sono 1, 1013 {93} RANS. RSC. THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEONTOLOGY ATIGRAP! GY OF HONG KONG AND THE NEW TERRITORIES! By M. Y. Winuams, FRSC. IyrRopucrion’ geological survey of the Crown Colony of Hong Kong and the A adjoining New Territories was undertaken by the he De R.W. Brock of the University of British Columbia at the request of the government of the Colony. The investigation was carried out by the Geological Department of which Dr. Brock was Head. Dean Brock spent some two weeks in the region in 1923, while laying plans for the survey. Succeeding winters were spent on field work as follows: Dr. 5. J. Schofield, 1923-4; the writer, 1924-5; Dr. W. L. Ugow, 1925-6; Dr. Brock, 1926-7 and 1932-3. ‘The tragic deaths of Dr. Uglow in 1926 and of Dean Brock in 1935 and the turmoil of the second World War have delayed the completion and publication of the report of the survey. ‘The geological map was published by the British Ordnance in 1935 and several papers covering parts of the work have been read before this and other societies. Notes and information given to Dr. A. W. Grabau have from time to time been published in Bulletins of the Geological Society of China, but no authoritative or final statement has been published by the authors of the report. ‘The stratigraphy and palaeontology are described in the following pages. The geological column is that of the geological map and was largely arranged by Dr. Schofield. Due credit is given to the eminent. scientists who have assisted the author in the various technical in- vestigations. The localities mentioned will be found on the published map. Gexerat, Grovocy ‘The well-defined north-east, south-west structural trend of Hong Kong and Leased Territory, is shown clearly in the distribution and folding of the sedimentary formations. Although caught up and ected by the great regional batholithic intrusions, the sediments still maintain something of an anticlinal-synclinal trend with sub- Sdiary faulting "This paper is given with the permission of the Colonial Office, London, as ob- tained through the Department of External Alfars, Ottawa It has also been submitted to che Cenior. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the late Dean R. W, Broce and Dr. S.J. Schofield‘THE ROYAL SOCH |ETY OF CANADA Grorocica. CoLusen on Miocene? .....--.-Rocky Harbour Group Bocene? Laramide Revolution Cretaceous chara ee Jurasside Revolution Jurassic? i Liassie ‘Tolo Channel Group Permian ‘The following table sets forth sedimentary formations. Rocky Harbour dykes Rocky Harbour granite and syenite [ee Harbour voleanies Mirs Bay red sediments ‘Hong Kong porphyry, granite Lan Tau {porphyritic granite porphyritic syenite D'Aguilar syenite Shelter voleanies (Tai Mo Shan porphyry Repulse Bay voleanies ‘Pat Sin sediments, Lok Ma Chau |" Metamorphosed Pat Sin) (roto Channel volcanics sediments Boulders (falfo mentions the main characteristics of the ‘Tanur oF Seonwentary Fonwartons Age | Formation Cenozoic | Regolith | Estuarine and "Thickness Characters in feet Stream deposits, soils and | 50.60 and Recent] and soils | products of rock decay. Contact grail Late Liss | Lok Ma | White and yellow sandstone, sheared arkose Mirs Bay | Red conglomerates grits and aillite tional with underlying formations cor middle | Chau and schist, Contaets unknown, (Meta- Jurassic rmorphosed Pat Sin) | Late Lias | Pat Sin | Massive white quartz conglomerate grading | 5000+ or Middle Upward into Red-weathering conglomerate Jurassic avi, sandstone, arillite and some ash beds. Disconformity Lower | Tolo Dense black shales, volcanics and banded | 2000+ Liassic | Channel | cherty ash. 0: argillite, sandy Contact intrust Permian | Boulders — +L itomerate for Dark grey, light grey, and pink boulders in In Peng Chau Island, slaty shale and sandstone.WILLIAMS : PALAEONTOLOGY OF HHoNG KONG KONG % PERMIAN Boutpers Boulders of limestone occur in an agglomerate on the nor of the mainland west of Robinson Island, eee one Hi a This agglomerate is generally red in colour, and contains a heterogeneous assortment of large irregular blocks of felsite, quartz porphyry, red banded rhyolite and red shaly rock. 5 ‘The agglomerate rests on a felsite surface which dips north at an angle of 45°. The upper contact is beneath the sea, but the agglomer. fate appears to be the filling of a voleanic fissure. In this agglomerate are boulders of limestone, some being 2 feet in diameter. The limestone varies from dark grey to light grey and pink in colour, and is commonly cut by small veins of calcite, The wwter found no fossils in the limestone but Dr. Heanley?found Fusulina ef. mansuyi and Fusulinella sp. (identified by J. S. Lee) in limestone boulders probably from this locality. Lee concludes that the lime- stone is Permian in age. It thus appears probable that the north- eastern portion of Hong Kong territory is partly underlain by late Palaeozoic formations, from which fragments have been brought to the surface by volcanic eruptions. ToLo CHANNEL FORMATION The Tolo Channel Formation derives its name from the channel along whose shores it is best exposed. This is the oldest formation recognized in the region and the only one whose age is definitely fixed. ‘The name has already been used by Grabau who took it from the preliminary notes of this survey as furnished by Drs. Brock and Uglow (1). As used by Grabau (2) it includes the overlying con- glomerate and sandstone, which are now considered as a separate (Pat Sin) formation, because the Tolo Channel formation is marine and the Pat Sin is continental or near shore in origin. The Tolo Channel formation consists of altered volcanics, which form the lowest recognized member, and a series of silicified ash beds and dense black and grey shales. Black metamorphosed sandstones and soft, discoloured rocks of uncertain origin also appear to belong: in the lower part of the formation. Vulcanism was evidently inter- mittent throughout Tolo time, resulting in an intimate mixing of ash and mechanical detritus, and in the intrusion of obscure sills and dykes. Quartz veins cut the sediments in places, and all told, the Tolo Channel formation appears to have supplied most, if not all the Pebbles found in the basal conglomerate of the overlying Pat Sin formation, ‘The best sections and most extensive outcrops occur along ii sr arcting iv Hone Keg, made inportant ‘Grabau 2 and 3 4 DEC. Healey, «pis srs nro eel6 “THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA shores north and west of Lai Chi Chong, and in the hills to the en ort weat of the village, whence they extend to Three Fathoms Cove. he only outcrop of this formation known on the north side of ‘Too Channel seccure about 150 yards west of the entrance toa small bay north-west across the channel from Gruff Head. This is where DiC. M. Heanley discovered fossil ammonites in 1923. Here, at low tide, 3 fect of soft black pyritiferous silty shale may be seen caught between two felsite Rocky Harbour dykes, which apparently cut the shale off below. On removal from the wet pit, shale fragments are ‘obscured by slime and discolouration from the weathered pyrite, and only after washing and drying do fossil fragments show clearly. Even then most occur as moulds. The discovery of fossils at this most unpromising