VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Belagavi-590018

An Internship report on

“Embedded System Design And Development”

Submitted in partial fulfillment as per VTU curriculum for VIII

semester for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Saniya Zahera
1EP16EC084

Internship Carried out

At
“ITK Innovation Centre”

Internal Guide External Guide

Prof.. Hemavathi N V Kotresh Mundrugi
Assistant Professor, Director
Dept of ECE, EPCET. Indian Tech Keys

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Jnana Prabha Campus, Virgo Nagar Post, Bidarahalli.
Bengaluru – 560049
2020-2021

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the internship report entitled “Embedded System Design
And Development” is a bonafide work carried out by SANIYA ZAHERA
bearing USN: 1EP16EC084 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
seventh semester for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi, during the academic year 2021-2022. The internship report
has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements prescribed by the
university.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Prof. Hemavathi N V Dr. Yogesh. G. S,

Assistant Professor, Professor & HOD,
Dept of ECE, Dept of ECE,
EPCET. EPCET.

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 DECLARATION

I, SANIYA ZAHERA [USN: 1EP16EC084], student of VII

Semester BE, in Electronics and Communication Engineering, East Point
College of Engineering and Technology hereby declare that the Internship
entitled “Embedded System Design And Development” has been carried
out by me at ITK Innovation Centre and submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements of the VII Semester for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during academic year
2021-2022.

Date: Name : Saniya Zahera

Place: Bangalore USN : 1EP16EC084

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise doesn’t depend solely on the individual

efforts but on the guidance, encouragement and cooperation of the intellectuals, elders and
friends. I would like to take this opportunity to thank them all.
First and foremost, I would like to thank Late Dr. S M Venkatapathi, chairman, East Point
Group of Institution, Bengaluru, for providing necessary infrastructure and creating a good
environment.
I express my gratitude to Dr. T K Sateesh Principal, EPCET who has always been a great
source of is inspiration.
I express our sincere regards and thanks to Dr. Yogesh G S, Head of the department, ECE,
EPCET.
I’m grateful to acknowledge the guidance and encouragement that has been given to me by
Prof. Hemavathi N V ,Assistant Professor, ECE, EPCET, who has rendered valuable
assistance.
I’m obliged to Dr. Sachin Sharma,professor and Dr. Harshavardhan Reddy, Assosiate
professor,Department of ECE, Internship Coordinator, who have helped us in several ways
to learn and explore things by guiding us with all the required support.
I extend my sincere thanks to the department of ECE, EPCET, who have
Encouraged us throughout the course. I also express my deep sense of obligation to
my parents and God for their consistent blessings and encouragement.

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5
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1: ABOUT THE COMPANY.

CHAPTER 2: OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP.

CHAPTER 3: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM BASICS.

3.1 INTRODUCTION.

3.2 HISTROY OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.

3.3 APPLICATIONS.

3.4 CHARACTERISTICS.

3.5 EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES.

CHAPTER 4: THE BASIC PROJECTS IMPLE MENTED.

4.1 HAND GESTURES FOLLOWING ROBOT

CHAPTER 5: REFLECTION.

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUTION.

CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES.

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 CHAPTER 1

ABOUT THE COMPANY

Indian Tech Keys is an Indian startup that provides services like; Printed Circuit Board
(PCBs) design and fabrication, 3-D printing services, Embedded product development,
industry interaction programs, hands-on sessions or workshops, E-store supply and
innovation labs.

It is headquartered in Byappanahalli extension road, near swami vivekananda road metro,

Bengaluru, Karnataka 560038. It was started in the year 2016 and is growing till date.

There are two major departments or wings in the company: R&D (Research and
Development) in the field of industrial automation and smart city products and also has
Service Sector (SS) in which the team is involved in providing the technical support for
small scale industries along with educational institutions and different universities in
Karnataka.

HISTORY:
Indian Tech Keys is the brainchild of R.V.C.E, Bangalore alumni which came up with an
intention to make the students dear to technology. They take students on a one-to- one
strategy and students will be disclosed to various technologies used in the real time apart
from syllabus. It will help them bring up their hidden passion and decide their career.
Hands on practice technique what the team uses, will develop more interest among the
students and they will be more excited to know things as they will inspect the results of
what they have done by themselves.The company believes that all complicated engineering
theory concepts can be converted into practical modules by following some innovative
steps. Hence they started with PCB designing, Embedded system training, Embedded
programming and robotics training. Through their well structured sessions, workshops and
other practical sessions, they help students to understand current leading technology which
will help students to implement their innovative ideas. Their sessions are planned to help
students open-up their mind and begin to look at engineering in a much broader
perspective. Over a period of time, the company has started to provide technical support to
the industries.

