REVIEWER IN STM OO5

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

1. *Definition of Matter:* Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
It is the physical substance that makes up the universe, including solids, liquids,
gases, and plasmas.

2. *Branch of Science:* The branch of science that deals with the properties,
composition, and structure of elements and compounds, as well as their changes
and the energy involved, is Chemistry.

3. *Water as a Pure Substance:* Water is considered a pure substance because

it consists of one type of molecule with a fixed chemical composition (H2O). It
does not contain any other substances or impurities.

4. *Liquid to Solid Phase Change:* When a substance changes from a liquid to a

solid, it undergoes a process called solidification or freezing. During this change,
the particles slow down, lose energy, and arrange themselves into a fixed, orderly
structure.

5. *Volume of an Object:* The amount of space occupied by an object is described

by its volume.

6. *Particle Theory of Matter:* The particle theory of matter explains the behavior
and properties of matter at the particle level. According to this theory, all
particles in a pure substance are identical in size, shape, and composition.

7. *Properties of Particles in Different States of Matter:*

- I. Particles in a solid are tightly packed together and vibrate in fixed positions.
- II. Particles in a gas have weak attractive forces and move randomly at high
speeds.
- III. Particles in a liquid have significant spacing between them and slide past
each other.
- IV. Particles in a plasma state consist of ions and free electrons, exhibiting
electrical conductivity.
- V. Particles in a solid have enough energy to break free from each other and
move independently.

8. *Liquid Water's Shape:* Liquid water takes the shape of a container it is

poured into due to its ability to flow and conform to the container's shape. Solid
ice cubes do not change their shape because their particles are locked in a rigid,
fixed structure.
9. *Electrically Conducting Medium:* An electrically conducting medium with
equal numbers of positively and negatively charged particles is referred to as a
plasma. It occurs when a gas becomes ionized.

10. *Particles Within a Solid:* Particles within a solid are tightly packed,
arranged in a regular pattern, and have little freedom of movement. They vibrate
in fixed positions.

11. *Matter Expands When Heated:* Matter expands when heated because the
molecules gain energy, leading to an increase in their kinetic energy and causing
them to move more vigorously and increase the space between adjacent atoms
or molecules.

12. *State of Matter with Highly Energized Particles:* The state of matter
described here is a plasma, which has highly energized particles with enough
kinetic energy to break free from their attraction to each other.

13. *Solid to Gas Phase Change:* The process by which particles escape from the
solid phase and enter the gas state is called sublimation.

14. *Water Vapor to Dew Drops Phase Change:* The process in which water
vapor changes to liquid dew drops on the outside of the cup is condensation.

15. *Difference between Deposition and Sublimation:* Deposition is the process

where a gas changes directly to a solid, bypassing the liquid phase, while
sublimation is the transition from a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid.

16. *Phase Changes:* Phase changes refer to the transitions between different
states of matter (e.g., solid, liquid, gas, plasma) due to changes in temperature
and pressure.

17. *Physical Properties of Matter:* Physical properties of matter are

characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the
substance's chemical composition.

18. *Chemical Properties of Matter:* Chemical properties describe how a

substance interacts with other substances and how it undergoes chemical
reactions.

19. *Example of Physical Property:* The boiling point of substance X being 100
degrees Celsius is an example of a physical property since it can be determined
without altering the composition of the substance.

20. *Elasticity Property of Matter:* The property of matter that allows it to return
to its original shape after being stretched or deformed is elasticity.
21. *Homogeneous Mixture:* A homogeneous mixture is one with a uniform
composition throughout, where the components are evenly distributed and not
easily distinguished.

22. *Significant Figures:* Significant figures are the digits in a number that carry
meaningful information about its precision.

23. *Atomic Structure of Gold (Au):* Gold has an atomic number of 79, which
indicates the number of protons in its nucleus. Since it is neutral, it also has 79
electrons.

24. *Number of Protons in Oxygen (O2) Atom:* An oxygen atom has 8 protons.

25. *Atomic Structure of Tungsten (W):* Tungsten has an atomic number of 74,
which indicates the number of protons in its nucleus. The atomic mass of
tungsten is 183.84 u.

26. *Isotopes:* Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of
protons but different numbers of neutrons.

27. *Atomic Mass Calculation:* The atomic mass of an element is the weighted
average of the masses of its isotopes, considering their relative abundances.

28. *Most Abundant Isotope:* The most abundant isotope of an element is the
one with the highest percentage abundance in nature.

29. *Relative Abundance and Atomic Mass of Silicon (Si):* Silicon has three
isotopes, and its atomic mass is calculated based on the weighted average of
their masses and relative abundances.

30. *Relative Abundance and Atomic Mass of Boron (B):* Boron has two isotopes,
and its atomic mass is calculated based on the weighted average of their masses
and relative abundances.

31. All the rules are illustrated by this problem. Rule one - the 3 and the 8. Rule
Two - the zero between the 3 and 8. Rule three - the two trailing zeros after the
8.

32. No matter how many zeros there are between two significant
figures, all the zeros are to be considered significant. A number like 70.000001
would have 8 significant
figures.

33. Notice the use of scientific notation to indicate that there are two zeros which
should be significant. If this number were to be written without scientific
notation (3,200,000,000) the significance of those two zeros would be lost and
you would - wrongly - say that there were only two significant figures.

33. Three significant figures: the 2, the 3, and the 8. This is a typical type of
problem where the student errs by giving five significant figures as the answer."
The correct answer is 79 because the atomic number of an element is equal to
the number of electron.

34. It is because the atomic number of Oxygen is 8 and the atomis number is
equal to the number of proton and electron.

35. The number of neutron is equal to the difference of mass number and atomic
number. The nucleon number (mass number) is shown in the left superscript
position (e.g., 14N). This number defines the specific isotope.

36. Using the formula Average Atomic Mass = m1P1 + m2P2, we will be able to
come up with the answer which is 107.868 amu."

37. Isotopes of Mg - 24. It is is simply because this isotope is closest to the

average atomic mass which is 24.305 amu.

38. Using the formula Average Atomic Mass = m1P1 + m2P2 + m3P3, we will be
able to come up with the answer which is 28.085 amu."

39. Using the formula

Average Atomic Mass = m1P1 + m2P2, we will be able to come up with the answer
which is 10.812 amu."