locality does great credit to Dr. Heanley’s powers of investigation. To the north-east the strike of the, shale carries it into the sea and to the south-west into a sandstone formation which rises as a low cliff along the shore. A crumpled dark shale member in the sandstone suggests the fossil bed, but neither fossils nor pyrite were seen in it, and it seems likely that the contact is faulted, and that the shale bed in the sandstone is quite distinct from that bearing the ammonites. Resting on the neighbouring sandstone bed, lies the heavy white quartz conglomerate of the Pat Sin formation. Heanley included the ammonite beds and the overlying conglomerates, etc. in his Tolo Channel Formation (2). ‘Among the older rocks of the series are probably to be included the highly metamorphic rocks of Centre Island. ‘These rocks consist of two types: one, dark, sandy weathering, and the other, blue- black, smooth-weathering with small lath-like markings of lighter colour. Dr. T. C. Phemister considers the first class to be probably sheared argillaceous rock and metamorphosed sandstone. Of the bluish black rock he says: “Crystals appear to have grown in the matrix and look very like porphyroblasts of andalusite. If thi correct, the rock is probably a thermally metamorphosed argillaceous rock.” The sandy beds on the south end of the island are cut by @ diabase dyke of irregular shape. ‘The dark banded shales, and light coloured ash rocks of No Kot Chai ra Probably belong in the lower part of the Tolo Channel formation The hilly country east of Three Fathoms Cove furnishes the best sections of the Tolo Channel formation. Here metamorphism is least, and yet the evidence is clear that the formation includes im Portant voleanic members, and that vulcanism was intermittent, ifIe WILLIAMS: PALAEONTOLOGY OF HONG KONG ” ined it may not have been almost contin ‘ Faidences of faulting appear in places where the wee one ye and their variable attitude is clearly due to the movements wre movements. which they have undergone. Quartz porphyry is exposed along the shore, bel seri chert beds, and a similar relationship holds high up rie ase cast. This porphyry appears to be older than the stratified beds and may be considered as the basal division of the Tolo Channel formation ‘The chert beds outcrop along the shore north-west of Sham Chun ‘They consist of banded chert, including beds of hard black shale, up tolor2{feet in thickness. Of the shale Dr. Phemsster says: "Isotropic material with a few grains of quartz scattered through it. It is finely granular in character but the grains do not appear to be crystalline; they are more like the material of oolites. ‘The rock may be an extremely fine-grained shale.” ‘As a part of these chert beds, there may be included the highly silicified, banded rocks outcropping along the cast side of Three Fathoms Cove about 30 metres above the sea. About 100 feet of the section is here exposed. The bedding appears as bands of black, glassy, or chert-ke material between finegrained quartzite, Under the microscope, the rock appears to be composed of water-aid ash beds, which inclose layers of “chert.” Shards of glass and plagioclase feldspar occur in the ash and the “chert” is miero-crystalline. This rock was formerly quarried in a primitive way by the Chinese, who xed it for surfacing their paths and for fire fits. Similar rock occurs eastward up the mountain side at an elevation of about 150 metres, and also northward toward Lai Chi Chong. “The higher beds on the hillside, cast of Three Fathoms Cove, consist of basal quartz porphyry, transitional ash-shale beds, and black shale, which is overlain by conglomerate and grit. The lower oleanie member of the TTolo Formation consists of quartz porphyry sts of feldspar and quartz, and of fuidal felsite. Some phases, and, all told, the pebbles of the ed from the voleanics of the with phenocrys of the porphyry has cherty Pat Sin conglomerate appear to be deriv Tolo formation, the quartz coming from 41 some places. ‘The Tolo volcanics include with pebbles of quartz felsite. Flows are mixed with ashes and tus, and intrusives are represented by G-inch sills and by small dykes of quartz felsite, which have baked the incosing shale to porcellinite, The chert beds overlying the porphyry show at least 20 feet 9 “o the overlying shale, and mised ash and detrital rock transitional in mwartz veins which occur in ‘at least some agglomerate98, ‘THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA all the available evidence points to vulcanism being contemporaneous ith Tolo Channel sedimentation. Se early highest beds on the coast are also black to light. rey shales and ash rock. The coast exposures occur in a small bay soeth of Lai Chi Chong, and are of special significance because here Dr. Heanley discovered numerous plant fossils. “The base of the Tolo Channel formation has not been recognized, and the nature of its upper contact can only be judged from the am. ‘monite locality already described, and from the occurrence north of Cheung Sheung east of Three Fathoms Cove. At the latter locality the exact contact was seen, and is that of a continental or near-shore con- glomerate resting on a marine shale, or in other words, a disconformity, Thickness. As may be seen from the isolated occurrences of the rocks included in the Tolo Channel formation, any estimate of its complete thickness is little more than a guess. Judged from the width of the outerops along the south side of Tolo Channel, the thickness is probably upwards of 2,000 feet. Age and Correlation. Fossils have been found in the Tolo Channel formation at only two places: viz., near the north side of the eastern entrance to the channel at the ammonite locality; and in a small bay on the south side of the channel north and west of Lai Chi Chong village, at the plant locality. The ammonites are the only definitely determinable fossils so far discovered. ‘The first specimens of ammonites found by Dr. C. M. Heanley in 1923 were sent to Dr. A. W. Grabau, Chief Palacontologist of the Geological Survey of China and Professor of Palaeontology in the College of Science, the National University of Peking. He reported (3) ‘on the occurrence, describing the ammonite as Hoplites (Blanfordia) wallichi (Gray) var. hongkongensis Grabau (var. nov.). On the basis of this identification he fixed the age of the containing beds as Lower Cretaceous, and ascribed them to the Indo-Pacific province, of which the Spiti sea of the Himalayas formed a part. ‘The specimens es- amined lacked suture lines and were very imperfect indeed as stated by Grabau, The writer in 1924-5, guided and assisted by Dr. Heanley, a the aed lens of ammonite-bearing shale, obtaining as good cee toh ie. This material was submitted to the late 5. kan,’ the well-known British ammonite authority, whose com- town British ammonite authority, whose co ites was made knows 2 in his “Stratigraphy o! tunder the deseription ©!WILLIAMS: PALAEONTOLOGY OF HONG KONG » plete ee : . * — deri headin; cludes that thi nce is decisive against long Kon cotcimens being Cretaceous Hoplitids and, «ie ae er being Jurassic Schiotheimids, very near to Charmaswierrn, path.” For reasons given in his full report he erects new genus and classifies Grabau’s species as “Hongkongites