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 CHAPTER 2

OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP

Internships help us to connect the dots between theory and practical work experience.
The main objective of internship is to get handful of work experience during a limited
time. The main purpose is to familiarize on a particular Subject or a topic that we have
learned from the classrooms.

From this Internship, one can develop skills in communication, Group discussion,
Teamwork and many more. Moreover, we can get an overview of Industry process in
product development that helped us to develop and build mini projects and converted
into a product. From this, it also provides an opportunity to see how classroom and
textbook learning applies to the real world.

The Students will be able to get Good moral values on responsibility, commitment,
teamwork, trustworthy during training among other student.

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 CHAPTER 3

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

3.1 Introduction

An embedded system is an electronic system that has a software and is embedded in

computer hardware. It is programmable or nonprogrammable depending on the application.
An embedded system is defined as a way of working, organizing, performing single or
multiple tasks according to a set of rules.

In an embedded system, all the units assemble and work together according to the program.
Examples of embedded systems include numerous products such as microwave ovens,
washing machine, printers, automobiles, cameras, etc. These systems use microprocessors,
microcontrollers as well as processors like DSPs.

The important characteristics of an embedded system are speed, size, power, reliability,
accuracy, adaptability. Therefore, when the embedded system performs the operations at
high speed, then it can be used for real -time applications. The Size of the system and power
consumption should be very low, then the system can be easily adaptable for different
situations.

Embedded systems can be defined as:

An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either non-
programmable or programmable, that is designed for a specific function within a larger
system. Industrial machines, agricultural and process industry devices, automobiles,
medical equipment, cameras, household appliances, airplanes, vending machines and toys
as well as mobile devices are all possible locations for an embedded system.

Characteristics of Embedded System

The important characteristics of an embedded system are

Speed (bytes/sec): should be high speed

Power (watts): low power dissipation

Size and weight: as far as possible small in size and low weight

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Accuracy (%error): must be very accurate

Adaptability: high adaptability and accessibility

Reliability: must be reliable over a long period of time

So an embedded system must perform the operations at a high speed so that it can be readily
used for real time applications and its power consumption must be very low and the size of
the system should be as far as possible small and the readings must be accurate with
minimum error. The system must be easily adaptable for different situations.

Categories of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems can be classified into the following four categories based on their
functional and performance requirements.

Stand – alone embedded system.

Real – time embedded system – hard real – time system and soft real – time system

Networked embedded system.

Mobile embedded system Based on the performance of the microcontroller they are also
classified into Small scale embedded system.

Medium scaled embedded systems.

Large scale embedded systems.

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3.2 History Of Embedded Systems:
Here, are important milestones from the history of embedded system:

In 1960, embedded system was first used for developing Apollo Guidance System by
Charles Stark Draper at MIT.

In 1965, Autonetics, developed the D-17B, the computer used in the Minuteman missile
guidance system.

In 1968, the first embedded system for a vehicle was released.

Texas Instruments developed the first microcontroller in 1971.

In 1987, the first embedded OS, VxWorks, was released by Wind River.

Microsoft’s Windows embedded CE in 1996.

By the late 1990s, the first embedded Linux system appeared.

The embedded market reach $140 billion in 2013.

Analysts are projecting an Embedded market larger than $40 billion by 2030.

3.3 APPLICATIONS:

Embedded systems are commonly found in consumer, industrial, automotive, home

appliances, medical, telecommunication, commercial and military applications.

Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone

switches for the network to cell phones at the end user. Computer networking uses
dedicated routers and network bridges to route data.

Consumer electronics include MP3 players, television sets, mobile phones, video game
consoles, digital cameras, GPS receivers, and printers. Household appliances, such
as microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers, include embedded systems to
provide flexibility, efficiency and features. Advanced HVAC systems use
networked thermostats to more accurately and efficiently control temperature that can
change by time of day and season. Home automation uses wired- and wireless-networking
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that can be used to control lights, climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of
which use embedded devices for sensing and controlling.

