiency, proactivity, and
sensitivity to community needs. However, it is crucial to ensure
that these technologies are employed with integrity and
openness to preserve public trust and confidence in law
enforcement agencies.
 Importance of Intelligence Communication in
Community Policing in Pakistan
Effective intelligence communication is essential in community
policing in Pakistan. It enables the police force to identify and
respond to local issues and concerns, develop appropriate
strategies for crime prevention, and build trust and cooperation
with the community [25]. By exchanging information with the
community, Police can enhance their comprehension of the
priorities and viewpoints of the people they are serving, and
cooperate jointly to create more secure and stable communities.
 Adapting Policing Strategies to Meet Local Habitat,
Climate, and Mindset in Pakistan
When implementing community policing in Pakistan, it is
crucial to take into account the unique characteristics of the local
environment, weather, and cultural attitudes. Understanding
66
the unique characteristics of a community can help the police
force tailor their strategies and approaches to effectively address
local issues and build trust with the community [26]. This can
lead to more effective crime prevention efforts and a more
encouraging connection between the police and the people they
serve.
 Developing a Region-Based Community-Policing Model
in Pakistan
Pakistan is a region-based country, it is essential to develop a
region-wise community policing model to address the unique
needs and challenges of each region. Such a model would take
into account the cultural, social, and economic characteristics of
each region and tailor community policing strategies
accordingly [27]. This approach can help build trust and
cooperation with the community and result in more effective
crime prevention efforts.
 Developing a Flexible Community Policing Model in
Pakistan
Developing a flexible community policing model in Pakistan is
essential to address the diverse needs and challenges of different
areas. A flexible model would allow for area-to-area
adaptability, taking into account the unique social, cultural, and
economic factors that impact each community. This approach
can result in more effective problem-solving strategies and
establish tight relationships between police and community [28].
A flexible community-policing model can ensure that the police
force is responsive and adaptable to the ever-changing needs
and concerns of the people they serve.
 Partnering with NGOs, Labor Unions, and Private
Schools for Effective Community Policing
67
The participation of civil societies such as NGOs, labor unions,
and private schools can play a critical role in community
policing in Pakistan [29]. These organizations can provide
valuable support and resources to the police force, enhancing
their ability to serve the community. NGOs can play a vital role
in fostering effective communication and collaboration between
the police and the community in community policing initiatives.
Similarly, labor unions can contribute significant knowledge
regarding local employment and economic matters.
Additionally, private schools can be valuable partners for
promoting community involvement and providing educational
resources to support community policing efforts By working
collaboratively with civil societies, the police force can achieve
more effective problem-solving strategies and enhance trust and
cooperation with the community [30].
 The Role of Digitalization and Organizational Changes
Digitalization, organizational changes, and structural changes
can greatly enhance community policing in Pakistan.
Digitalization can improve communication and information
sharing between law enforcement and the community.
Organizational changes such as creating specialized community
policing units can improve accountability and responsiveness to
community needs. Structural changes such as creating
community-based boards can increase community participation
in policing [31]. Additionally, adopting community policing
practices can improve police-community relations, increase trust
and collaboration, and reduce crime rates [32]. These changes can
help build a safer and more secure future for Pakistan's
communities.
 Establishing a Positive Police-Public Relationship
68
Establishing a positive police-public relationship is crucial for
building a safer and more secure future for Pakistan's
communities. Collaboration and trust between law enforcement
and the public can lead to enhanced accountability and
transparency, ultimately resulting in stronger and safer
communities. A collective effort between the police and the
community can lead to improved crime prevention and
resolution [33]. Additionally, open communication and
collaboration can help to identify and address issues before they
escalate into more serious problems. Building a positive police-
public relationship requires ongoing efforts from both the police
and the community [34]. Regular community meetings, training
programs for police officers, and community policing initiatives
can all contribute to strengthening this relationship and creating
a safer and more secure future for all.
Suggested model for Community Policing in Pakistan
The Neighborhood Watch Base Model for Community Policing
is a collaborative approach that involves community members,
police officers, and neighbourhood coordinators to address
safety issues and prevent crime [35,36,37,38]. The following steps
outline the key components of this model:
1. Form a Neighborhood Watch Group: The first step is to
form a neighborhood watch group consisting of
community members who are interested in making their
neighbourhoods safer. The police department can work
with local residents to form and train these groups.
2. Appoint a Neighborhood Coordinator: A neighborhood
coordinator should be appointed to lead the group and
serve as a liaison between the community and the police
department. Adequate support should be provided to the
coordinator to enable them to effectively encourage
69
 network partners, including municipal authorities, health
care providers, and youth organizations, to assume
responsibility.
3. Identify and Prioritize Local Issues: The neighborhood
watch group should work with the police department to
identify and prioritize local issues that need to be
addressed. This includes focusing on "hot spots" where
crime and safety issues are most prevalent.
4. Develop a Plan of Action: After identifying and
prioritizing the issues, the neighborhood watch group and
police department should collaborate to create a plan of
action, which outlines clear objectives, timelines, and
actionable steps.
5. Implement the Plan: The neighborhood watch group
should implement the plan of action with the support of
the police department. This may include organizing
community meetings, conducting patrols, and working
with other community organizations.
6. Evaluate and Adjust: The neighborhood watch group and
police department should regularly evaluate the
effectiveness of their efforts and make adjustments as
necessary. This includes assessing progress towards goals,
identifying any new issues that arise, and modifying the
plan of action accordingly.
By following this Neighborhood Watch Base Model for
Community Policing, community members can work together
with the police department to make their neighbourhoods safer
and prevent crime. The key to success is effective
communication and collaboration between community
members, police officers, and neighbourhood coordinators, with
70
a focus on identifying and addressing local issues through a
well-planned and well-executed plan of action.

Conclusions
Community policing is a popular approach to law enforcement
that aims to strengthen relationships between the police and the
community to prevent and solve crime. In Pakistan, community
policing has been implemented to enhance police-public
relations and decrease crime rates. However, the current state of
community policing in Pakistan has certain limitations, and
there is scope for improvement. Robert C. Trojanowicz, a
pioneer in community policing, established principles that can
serve as a guide for effective community policing. Other popular
models used in different countries include the Broken Windows
model, the Problem-Oriented Policing model, and the Chicago
Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) model. In Pakistan,
community policing is being implemented at the grassroots level
with the collaboration of police officers and community
members to identify and address local issues. However, the
approach has some drawbacks, such as insufficient resources,
inadequate training, and limited community participation. To
address these challenges, it is crucial to prioritize funding for
community policing programs, provide ongoing training for
police officers, and increase community involvement in policing
initiatives. To enhance community policing in Pakistan, it is
important to focus on building trust, transparency, and
accountability in police-public relations, promoting community
participation in decision-making processes, and providing
police officers with appropriate resources and training. In
summary, community policing can potentially improve police-
71
public relations and decrease crime rates in Pakistan, but certain
challenges need to be addressed to achieve its full potential. By
implementing effective community policing strategies and
overcoming drawbacks, Pakistan can create a safer and more
secure future for its communities.
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