hongkongensis,” Grabau sp. Genotype and Holotype. Six specimens of this species ‘occur in the writer's collection and another specimen is classified as Hongkongiles sp. n. cf. angulatoides, Quenstedt, and two other speci- mens are classified as Hongkongites n. sp.? stouter than hongkongensis? Buckman concludes: ‘'The deposit in which the specimens were found ‘will now have to be removed from Lower Cretaceous to Lower Jurassic, Lower Lias, and may be dated as being of Coroniceratan Age.” ‘The importance of this conclusion is great, as it is the only definite age determination for any of the rocks of Hong Kong and the Leased Territories, and the only lower Jurassic determination for south- eastern Asia. In fact the nearest known deposits of Liassic age occur in Indo-China, in a small number of the islands of the outer border of the Malay Archipelago, in West Borneo, in north-eastern Japan, in south-western Japan, and in Vladivostok. A number of specimens of plants were collected from the plant locality by Dr. Heanley and sent to Professor A. C. Seward, of the Botany School, Cambridge, England. He recognized their Jurassic aspect and identified one specimen as “being identical with Pierophyl- lum kingianum Feistm., of the Rajmahal group (Liassic) except for a larger number of veinlets (2, p. 268). A number of plants collected by Dr. Heanley, Dr. Brock, and the writer have been submitted to Professor Seward, who recognizes the following: Cladophlebis ? Equisetites,? Nilssonnia, a cycad frond, a conifer, probably Brachy- phylum or Thuites and Phoenicopsis. Seward concludes “I feel Pretty sure that such fragments of plants as I have found indicate a Jurassic Age." (The full report will be found under Palacontology’) There are some Liassic affinities among the fossil plants and nothing to prevent the beds from being Liassic in age. In consequence the plant beds are included in the Tolo Channel formation but they appear to be younger than the ammonite beds. 1g Palaeontology. He PenG Cuau ForMAtION is known in the leased territory and that One other fossil localit where the writer discovered fossils is Peng Chau Island in Mirs Bay r discov 1924.5, and from which Dr. Brock obtained fossil-like impressions, ‘The rock exposed all around the shore of Peng Chau Island is a darkoj ‘THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA venty bedded, indurated shale, including a 2-fo0t bed of cher aia oes shale is hard enough to be classed as a slate but it Still splits with some freedom along the — planes. Vertical jointing and a pealar fretted pattern on weathering are common features of the shale. ' The Bato ‘consists of 30 feet of sandy shale exposed in the north. western part of the island at low tide, 2 feet of cherty sandstone, and About. 500 feet of dark slaty shale exposed around the ends of the island and in the north-east bay. The upper beds weather into a somewhat rough, brownish-grey surface showing numerous radiating structures about 1 inch in diameter, suggesting some sort of plant seeds or fruits. These are well represented north-west of Ma Wan village. Specimens were sent to Professor Seward who writes: “I sent to Dr. Bather of the British Museum some of the best specimens showing what you describe as a radiating fossil as I was sure that these could not be the remains of plants.” Dr. Bather replied: “The spei- mens from Hong Kong are not of organic origin. It seems to me that they are probably Alum shales in which gypsum has developed. The crystals of gypsum have undergone some subsequent alteration. This view is fully confirmed by our mineral department.” ‘Specimens of plants were obtained by the writer, however, from a locality on the west shore about half a mile north of T’ai T’ong, and elsewhere, by Dr. Brock. Of the writer’s specimens Seward says: “One of the specimens shows what appears to be a forked rachis, and another one ...a single leaflet which appears to be a pinnule of Neuropteris. But these suggestions are uncertain.” Of Dr. Brock’s collection Seward reports: “The large specimen is interesting as it certainly bears a superficial resemblance to the axis of a modern. palm leaf, but what it is T cannot say. On {the same slab] there is a piece of a pinnate frond which is either a Prilophyllum or, possibly, an Otozamites: this also sugests a Jurassic age. The large specimen is really not determinable; the resemblance to a Palm may be mis- leading: it renladed me of a Jurassic French impression described by. ie oe Hiasinum. We have, Sesto, aay of the existence of Jurassic Palms.” It wi mae [ae o stars ee Peng Chau beds are probably Jurassi¢ ere remains but one other fossil to re ef atc andy eae Sn ors hat fh dn TD. A. Cockrel ofthe University of Celerade cepore tet “The elytron appears to repreent ay ano Colorado reports that int an Otorkynchid weevil” and describes it a8 Oliorkynchites wil hites williams: Cockerell new species (see Palaeontology):WILLIAMS : PALAEONT : ‘OLOGY OF HONG KONG 101 uve Otiorhynchid weevils are very numerous iy Eane (Groen River) ocks and they were thee Cretaceous. At the present time, however, we in evils older than the Eocene." Tn eonchaion he sane, “Oiisvinn, “Ties wiliamsi will not serve to date the rocks at Peng Chau: it may fe Cretaceous, Eocene or later.” In a later letter Cockerell admits the possibility of a late Jurassic age of this beetle, but not Lias, ‘As Peng Chau Island is ¢o far removed from the outcrops of the ther sedimentary formations, the relationships of its shales have to be interpreted mainly on the evidence of the fossils described above. Dr. Brock believed it possible that the shale of the Pat Sin formation ast of Three Fathoms Cove and south-west of Peak A. might be the equivalent of a part of the Peng Chau formation. He found the shale testing on the eroded surface of the Pat Sin conglomerate and believed it to be late Pat Sin. The dip of these beds and the relative position of Peng Chau Island are in accord with this possibility. He believed that the argillite of Kat O Island might also be Peng Chau in age. ‘The evidence of the fossil weevil favours a late Pat Sin age for the Peng Chau formation, in which case the age difference between the plants of the Tolo Channel and Peng Chau shales would be greater than has been thought. The Peng Chau formation may therefore be of the age of the plant beds of the Tolo Channel formation, or alternately it may be of the age of the late Pat Sin shales. and characteristic in undoubtedly present Par Six Formation ‘The Pat Sin formation is by far the most widely distributed and most conspicuous of all the waterlaid deposits of this region. Its thick, resistant, basal conglomerate member in particular, forms sea cliffs on islands and mainland shores, and is the capping formation, and so the immediate cause of the preservation of the Pat Sin Range fof mountains. Two areas contain this formation: the area including Tolo Channel, and the peninsula between it and Starling Inlet; and the north-west shore of Lan Tau Island and the Brothers Islands. ‘The two areas are practically on the same structural strike, suggesting that they were originally connected along a common south-west-b ‘west structural axis. “The Pat Sin formation was considered by Heanley as a part of the formation bearing the ammonites, and Grabau, in