Transportation systems from flight to automobiles increasingly use embedded systems. New
airplanes contain advanced avionics such as inertial guidance systems and GPS receivers
that also have considerable safety requirements. Various electric motors — brushless DC
motors, induction motors and DC motors — use electronic motor
controllers. Automobiles, electric vehicles, and hybrid vehicles increasingly use embedded
systems to maximize efficiency and reduce pollution. Other automotive safety systems using
embedded systems include anti-lock braking system (ABS), Electronic Stability
Control (ESC/ESP), traction control (TCS) and automatic four-wheel drive.

Medical equipment uses embedded systems for monitoring, and various medical
imaging (PET, Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), CT, and MRI) for
non-invasive internal inspections. Embedded systems within medical equipment are often
powered by industrial computers.[8]

Embedded systems are used for safety-critical systems. Unless connected to wired or
wireless networks via on-chip 3G cellular or other methods for IoT monitoring and control
purposes, these systems can be isolated from hacking and thus be more secure.[citation
needed]
For fire safety, the systems can be designed to have a greater ability to handle higher
temperatures and continue to operate. In dealing with security, the embedded systems can be
self-sufficient and be able to deal with cut electrical and communication systems.

Miniature wireless devices called motes are networked wireless sensors. Wireless sensor
networking makes use of miniaturization made possible by advanced IC design to couple
full wireless subsystems to sophisticated sensors, enabling people and companies to measure
a myriad of things in the physical world and act on this information through monitoring and
control systems. These motes are completely

self-contained and will typically run off a battery source for years before the batteries need
to be changed or charged.

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3.4 CHARACTERISTICS:

Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose
computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be
met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance
requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.

Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of
small parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example,
the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall
purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music.[9] Similarly, an embedded system in
an automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself.

The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are
stored in read-only memory or flash memory chips. They run with limited computer

hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard or screen.

3.5 EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES:

In 1978 National Electrical Manufacturers Association released a standard for

programmable microcontrollers, including almost any computer-based controllers, such as
single board computers, numerical, and event-based controllers. There are several different
types of software architecture in common use today.

Simple control loop

In this design, the software simply has a loop. The loop calls subroutines, each of which
manages a part of the hardware or software. Hence it is called a simple control loop or
control loop.

Interrupt-controlled system

Some embedded systems are predominantly controlled by interrupts. This means that tasks
performed by the system are triggered by different kinds of events; an interrupt could be
generated, for example, by a timer in a predefined frequency, or by a serial port controller
receiving a byte.

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These kinds of systems are used if event handlers need low latency, and the event handlers
are short and simple. Usually, these kinds of systems run a simple task in a main loop also,
but this task is not very sensitive to unexpected delays.

Sometimes the interrupt handler will add longer tasks to a queue structure. Later, after the
interrupt handler has finished, these tasks are executed by the main loop. This method brings
the system close to a multitasking kernel with discrete processes.

Cooperative multitasking

A non-preemptive multitasking system is very similar to the simple control loop scheme,
except that the loop is hidden in an API.[3][1] The programmer defines a series of tasks, and
each task gets its own environment to “run” in. When a task is idle, it calls an idle routine,
usually called “pause”, “wait”, “yield”, “nop” (stands for no operation), etc.

The advantages and disadvantages are similar to that of the control loop, except that adding
new software is easier, by simply writing a new task, or adding to the queue.

Preemptive multitasking or multi-threading

In this type of system, a low-level piece of code switches between tasks or threads based on
a timer (connected to an interrupt). This is the level at which the system is generally
considered to have an "operating system" kernel. Depending on how much functionality is
required, it introduces more or less of the complexities of managing multiple tasks running
conceptually in parallel.

As any code can potentially damage the data of another task (except in larger systems using
an MMU) programs must be carefully designed and tested, and access to shared data must
be controlled by some synchronization strategy, such as message queues, semaphores or
a non-blocking synchronization scheme.

Because of these complexities, it is common for organizations to use a RTOS, allowing the
application programmers to concentrate on device functionality rather than operating system
services, at least for large systems; smaller systems often cannot afford the overhead
associated with a generic real-time system, due to limitations regarding memory size,
performance, or battery life. The choice that an RTOS is required brings in its own issues,
however, as the selection must be made prior to starting to the application development
process. This timing forces developers to choose the embedded operating system for their
device based upon current requirements and so restricts future options to a large

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extent.[15] The restriction of future options becomes more of an issue as product life
decreases. Additionally, the level of complexity is continuously growing as devices are
required to manage variables such as serial, USB, TCP/IP, Bluetooth, Wireless LAN, trunk
radio, multiple channels, data and voice, enhanced graphics, multiple states, multiple
threads, numerous wait states and so on. These trends are leading to the uptake of embedded
middleware in addition to a RTOS.

Microkernels and exokernels

A microkernel is a logical step up from a real-time OS. The usual arrangement is that the
operating system kernel allocates memory and switches the CPU to different threads of
execution. User-mode processes implement major functions such as file systems, network
interfaces, etc.

In general, microkernels succeed when task switching and intertask communication is fast
and fail when they are slow.

Exokernels communicate efficiently by normal subroutine calls. The hardware and all the
software in the system are available to and extensible by application programmers.

Monolithic kernels

In this case, a relatively large kernel with sophisticated capabilities is adapted to suit an
embedded environment. This gives programmers an environment similar to a desktop
operating system like Linux or Microsoft Windows, and is therefore very productive for
development; on the downside, it requires considerably more hardware resources, is often
more expensive, and, because of the complexity of these kernels, can be less predictable and
reliable.

Common examples of embedded monolithic kernels are embedded

Linux, VXWorks and Windows CE.

Despite the increased cost in hardware, this type of embedded system is increasing in
popularity, especially on the more powerful embedded devices such as wireless
routers and GPS navigation systems. Here are some of the reasons:

Ports to common embedded chip sets are available.

They permit re-use of publicly available code for device drivers, web servers, firewalls,
and other code.
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Development systems can start out with broad feature-sets, and then the distribution can
be configured to exclude unneeded functionality, and save the expense of the memory that it
would consume.

Many engineers believe that running application code in user mode is more reliable and
easier to debug, thus making the development process easier and the code more portable.

Features requiring faster response than can be guaranteed can often be placed in hardware.

Additional software components

In addition to the core operating system, many embedded systems have additional upper-
layer software components. These components consist of networking protocol stacks
like CAN, TCP/IP, FTP, HTTP, and HTTPS, and also included storage capabilities
like FAT and flash memory management systems. If the embedded device has audio and
video capabilities, then the appropriate drivers and codecs will be present in the system. In
the case of the monolithic kernels, many of these software layers are included. In the RTOS
category, the availability of the additional software components depends upon the
commercial offering.

Domain-specific architectures

In the automotive sector, AUTOSAR is a standard architecture for embedded software.The

understanding of embedded systems, sensors and actuators led to the implementation of
three real-time, working models.

The projects that were implemented as a result of deep understanding of the above
mentioned are:

1.HAND GESTURE CONTROL ROBOT

ABSTRACT
Gesture Controlled Car is a robot which can be controlled by simple human
gestures. The user just needs to wear a gesture device in which a sensor is included. The
sensor will record the movement of hand in a specific direction which will result in the
motion of the robot in the respective directions. The robot and the Gesture instrument are
connected wirelessly through radio waves. User can interact with the robot in a more

16
friendly way due to the wireless communication. We can control the car using accelerometer
sensors connected to a hand glove. The sensors are intended to replace the remote control
that is generally used to run the car. It will allow user to control the forward, backward,
leftward and rightward movements, while using the same accelerometer sensor to control
the throttle of the car. Movement of car is controlled by the differential mechanism. The
mechanism involves the rotation of both forth & rear wheels of left or right side to move in
the anticlockwise direction and the other pair to rotate in the clockwise direction which
makes the car to rotate about its own axis without any kind of forward or backward motion.
The main advantage of this mechanism is the car with this mechanism can take sharp turn
without any difficulty. The design and implementation of a gesture control robotic arm using
flex sensor is proposed. The robotic arm is designed in such a way that it consists of four
movable fingers, each with three linkages, an opposing thumb, a rotating wrist and an
elbow. The robotic arm is made to imitate the human hand movements using a hand glove.

Objectives
1. The robot must be capable of follow human hand gesture.
2. It should be capable of taking various degrees of turns.
3. The robot must be insensitive to environmental factors such as lightning and noise.
4. Scalability must be primary concern of the design.
5. It should show the distance travelled by it through LCD display.

Methodology

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Circuit Diagram

Fig. Circuit diagram of hand gesture following robot

Working
In order to understand the principle of operation of Hand Gesture Controlled Robot, let us
divide the project into three parts.

The first part is getting data from the MPU6050 Accelerometer Gyro Sensor by the Arduino.
The Arduino continuously acquires data from the MPU6050 and based on the predefined
parameters, it sends a data to the RF Transmitter.