following the Pre- liminary classification of this survey, has so considered it. The facts, however, point to a different conclusion. The black argillaccous rock containing the ammonites, is clearly of marine, oft-shore origin: ‘he Conglomerate of the Pat Sin formation represents an uplift of the‘THe ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 102 sng land, followed by rapid erosion and deposition of seq. Se F aiy Pabe but gadaallankiag on aan a a its occur in the sandy beds, bearing evidence to the ee crconditions. Moreover the pebbles of the Pat Six saasetion appear to have been derived {rom the various divisions of tre Tole Chennel formation, and particularly from the basal volcanics, Na uplife and erosion eycle of considerable duration had evidently preceded the deposition of the Pat Sin basal beds. The contact with the underlying formation is at least disconformable and probably un. conformable to a marked degree. ‘The Pat Sin sedimentation i most fully represented between Tolo Channel and Starling Inlet, On Tolo Channel the Pat Sin section starts with 25 feet of sandy shale, containing a grey shale bed; 35 feet of purple sandstone and 20 feet of light cream-coloured quartzite. Resting on the quartzite is the conspicuous white con- slomerate, with intercalated grey sandstone, the main conglomerate ted being atleast 100 feet thick, Upwards, the formation passes into purplish red-weathering grit, containing beds and lenses of purplish red-weathering conglomerate. The fresh rocks seen on exposed shore Tines, and in canyons where stream erosion is rapid, vary from the white of the quartz-conglomerates and sandstones through greys and greens to the black of argilites. The Pat Sin formation is intimately cut and penetrated by dykes and stringers of fine-grained, dense, red, shaly material, which appears to be a weathered, and sheared phase of the Port Shelter intrusives. The colour of the intrusives is so nearly like that of some of the weathered inclosing grit, that itis commonly most difficult to separate the rocks of sedimentary from those of igneous origin. In the white conglomerate and grey sandstone of the basal division, the red intrusives are generally. worn into smal de- pressions, and show a macked colour contrast to the inclosing for. mation. "These striking intrusives vary in thickness from. mere stringers to masses scores of feet across. They are not confined t0 the Pat Sin formation, but are in general so closely associated with it that isolated exposures of ‘‘red instrusive”” have been considered presui>= tive evidence of the presence of the Pat Sin formation, pat iteey sated the Pat Sin conglomerate forma the eet of the in range, and its contact with the subjacent Tai Mo Shan quartz Porphyry is visible at many localities along the south side of the crest of the ridge. Even better contacts are visible at the beautiful falls at Chung Mi and at other falls in the vicinity. Down the dip slope of the formation toward Starting Inlet, basal contacts are alco cleat ggermation toward Stating Inlet, base contacts are alo lea localities the intrusive has baked and absorbed the i }WILLIAMS: PALAEONTOLOGY OF HONG KONG 103 sediments 0 that both rocks have become transitional toward the Satact. Remnants of pebbles in the porphyry, and incipient cry covtion in the quartzite, have commonly been sil further confused by shearing and resultant schistosity. In a creek valley running into Gtarling Inlet, Dr. Brock found two Tai Mo Shan sills in the Pat Sin formation. A fault scarp along the valley (str. 92°) and two falls in the creek are topographic expressions of the geology. The meta- morphism is, however, the most interesting feature of the occurrence. ‘The Pat Sin is highly consolidated, the conglomerate resembling vein quartz except on clean surfaces. ‘The sandstones weather soft but the argillites are changed to slates and phyllites. The conglomerate pebbles are flattened out, squeezed into one another, sheared and ‘chistose. ‘The massive sandstone remains as quartzite, The Pat Sin occurrences near Sha Tau Kok and on the west and south of Starling Inlet are practically all highly metamorphosed by the various intrusive rocks of this district. Only by close inspection may their sedimentary origin be discovered. Less altered sediments ‘occur at Double Haven where a formation resembling a coral head was found by Dr. Brock, who also reports ripple marks in the sand- stone at a point west of Sam A Chung. Tt may be said in general of the Pat Sin that departure from white or grey colour is due either to weathering or to metamorphism. ‘Dr. Brock found Pat Sin rocks on the east side of Mirs Bay as follows: Conglomerate and quartzite occur on a point north by east from the north end of Peng Chau Island. The conglomerate is green on the shore but red inland and contains boulders like the quartz-bed of the Pat Sin, in red shale of either Tolo or Pat Sin character. Near the granite contact the formation resembles the Lok Ma Chau for- mation. On the point east of Peng Chau Island, the Pat Sin formation appears to dip toward the sea at about 50°-70°. The rocks to the south are in thick beds like conglomerate. On the north flank of Ma On Shan Mountain, and west of Three Fathoms Cove, Pat Sin sediments cover an area about one-half square mileinextent. They consist for the most part of, light-coloured sand- stone of low specific gravity. On the shore, the sandstone is disrupted by intrusive felsite, which itself weathers s0as to resemble sandstone. This felsite outcrops in the hills along the north-west side of Three Fathoms Cove and on the adjoining small islands. High up on the mountain flank, red and purple intrusives cut the sandstone. Typical Pat Sin sediments flank the north-western shore of Lan Tau Island, from near Tai O to an jntrusive granite contact ‘west of Pah-lo-wang. They consist for the most part of cream-tot ‘THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ‘one, but brown and red sandstones occur. The lower cee ie everywhere with intrusive rock. West of Pa--vang aq cxeellent contact with granite is exposed on the shore. Both rocks are fine-grained and flinty for about 2 feet from the contact, beyond whieh the granite is quite normal, All the sandstone near here, however, ig very dense and hard. A 2-foot diabase dyke cuts the granite about 25 feet east of the contact, and a 15-foot dyke of light green felsite cuts the sandstone about 20 feet west of the contact, the sandstone to the west of it being much weathered and darkened for 15 feet, The granite contact is mainly conformable with the sandstone bedding but here and there cuts across it, Dark contorted sandstone and dark shale occur along the shore west of Kat Sun Tei (north of Tai) and this may be a contact phase of the sedimentary formation. ‘The Brothers Islands are formed of Pat Sin sandstones, argillites, etc. Inclusions of Pat Sin were found in Tai Mo Shan intrusives in Castle Peak valley by Dr. Uglow and on Lamma Island by Dr. Brock, proving that this sedimentary formation was deposited over a large Basal Contact of Pat Sin Formation ‘The Pat Sin formation was evidently deposited on the marine shale beds of the Tolo Channel formation, but at only two localities are the relationships known. The occurrence at the fossil locality on the north side of Tolo Channel Island is, as already described, confused by intrusives and probably by faulting. Thesuperadjacentsection consists of 25 feet of sandy shale, 35 feet of purple sandstone, and 30 feet of light cream-coloured quartzite which is overlain by 100 feet of white conglomerate. To the south-west on the strike of the fossiliferous Tolo Channel shales, a crumpled, dark shale member occurs in the lower sandstone, but neither marcasite nor fossils appear in it, and it is pretty certain that the relationship of the Tolo and Pat Sin for- mations is confused by intrusion and faulting and that the alignment of the two shale outcrops is quite accidental. It is noteworthy, how- ever, that sandstone carrying a thin, dark shale member underlies the conglomerate As noted above, a well-exposed series of outcrops occurs up the mountain side east of Three Fathoms Cove and north-west of the village of Cheung Sheung, At the base of the section is a series made up of Tolo Channel ‘quartz Porphyry, ash beds and cherts which appear to grade upward {itmay be due to metamorphism) through 20 feet of transitional beds into about 120 feet of grey and black Tolo Channel shale. Restingn WILLIAMS: PALAEONTOLOGY OF HONG KONG 105 spon the even surface of the shale lies a coarse white boulder con- Pmerate of basal Pat Sin characters. This formation has red and aergy phases and is about 80 feet thick at the maximum, Upod it pged surface Fests about 100 feet of fissile grey shale, in w ich De Brock found indeterminate plants, Near the south end of the exposures, the beds are cut off by a easly vertical fault with eastevest strike and a down-throw to the Jouth of over 100 feet. This has resulted in a displacement of the onglomerate beds 100 feet toward the west, as seen on the south- oping hill-side north-west of Cheung Sheung "The upper contact is with the overlying Rocky Harbour voleanics, which rest upon the extremely uneven erosion surface of the sedi- mentary formations. These volcanics are very similar to the Tolo Channel volcanics, and the two are easily confused. ‘The upper dark plant-bearing shales are thought by Dr. Brock to be a possible equivalent of the lower part of the Peng Chau formation. The contact between the Tolo Channel and the overlying Pat Sin formation is evidently disconformable. No angular unconformity has been observed but shale represents deposition of sediment in quiet waters of moderate depth adjacent to a land of low relief; conglomer- ate on the other hand is typical of near shore deposits of coarse materials brought down by rapidly flowing streams from a region of recent uplift. A considerable time break is evident and the erosion of the underlying sediments may be much greater than is indicated by the even contacts. This conclusion is supported by the fact that many of the pebbles in the Pat Sin formation are derived from the Tolo Channel sediments and volcanics, ete. ‘The basal contact of the formation north of Tolo Channel is in general with the Tai Mo Shan quartz porphyry ich have in part raised the massive conglomerate up from its original foundation ‘The Tai Mo Shan is clearly intrusive, and has not only cut the con- slomerate and higher beds at numerous places, but has absorbed conglomerate, and silicified it so that over large areas near Chung Mi north of Plover Cove and elsewhere, the porphyry conglomerate contacts are transitional. Movements have taken place within the formation as a result of subsequent mountain building (probably both Jurasside and Laramide), and a well-defined, hinged fault extends for nearly a mile up the valley east of Siu Kau at the head of Plover Cove- Here the maximum displacement is at the west end, the movement being a vertical uplift on the north of about 200 metres (600 feet)“THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA pasal conglomerate individual pebbles are sheared cemented. , displaced about 34 inch, and recemen srThe total thickness of Pat Sin beds, between Tolo Channel and cl vidence, is probably about 1,509 Starling Inlet, based on structural evidence, is probably about 1, metres or 5,000 feet, Of this thickness, probably 20 per cent is made up of red shaly intrusives and green weathering felsite. At places within the Origin and Age of Sediments ‘The conglomerate is composed of pebbles from 134 to 6 inches in diameter (with an average of about 2 inches) of white quartz and light grey quartzite, quartz porphyry, chert, argillite, etc, all derived from the Tolo Channel formation. The matrix is mostly of fine angular quartz. “The age of the Pat Sin formation is post Lower Liassic, and it is older than all the other formations of the region except the Tole Channel. As conglomerates and sandstones of somewhat similar characters occur in the Angara Series and are referred to the Jurassic, and as a similar series, occurring in the vicinity of Nanking, is also placed in the Jurassic, the Pat Sin formation is referred tentatively to the upper Liassic or the middle Jurassic. Lox Ma Cnav Forwation A series of grey gneissoid arkoses, white and cream-coloured sand- stones, dark argillaceous schists, silvery white micaceous schists, and felspathic rocks of obscure characters, occupy parts of the territory lying south of Hau Hoi Wan (Deep Bay) and Sham Chun River. ‘The main topographic depression extends in a wide arc from Castle Peak Bay north-easterly to about 214 miles east of the Kowloon- Canton Railway bridge crossing theSham Chun River. Thisstructural depression isapproximately parallel to that containing the Tolo Channel and Pat Sin formations. The formation name is taken from Lok Ma ‘Chau village, near which the formation is extensively developed. ‘The observed basal contacts of the formation are intrusive, generally with Tai Mo Shan quartz-porphyry, but in places with Hong Kong granite. The oldest beds are gneissoid and so similar Tithologically’ to gneissoid phases of the porphyry that field determi- nations have proven unsatisfactory. The thickness of the basal beds is probably 200 feet or more. The main formation consists of cream coloured, thin-bedded, fine-grained quartz sandstone, weathering pink in spots and streaks. Some interbeds of red clay and silty sandstoneWILLIAMS: PALAEONTOLOGY OF HONG KONG 07 ‘This part of the formation is best observe south of the crossing of Sham Chun Rive of section is exposed. The strike of the beds varies from 40° ry coe aries from 40° to 53 east of north, and the dip from 22° to 36° north-west, The formation about Yuen Long is mostly of a sandy nature, but to the south, garnet, pyrite, and mica occur in theschist. At the head of Castle Peak Bay a high degree of metamorphism is evident, and micaceous schists occur with the sandstone. On the islet in the ba the formation has been cut in a very irregular rhanner by a red in. trusive similar to those cutting the Pat Sin formation of Tolo Channel. Some of the sediment is little changed, consisting of yellowish sand. stone, but some of it has been altered to a contorted and glistening white tale schist. Other beds are dark grey and stain the fingers, resembling the Wai Tsai occurrences. Coarse-grained schists occur south of Yuen Long and east of Wai ‘Tsai, and probably constitute a basal phase of the formation. As the porphyry in this vicinity is cut