The second part of the project is the Wireless Communication between the RF Transmitter
and RF Receiver. The RF Transmitter, upon receiving data from Arduino (through the
Encoder IC), transmits it through the RF Communication to the RF Receiver.
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Finally, the third part of the project is decoding the Data received by the RF Receiver and
sending appropriate signals to the Motor Driver IC, which will activate the Wheel Motors of
the Robot

Transmitter Section

The transmitter section of the robot consists of Arduino Nano board, MPU6050 Sensor, HT-
12E Encoder IC and an RF Transmitter. The communication between Arduino and
MPU6050 Sensor takes place through I2C Interface. Hence, the SCL and SDA pins of the
MPU6050 Sensor are connected to A5 and A4 pins of the Arduino Nano.

Receiver Section
The receiver section of the robot consists of an RF Receiver, HT-12D Decoder IC, L293D
Motor Driver IC and a robot chassis with four motors connected to wheels.

1.AUTOMATIC WATER VENDING MACHINE USING RFID

(Radio Frequency Identification)

SMART CARD Now a days water vending machines are available and operated on only
coin, but the aim is to design water vending machine which is operated on smart card. In
India there is problem of safe drinking water therefore we are going to provide mineral
water. Water has become the most commercial products of the century. This may sound
bizarre, but true. The stress on the multiple water resources is a result of a multitude of
factors. On the one hand, the rapidly rising population and changing lifestyles have
increased the need for fresh water. If opportunity costs were considered, it would be clear
that in most rural areas, households are paying far more for water supply than the
oftennormal rates charged in urban areas. Operating the vending machine on smart card not
only makes the design simpler by excluding the coin sensor and collector but also makes it
easier to operate and manage. The need for smart systems is never ending and advancements
in the existing system will only improve the situation by a lot of times. The components
used in the water vending or dispenser are:

◆ LCD

◆ KEYPAD

◆ RFID

◆ IR SENSORS

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◆ SMART CARD(RFID TAG)

◆ ARDUINO MEGA BOARD( Micro-controller)

◆ ULTRASONIC SENSORS

◆ RELAY

1. (a) LCD DISPLAY MODULE

LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range
of applications. A 16×2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segment and other
multi segment LEDs. The reason being LCDs are economical ; easily programmable, have
no limitation of displaying special and even custom characters. A 16×2 LCD means it can
display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.

To control the operation of the LCD 3 control signal are used. They are as follows: 1)EN:
(Enable)- It is used to enable the display to perform any operation with it. 2)R/ W:
(Read/Write)- This signal indicates to LCD processor that the operation being perform is
read operation or write operation. If it is 1 it indicates the read operation and if it is 0 it
indicates the write operation.

3) RS: (Register select)- There are two type of registers as command register and data
register. To select one of these registers RS signal is used. If it is 0 the commands register
will be get selected and when it is 1 the data register will be selected. There are 8 lines for
the data transfer between micro-controller and LCD.

How to use a 16x2 LCD with an Arduino. The 16x2 LCD used in this experiment has a total
of 16 pins. As shown in the table below, eight of the pins are data lines (pins 7-14), two are
for power and ground (pins 1 and 16), three are used to control the operation of LCD (pins
4-6), and one is used to adjust the LCD screen brightness (pin3). The remaining two pins (15
and 16) power the backlight. The details of the LCD terminals are as follows:

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Terminal 1 GND

Terminal 2 +5V

Terminal 3 Mid terminal of potentiometer (for brightness control)

Terminal 4 Register Select (RS)

Terminal 5 Read/Write (RW)

Terminal 6 Enable (EN)

Terminal 7 DB0

Terminal 8 DB1

Terminal 9 DB2

Terminal 10 DB3

Terminal 11 DB4

Terminal 12 DB5

Terminal 13 DB6

Terminal 14 DB7

Terminal 15 +4.2-5V

Terminal 16 GND

1.(b) KEYPAD MODULE:

A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or "pad" which bear digits, symbols or
alphabetical letters. Pads mostly containing numbers are called a numeric keypad. Numeric
keypads are found on alphanumeric keyboards and on other devices which require mainly
numeric input such as calculators, push-button telephones, vending machines, ATMs, Point
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of Sale devices, combination locks, and digital door locks.
Keypads are used in all types of devices, including cell phones, fax machines, microwaves,
ovens, door locks, etc. They’re practically everywhere. Tons of electronic devices use
them for user input.
So, knowing how to connect a keypad to a microcontroller such as an Arduino is very
valuable for building many different types of commercial products.
At the end, when all of it is connected properly and programmed, when a key is pressed, it
shows up at the LCD. Whenever you press a key, it shows up on the LCD. But for now, for
simplicity purposes, we start at simply showing the key pressed on the computer.

For this project, the type of keypad we have used is a matrix keypad. This is a keypad that
follows an encoding scheme that allows it to have much less output pins than there are
keys. For example, the matrix keypad we are using has 16 keys (0-9, A-D, *, #), yet only 8
output pins.

1.(C) RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID):

Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radiofrequency

electromagnetic fields to transfer information from a tag to RFID reader for identification
purposes. Passive tags do not require battery power. They derive power from the
electromagnetic field generated from the reader. Some tags are also available which have
their own power source.

RFID READER, SCANNER AND DETECTOR

This RFID Reader module has a built–in antenna in minimized form factor. It is designed
to work on the industry standard carrier frequency of 125KHZ. This LF reader module
with an internal or an external antenna facilitates communication with read-only
transponder – type UNIQUE or TK5530 Via the air interface. The tag data is sent to the
22
host systems via the wired communication interface with a protocol selected from the
module both TTL and weigend protocol. The LF module is best suited for application in
access control, time and attendance, asset management , hand-held readers, immobilizers
and other RFID enabled application.

RFID TAG:

An RFID tag is a smooth card of credit-card size which is read by an RFID reader. It
works at 125kHz and comes with a unique 32-bit ID. Normally, each tag has a unique ID
number which cannot be changed. One can find out its unique IDthrough software.

1.(D) Ultrasonic Sensor:

An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object using

ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive
ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s proximity. High- frequency
sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce distinct echo patterns.
Ultrasonic Sensors are best used in the non-contact detection of:

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 ● Presence

● Level

● Position

● Distance

Applications involving ultrasonic detection:

❖ Ultrasonic Distance Measurement

❖ Ultrasonic Sensors for water level detection

❖ Ultrasonic Obstacle Detection

Ultrasonic sensors are a reliable, cost-effective solution for distance sensing, level, and
obstacle detection.
In this Arduino based automatic water level indicator and controller project we are going
to measure the water level by using ultrasonic sensors. Basic principal of ultrasonic
distance measurement is based on ECHO. When sound waves are transmitted in
environment then they return back to the origin as ECHO after striking on any obstacle.
So, we must only calculate its traveling time of both sounds means outgoing time and
returning time to origin after striking on any obstacle. And after some calculation we can
get a result that is the distance. This concept is used in our water controller project where
the water motor pump is automatically turned on when water level in the tank becomes
low.

ULTRASONIC SENSOR MODULE:

Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 is used to measure distance in range of 2cm-400cm with

accuracy of 3mm. The sensor module consists of ultrasonic transmitter, receiver and the
control circuit.

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The ultrasonic sensor module works on the natural phenomenon of ECHO of sound. A
pulse is sent for about 10us to trigger the module. After which the module automatically
sends 8 cycles of 40 KHz ultrasound signal and checks its echo. The signal after striking
with an obstacle returns and is captured by the receiver. Thus, the distance of the obstacle
from the sensor is simply calculated by the formula given as Distance= (time x speed)/2.

1.(E) RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch.

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Many relays use an electro magnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating
principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used whereit is necessary to
control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal.

2.HOME AUTIMATION SYSTEM:

Home automation is all about safety, security and convenience at your finger-tips. Home
automation devices help to sort out the common problems which we usually face to
manage the functionality of our home such as home security, energy management. For
instance, we usually forget to switch off our home appliances. A home automation device
allows us to control all the electronics of home through mobile application from anywhere
around the world.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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HARDWARE USED:
❖ Arduino Uno with at mega 328P micro-controller Ø

❖ USB cable Ø

❖ Insulator board Ø

❖ Servo motor Ø

❖ 5V Relay x 2 Ø

❖ Buzzer Ø

❖ (4x4) Keypad Ø

❖ Dual tone multiple frequency (DTMF) Ø

❖ 5v Power supply Ø

❖ Smart phone Ø

❖ Connecting wires

DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE REQUIRED:

Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno is a micro-controller board based on the ATmega32 (datasheet). It has
14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the micro-controller; simply connect it to
a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-
serial driver chip. Instead, it features the ATmega16U2 (ATmega8U2up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
4 x 4 Matrix Keypad for Arduino:
The 4 X 4 Matrix Keypad is a very simple one which have 16 tactile keys connected to
the male headers across the resisters on the same board. It is very small and easy to carry.
Its simplicity is just to give the power to the keypad and connect the headers to the micro-

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controller's input port with 8 pin female connecting wire. When one tactile key is pressed
its corresponding pin with Rows and column intersection gets high.