by large veins of quartz and is itself partly gneissic, it is very difficult to draw satisfactory boundaries between the sedimentary and igneous rocks. Fairly extensive outcrops of the Lok Ma Chau formation occur on Mong Tung Peninsula. On the south-cast side, conglomerate occurs with boulders of chert up to 1 foot in diameter, in a sandy base. Farther north, conglomerate contains pebbles of black, baked shale, quartz, quartzite and porphyry. The ground mass is like that of the Pat Sin, ‘The similarity of the conglomerate described above and the typical Pat Sin conglomerate, and the close resemblance between the rocks of the Brothers Islands and those of Castle Peak Bay, strengthen the conviction that the Lok Ma Chau formation is merely a highly meta- morphosed form of the Pat Sin formation. ay | The total thickness of the Lok Ma Chau formation is certainly | not represented within the Leased Territory. Judging from the wide- spread occurrences of the formation, in conjunction with the average dip, the thickness within the territory is probably not less than 2,000 feet. ‘d along the railway cut , where upwards of 400 feet Structure : ‘The main strike of the formation is north-easterly, the dip being from 18° to 76° to the north-west, the average being perhaps 30°. Thus the main structure consists of a north-westerly dipping mono cline, now represented by areas separated by erosion1 No direct evidence is available of the age of the Lok Ma Chau formation. It is cut by the Tai Mo Shan quartz porphyry and Hon Kong granite intrusions, and also by the red earthy Port Shelter dykes and might, from the structural evidence, be considered younger than the Pat Sin formation. Tt has so far yielded no fossils. Its Ioea) highly schistose characters appear to be due to its relations to the intrusive rocks, and as similar phases of the Pat Sin formation occur on Lan Tau Island and on the Brothers, it may be assumed that the Lok Ma Chau is a metamorphic phase of the Pat Sin formation. 108 PME ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Age and Correlation Mins Bay Formatton (Rep BeDs) Excerpts from Manuscript by R. W. Brock On Lan Tau, and Port Island in Mirs Bay, on Double Island and on the northerly slope of Tolo Peninsula from Tolo Crest to Double Haven is a series of sediments consisting of conglomerates, sandstones and argillites, generally characterized by a bright blood-red colour, ‘These rocks are being designated the Mirs Bay Formation, Petrology The rocks consist of coarse conglomerates, grits, sandstones, argil laceous sandstones, arenaceous argillites and argillites. ‘The base is almost always argillaceous, Unlike the Pat Sin sediments which are unoxidized where freshly exposed, and only acquire their purplishered colour through weathering, the materials of the Mirs Bay formation were weathered before the rocks were laid down are red throughout and have always been so. A characteristic feature is the rapidity with whi play out and repeat themselves, The beds as a rule ha dimensions but interfinger in an intricate m: at least, it is manifestly a delta formation. ‘on an old land surface of Pat Sin rocks, erate full of angular or subangular bo quartz. breccias and conglomerates, boulders are 6 inches in diameter as large a5 2 feet. Avay from the basal contact, boulders become less numerous and smaller, the majority being one to three inches in diameter, and they are mostly of volcanic rocks. Also they are generally well rounded. and consequently they beds alternate, ve small lateral ianner. Over large areas ‘The basal beds, formed consist of a breccia or conglom- ulders of Pat Sin rocks, such as quartzites, etc. Many of the incl an occasional one may be asWILLIAMS: PALAEONTOLOGY oF HONG KONG NG 100 ‘the basal beds, therefore, when present, a 1 good horizon matkers, Conglomerate beds are repeated every fifty fet horizon markers, feet or so. Thickness No accurate measurement of the thickness of the formation was rade, for only a part of it is exposed, the rest having been ithe, removed by erosion or buried under Rocky Harbour voleani¢ flows. ‘A thickness of two hundred and fifty feet (77 metres) occurs on Port Island, Fifteen hundred feet would be a conservative estimate of the thickness presently exposed. Conditions of Formation ‘The weathered and oxidized condition of the materials show that they were derived from an old land surface with a hot, dry climate, ‘The rapid alternation of coarse and fine beds, the frequent repetition of the strata, the intricate interfingering and the eross-bedding show that the beds for the most part belong to a delta deposit in a region subject to torrential rains and cloud-bursts. Where the base has been seen the Mirs Bay sediments have been laid down on the eroded and weathered surface of the Pat Sin. Atvitude and Alteration of the Formation “The beds are seldom flat-lying but over considerable areas the dip is not greater than a possible angle of deposition. But one cannot travel many yards without encountering some disturbance, small but perhaps sharp anticlines and synclines, the largest not more than 100 feet across, but the dips in a few places reach 90°. Age and Correlation. “The Mirs Bay formation includes the youngest solidified waterlain sediments in the Territory. The exact geological age could not be determined, for as is usually the case in red beds, no fossils were found. ‘The Mits Bay formation is correlated with the Canton Red Beds proper. Other well known Red Beds of Tertiary age are the Eocene Hucksian series of red conglomerates and clays of Tsinling Shan and Szechuan and red sandstones, shales and conglomerates of Kwantung. Tn Anhui, Red beds rest upon Cretaceous rocks whose age is well established by fossil evidence. Continental conditions obtained in China throughout the Tertiary and consequently Red Bed formation has continued locally down to the present, but evidence is gradual ly accumulating pointing to an Eocene age for the widespread Red Beds of China,ue ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 10 PALAEONTOLOGY tin the vicinity of Hong Kong include am, ing elytron of a beetle from Peng Chay gt alo Co Channel, te vicinity of Penk A and Png cyt ro yale from the Pat Sin formation of Double Haven and coronation of Hong Kong Island. ‘These have leg the descriptions of formations, but a fuller accggy The fossils found from Tolo Channel, plan Island, the Repulse mentioned un js given below. Ammonites In 1923 Dr. C. M. Heanley of Hong Kong discovered ammonite on the north shore of Tolo Channel and sent them to Dr. A. Grabau, Chief Palacontologist of the Geological Survey of China and Professor of Palaeontology in the College of Science, the Natio University of Peking. Grabau described these fossils, in the Bully of the Geological Survey of China, number 5, part 2, Dec., 19, 10.207, 1 Plate, along with an account of the stratigraphy as pp. 19 worked out by Heanley. Grabau classified the ammonites as Hoplites (Blanfordia) wack (Gray) var. ongkongensis Grabau (vat. nov.). The species here referred to “is a common and characteristic species of the upper or third stage of the Spiti shales of the Himalayas” and consequently the ammonite beds were classed as Lower Cretaceous in age. ‘The writer, in company with Dr. Heanley, visited the locality on several occasions, and excavated all the recognized fossiiferous shale, which was wedged between two dykes. The new material was sub- mitted to the late S. S. Buckman who reported on it as follows: Of the series of specimens submitted only 8 are at all satisfactory for xn: nation: even these are only fragments or impressions. About these 8 spsines th pe in the main they agree wih Lb seciens figured by Grabau, “A lover Cretaceous Ammonie from Hon nth China,” Bull Gol Surv. China, 5 (2), 1925, p. 109, Pl I igs. AB.C- (Gon Geta identits his specimens as near to Hoplies (Bland) wai {Gray), but considers them sufficiently diferent to deserve a varietal name Br rues. He dates them as being Lower Cretaceous junit, nytt determine, therefore, is whether this view of De. Grbuu Hendy eg Ninel admits that the agreement is not elose enough to allo hi? eran ee Scully Hopiteswalichis, but he thinks thatthe leet comes whether saya: This opinion is open to much doubt and the ave! Fin ee ynvthing else can be found which has greater agreements onghongensis eeeustere, then, are the differences between Grabas!s 1 and, in tan cet epltswealichi, tn the former the ribs are of rounder 20, * ralghter chen inthe latter, whose ribs are sharp and distincWILLIAMS: PALAEONTOLOGY op HONG Kong i mer the point of Dif Ich neater the ui tb he Tater. ‘This is best shown, DY comparative meant Mich longer than it jg mane optes Hongkongensis oA B : Re-ength, 17 mm., Primacy, 2%, Secondary, 779, My 3g ee mm, ne fe ea ag ee oe yee me ee ne Average length of secondaries 68.79, The fist column shows the full length ofthe ain : pillimetres, the next column, the percentage of the length of the primary to the fa b-length, and the thied can, deemnateel Us pea With these figures may be contrasted sinilar me ssurements taken from Hoplites sich Ubi, Sti Shales, Pal. Ind, 1910, SK he %ay 2b, a specimen fairly comparable in diameter with Grabat's fom), ites wallichi, Uhlig. ve iengt BL ‘im., Primary, 51%, Secondary, 49% (286mm, °! 49a7" A 51%, ee 2 ia ase ae Be Sass i somiey ce aae Average length of secondaries 479, later. ‘The proportions are nilimetres, percentage of ileal width, (last column. Hoplites hongkongensis, Grabau, A. B, i Ale ety 58, 46.5, 83.5, 285 eis not Pt ctor’, Set these results entirely from Grabau's figures; but the con- tinwation of the peri ipheral curve has been traced from a figure of a similar fos Hoplites watch, 58, ae ee Fray tions of the two figures do not tally, but they nou ety jay “etfal name, if there were agreement in chaseton of sobien pennies x. may be remarked that the measurements have been ie) Ls ncaa PEW ASB tecaiae is quite impossible oreo te mesa en eres it his text and his table, with the measurements y i xia fa tes: Derent® 0 need to discus al te dhecemeenee ctl, ae 5 sn more dificult to obtain from man fiven by Unig in ent (Tat ne oe “sstrements of his figuresTHE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ua be taken in detail. part of septate whorl—comparable with the ribs furcate close to the inner margin ‘The spcinens submited may n0™ Yo 1'A eal specimen-—inpresion Geant. C- eean be sen that Se aowing are approximate ro ta Su, primary, 25% secondary, TOM Tus cecondaies are about 8 eet gs thn Graal neon, vat eget ge ane ale Nast Raber ge tan No. J cleo Gabe A. Apres : Tvieh I nm snes 7 senda se eb a _aveage pecenone of secondaries 02.5, orles tha I per cent more han G's eninge Proportion 42,4, 38, No.9 Ratha eens No, 2 Body-chamber fragment, closely agrees with Grabau's A, Approve results Rib-length 22 mm., primary, ee secondary, ve “5mm, "20% 11%. ‘Average percentage of secondaries, 67.5—about 1% less than Grabau’s onghonenss. ag Thin reget of ages species han No, a ic aks tpelee, Therbe are coarse” Measurements cannot be obtained. 10.5 Tate e asa rather fine ried form. May be the young of No.2 Hae eee canal gies of inner whorl eat part shows ibm cone asoue over wener and slghely arcuate, later, the riba are Broken on the vate 1io.6 Tmpresion and part of «Soesibbed form, comparable with Grabae's C No.7 A rather tone ited forme-posably young of No 170.8 Inprenion of fine bed form, Grabau's Gor very me. Summary of above rete ‘The spetnens and Grabau's gues sem to group chemseives int 8 sets “Geabats A Dand Now 28,8. Grabau's © and Now 1,68 [Astoute form than Grate AB., Nos. 47. “The average ofthe rls of percentages of secondaries inthe specimens and ia Grabat's ign AB. faba 10 pr cent—ndiference so great from thon of li that ic ispecies to pursue the Spi spedes further Nothing ele inthe Cretaceous seme fo ma satisfactory comparison, sit ecesary to thn 0 the Juan There, only one family, Schlaheimae, can come Into the picture; ut the likenes between Schlothfaids and. Hopltide i gute remarkable Frist may be taken Ammonites hornasse,dOrbigny, Ter Jur, Ceph, PLXCI, 296, the mode genus Chamessecwes Spach This give te olowig revue "iblength 1 mm, primary, 29%, secondary, 71%. 20 mm, 28%, 74 ant, eae i oe Average length percentage of secondaries 70.5 per ent tc wl be noticed that here the ference rom the Chinese pecimens (average) jslessthan 1 per cent. I will be noticed further thatthe run ofthe lateral is charmassei is exactly that of hongkongensis, instead of being decidedly differen a5 0 herWILLIAMS PALAEONTOLOGY OF HONG KONG ines and they haves forward prjeton on he vet eee Tt would seem also that hongkongensis Grabau is slightly 1 : cof charmassi are from d Orbigny’s figures: iy cea 33, 4, 36, a ae a ee aaa mossei and hongkongensis than between the latter and wollichi Pea ‘The figures of Ammonites charmassei given Reynes, Mon, Amr PL V, f. 9, may now be taken:— ger es ae a Shee ea ut Of the ribs is the samme as led, whereas the contour in he vit oportions 15 mm, B% “12%, “175mm. RR 1%, “05mm, "20% 71%, Average length percentage of secondaries 72. ‘This average is 134 per cent above dOrbigny’s figure and only 2 per ceat above the average of the Chinese fossils. ‘The proportions come out as 33, 42,28, Details of another species, Am. angulatoides, Quenstedt, Amm. Schwabischen Jura, 1883, PI. III, £8, may be given, as this is a somewhat fine-ribbed species ‘comparable with Grabau’s figure C. Rib-length, 10.5 mm., primary, 48%, secondary, 51%. nme 38 OA . 