BUZZER USED AS OUTPUT:

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device. An Arduino can be used to switch the
buzzer on and off. It could be used in an alarm circuit or as an audible indicator that a
keypad key is pressed. Because the buzzer draws more current than the maximum current
that an Arduino pin can deliver. The active buzzer has built-in electronics that produces
the buzzer sound. For this reason, it will sound when power is connected toit and does not
need any external electronics or an Arduino for it to produce a sound. As can be seen in the
image, with the buzzer facing forward, the left pin is negative (-) and the right pin is
positive (+). The middle pin is not connected. The simplest way to test the buzzer to see
that it is working is to connect a 5V power supply that can deliver 30mA or more across its
pins. When the buzzer is connected to 5V it should sound. 5V from an Arduino can be
connected to the buzzer as shown in the image below.

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SERVO MOTOR USED AS OUTPUT:
A servo motor is an electrical device which can push or rotate an object with great
precision. It works on PWM (Pulse width modulation) principle, means its angle of
rotation is controlled by the duration of applied pulse to its Control PIN. Basically, servo
motor is made up of DC motor which is controlled by a variable resistor (potentiometer)
and some gears. It is a closed loop system where it uses positive feedback system to
control motion and final position of the shaft. Here the device is controlled by a feedback
signal generated by comparing output signal and reference input signal. Here reference
input signal is compared to reference output signal and the third signal is produces by
feedback system. And this third signal acts as input signal to control device. This signal is
present as long as feedback signal is generated or there is difference between reference
input signal and reference output signal.

It consists of three parts:

• Controlled device
• Output sensor
• Feedback systesm
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Servo motor can be rotated from 0 to 180 degree, but it can go up to 210 degree, depending
on the manufacturing. This degree of rotation can be controlled by applying the Electrical
Pulse of proper width, to its Control pin. Servo checks the pulse in every 20 milliseconds.
Pulse of 1 ms (1 millisecond) width can rotate servo to 0 The other side has three low
voltage pins (Ground, Vcc, and Signal) which connect to the Arduino. Inside the relay is a
120-240V switch that's connected to an electromagnet. When the relay receives a HIGH
signal at the signal pin, the electromagnet becomes charged and moves the contacts of the
switch open or closed degree, 1.5ms can rotate to 90 degrees (neutral position) and 2
ms pulse canrotate it to 180 degrees.

RELAY AS OUTPUT:
AC is alternating current 220v which powers the ac lights. Arduino cannot control high
volt n amp, but a relay can do this job, which is the sole design of it. So, we are using relay
as switch to control high power devices.
It consists of three terminals. They are, C =
Common Connection
NC = Normally Closed Connection NO =
Normally Open Connection
COM - Common connection: It is the center terminal, it is hot as power to the loadis
connected at this terminal.
NO - Normally open: It acts like a switch, since it is open - there will be no contact
between COM and NO, when we trigger the relay module, it connects to COM by the
electromagnet inside the relay and supply to the load is provided, which powers up the
light. Thus, the circuit is closed until we trigger the state to low in relay.
NC-Normally closed: It is always in contact with COM, even when relay is not powered.
When we trigger the relay it opens the circuit, so the connection is lost. It behaves just
opposite to NO.

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DTMF USED AS INPUT:

Home automation system using DTMF technology interfaced into Arduino board can
be used to control all home appliances connected to the system. The control is possible
using the keypad in your mobile phone. The system is activated by invoking a call to the
mobile phone attached to the system along with a DTMF module as the tone decoder.

DTMF module and relay module all are interfaced into Arduino board. The tone generated
from cell phone is converted into binary numbers. This particular number is used for
driving LEDs or relays.

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 CHAPTER 4
REFLECTION
I started to intern as an Entry Level Trainee at Indian Tech Keys. I kicked off the internship
with training in embedded systems where I learnt languages like Embedded- C and
programming in arduino software.

TECHNICAL:

Since I was a trainee-cum-trainer at Indian Tech Keys , I was initially exposed to

technologies like embedded systems and related concepts.

A hands-on workshop was conducted at NMIT(Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology),

Yelahanka in which I served as a trainer for the PCB design and fabrication.

I got to develop and polish my skills with them. I learnt in depth about PCB design and
fabrication as I had to deliver. Conducting training or sessions helped me in developing my
ability to teach and get exposed to different perspective of the same technology. Training
sessions taught me patience and polished my skills to deliver.

My job at Indian Tech Keys was to learn to build applications and products that
demonstrated idea-to-product strategy.

I learnt in detail about embedded systems and modules that can be interfaced to make
projects. Boards used for embedded system applications are arduino (family), Rasberry Pi
etc.

All this knowledge is definitely a plus for our career, we will be more valuable on the job
market. Embedded system knowledge is high in demand in the core companies job market:
companies are looking for these specific skills, all over the world. Being having skills on
embedded systems and PCBs will help our resume to stand out and
maybe land into a better position.

The hands-on work experience I received is invaluable and cannot be obtained in a

classroom setting, making this one of the most important benefits of the internship. Interns
have the opportunity to apply acquired knowledge to real work experiences, witnessing
firsthand the day-to-day job duties they can expect to encounter in their chosen field. In
addition to learning the specialized skills of a particular field, transferable skills such as
communication, teamwork, and computer proficiency are also obtained in an internship,
fully preparing interns to enter the workforce upon graduation.
Exploring is an important part of the college experience, and internships are a great
way for students to acquaint themselves with the field they are interested in. Some students
begin college with a major or career path in mind, and end up changing their minds later
on. Taking on an internship while in college allows students to work in their desired field,
helping them decide if the field is right for them. By graduation, students who interned are
more likely to feel confident they chose the right degree.

NON-TECHNICAL:

You can learn a lot about your strengths and weaknesses during an internship. Internships
allow for feedback from supervisors and others who are established in the field, and offer a
unique learning opportunity that you may not have again as a working adult. Embrace the
mistakes you make as an intern and the many things that you won’t know. Ask questions,
observe, and take risks to get the most out of your internship training experience.
In the working world, it’s all about who you know. As an intern, you will be surrounded by
professionals in the industry. Internships are more than just about earning credit, getting a
grade, or making money; internships provide an opportunity to learn from the people
around you, ask questions, and impress. The professionals you encounter during an
internship can be your future colleagues or the connection to your first job.
Internships allow you to test out specific techniques learned in the classroom before
entering the working world. It’s an opportunity to apply what you have learned in a safe
environment where mistakes are expected – rather than learn the hard way in your first
job out of college.
Internships help students master professional soft skills such as communication,
punctuality and time management. These are skills that are key for success at a job and
college and are highly sought after by companies. Many employers complain that there are
few candidates with excellent soft skills.
One of the important non-technical skills learned during this period was time management.
Key techniques learnt to become better at time management were: -

Prioritize:

When it felt like we have a million things to do, we made a list of everything based on the
deadline and how important they were. This helped us break down work, and how much
time we should spend on each task.
Work ahead when you can:

In college, it was easy to fall into the habit of procrastination, but in the office, things are
different. You have deadlines to meet, and competition to cope up with. The best way to
manage this is to work ahead when you can especially when we knew the learning process
would take time. This allowed us time to understand concepts better, ask questions after
going through content and also revise the modules again.

Try to break down your big to-do list into smaller ones:

Looking at a giant to-do list is anxiety inducing, for sure. It’s hard to wrap your head
around where to start, if you don’t have a clear understanding of what needs to bedone
first. In order to prioritize what you’ve written down, read through your list, then read
through it again

We have learnt to take advantage of the opportunity to do internal networking while we’re
at the company, introduce ourselves to people we don’t know and then ask to learn more
about their job over tea.
Also, we learnt to spend time building relationships with our fellow interns. These people
may be our competition right now, but they’re going to be our industry peers one day. By
befriending them now, we may be able to lean on them as our careers develop.
 CONCLUSION

On the whole, this internship was a useful experience. We have gained new knowledge, skills and met
many new people. We achieved several of our learning goals. We got insight into professional practice
currently advocated in the industry. We learnt the different facets of working within the well-established
industry. Relatedto our study we learnt more about Embedded systems.

Furthermore, we have experienced that it is of importance that education is objective and that we have to
be aware of the industrial aspects of the topics we studied. This internship program was not one sided,
but it was a way of sharing knowledge, ideas and opinions.

The internship was also good to find out what our strengths and weaknesses are. This helped us to design
what skills and knowledge we have to improve in future. We can confidently assert that the knowledge
we gained through this internship is sufficient tocontribute towards our future endeavors.
 REFERENCES

1. http://Circuitdigest//.com
2. www.quora.com
3. www.tomshardware.com
4. www.google.com