12.25 mm., “2% “ 7% “125mm, 1% 8 ‘The average comes out for percentage of secondaries as 68.25 or only about percent less than the result for Grabau's figures A.B. but itis to be remarked that the variation in the lengths of secondary ribs in Am. angiaoides are rather consider able. ‘The only bifurcate ribs, in Grabau's fig. C, are towards the end of the whorl. This gives Ribslength, 12.50 mm,, primary, 16%, secondary, S4%. ‘The last point for consideration isthe lobe-line. There fs one specimen, No. which shows details of this character, So far as exterior lobes are concerned there is Tutle difference between those of Hopliteseollicki and Am. charmasceis the latter are more florid and tend to become very florid in old-age examples; but in the young. state, and No, 1is that, the lobe-tine would be fairly simple in any’ case, tle dis: tinguishable, perhaps, from either wallichi or chermassei, But there is one point which ia decisive for determination—that is the internal lobe: in Hoplitide this ends in ove point ke the end of wasp: in Solohsimids i ends in 9 Pte like the forceps of an earwig. The specimen, No, 1, wat truncated «0 98 to ‘expose the intemal fobe, but just the end ofthat is broken off. There seems how fever to be what would be expected from a brokewoff two-pointed end,» mike concavity fanked by broken parts, In handling the specimen to get 8 beter view, a rather fortunate accident happened: the piece of septate whor! became de Dsite ‘THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. Ba real eet oh power cl reer, cu, Me oe edi uml be sey tine eis he Heron cr i a yt sche even sealed above, points certainty to ther bing fle Lact eee aire Spa Tin ike oak ee ah hin or ane feel fom the Jong apeinen, Now 1s COM Ean op ug Esse idiom Chamasearoc the on ofthe riba have moe fryer eM seca ae ters coatan™the primes nn hoa [Chara talent burdened with more forms than can gia che oem eval ot wiht forte, mee en opaad r Gruc hontlnan A onthe sender maton With Crabs eee may bean aston awe, Hogue biog Grin Genotype ad tans Specimne 23,81 ongonn, reims Catt opecnene 16, Tngoncs yes np, Qontd, Secon 7 Honthongee nop, Pestnter than lontongeui? ‘Te cap ta oach the option vere fund pow habe gg from Lower Cretaceous to Lower Jurassic, and may be dated as being of Gace coratan Age, The name Hongke ‘Signed 8. 8, Bocas, Novernber 19h, 025, ‘The above conclusions of Buckman were made known to Grabau by Dr. Brock and in the Stratigraphy of China, part 2, Mesozoic, published by the Geological Survey of China, Grabau accepts Buck: ‘man's conclusions (see pages 497, 74, Plate IX). As shown under “Stratigraphy,” the Tolo Channel formation is properly more restricted than Grabau’s publications would make it, ‘the white conglomerate and succeeding beds overlying the ammonite beds being placed in the Pat Sin formation. Thus it is only the dark shales and sandstones that are placed in the Liassic on the basis of the ammonite determinations. Corals Dr. C. M. Heanley and Dr. Brock have both collected specimens suggesting corals from the Repulse Bay volcanics along Pokfulum Road on Hong Kong Island. ‘These were sent to Dr. T, W. Vaught for determination, and they were eventually examined by John W: Wells of the U:S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., who reports on them as follows:— While Dr. Vaughan was here in Washi 1 ch that the £8 ere in Washington — I suggested that larger specimens might be algal remains rather than corals. With this in mind WILLIAMS : stone et wry ty that the smaller specimens emer of he urns and lower ¢ Thus the available for the Repulse Bay + hhad an origin similar» which are now entrap A Beetle ‘The elytron of a shales of Peng Chau Cockerell, of the Uni During survey of t ‘Betish Columbia, the ver the first fossil insect from plant remains. The old Liss Coroniceratin), as ‘miles from the ammonit fge of the rock in which “The elytron appears as follows: Elyeron about § cally, conve, cos ‘harp sdge cose 100 tows above outer (st So hed ros apa Teeome ierezulr nd ¢ free tenng toon ‘Toward the apes the anes - ‘Presuming that th the weevil ths tranuverte fos of BU tnd Disprepes fone tlyiron, 2 the oa Paiueh for a weve Bohemia The Odochynchi (Green Rive) rock Present tine, bares falindes ofthe Une ftom the Br Lis| | | WILLIAMS: PALAEONTOLOGY OF HONG KONG 116 sowed them to Dr. E, B. Read, ofthe De ae they might very likely bein the neigh ‘The smaller specimens certainly look ‘partment of Paleobotany, who thought ‘Thus the available fossil evidence for the Repulse Bay volcanics. Points to a late Jurassic age B The Pokfulum coral reef may have had an origin similar to that of the coral reefs of the Hawaiion Ielands which are now entrapped as lenses in the recent lavas, brevtias ete ete. A Beetle The elytron of a beetle, found by the writer in the grey sandy shales of Peng Chau Island, is described below by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, of the University of Colorado:— ee ip ane ara ean ers ere cart i in ee aor ae tec eran kee Ha ee peas ie ma ed ences aesmen cane oe ae a a en eee Sr ath nti hg orn ness sare ti ete ce cy in anne anes Slaps ima ean mae sore Sy aia xy numerous and characteristic in the Eocene present in the Cretaceous. At the the Eocene. Cure|. SOCIETY OF CANADA ‘THE ROA 6 fhe English Purbeck Beds (Upy and Kaper | ‘weevils, Doggeria nr esc, ieee the era “pay have the asree goubtfully curcu he Ips Is of Queensland 4, ave Ceruinpsscretacea Heer from the Lower Cretacena viium senonicun Kolbe from the Upper Cretaceous of rodici Giebel from 7 Jey roe Pall we C and Cures a, Gree “ y remains merely serve to indicate the lei villiamsi will not serve to date the rocks at Peng Chau; jt Fm Once be Cretaceous, Eocene or con the westside of Peng Tater, ‘The specimen was collected by Dr. M. Y. Wiian, Chau Island, Mirs Bay, April 1925. ‘ossil Plants Fe ooo rotessor A. C. Seward, of the Botany School, Cambridge, England, has reported on the fossil plants found on the south side of i ae eal cad cai Peng Chai Island by R. W. Brock and the author. ‘The substance of his conclusions is as follows: Of the combined lot he says: “There is hardly anything which ie is possible to identify with certainty, but I feel pretty sure that such fragments of plants as I have found indicate a Jurassic age.” Tn the Tolo Channel formation, plants from the south side of the channel furnished the following: fragments of a Cladophlebis, a genus that is widely distributed in Mesozoic Floras, and is especially common in Jurassic Floras; pieces of ribbed stems which look like Equisetites; fragments of Cycadean leaves, probably a specimen of Nilssonia; a small piece of a Cycad frond; an impression believed to be that of a conifer, probably Brachyphyllum or Thuites; fragments of parallel veined leaves which may be Phoenicopsis. Of plants found in this formation by Dr. C. M. Heanley, Seward states that one ‘specimen is identical with Plerophyllum Kingianum Feistm. of the Rajmahal group (Liassic) except for a larger number of veinlets. Plant remains on Peng Chau Island were first found by the writer reattee De: Brock obtained a number of specimens. In this c- Lame prael eopiind the following: a piece of a pinnate frond. indeterminable occ Zbhglum, of, possibly, an Otozamites; a large of a modeny noes bearing a superficial resemblance tothe at described by Ligniee a Suggesting a Jurassic French impression however, no satif a 07 as Propalmophyllum liasinum, We haves ; ‘actory evidence of the existence of Jurassic PalmsWILLIAMS: PALAFONTOLOGY OF Hoye ko 3 KONG 7 REFERENCES 1) Uorow, W. L. (1026): Geology and Mineral Resources (0 0" Kong—Hong Kong, fa) Gnansv, A. W. (1928): Stratigraphy of China—Gen, Sie. Chine, pre 2 Peking. a Guamau, A. W. (1923): A lower Cretaceous ammonite from Hongong—Bul © Geol. Sure, China, no. 5, part 2, Dee. ag A the Colony of Hong EXPLANATION OF PLATE Ficuxe la.—Honghongites sp. n. ef. ongulatoides, Quenstedt, Magnification x15 Figure 1b-—Honghongites ef. angulotoides, Quenstedt. A piece of septate whorl x— 15 Ficune 2—Hongkongites hongkongensis (Grabau) x—1.1 Fioune &—Hongtongites hougkongensis (Grabau) x13 Figure 4—Hongkongites n. sp.? Natural size Fioune 5.—Honghongites hongkongensis (Grabau) x—1.3 Fioure 6,—Otiorkynchites williansi n. sp. Cockerell x7 ‘N.B.—Figures 1-5 are the same as used by S. S. Buckman in the textPLATE I