TR 631 LT 1 - Transport Planning

Department of Transportation and
Geotechnical Engineering, CoET
TR 631: Highway Planning and Economics
Topic 1 – Transport Planning

CoET
Department of Transportation and Geotechnical Engineering
Outline
• Introduction
– Importance of Transportation
– Costs and Benefits of Transportation
– Transportation Problems
– Transportation Contributions to Economic Growth
– The Role of Government
• Transport Planning
• Road Network Planning Issues
• Land Use - Transport Interaction
• Transportation Systems
CoET
Introduction
CoET
Definitions
• Common Terms and their Meaning
• Transport deals with the movement of people and
materials from one place to another
• Movement of people is called passenger transport and
movement of materials is called goods transport or
freight transport.
• Urban transport deals with transport in towns and cities
and rural transport deals with transport in the rural area.
• Urban transport is also known by the term ‘intra-
city’, whereas ‘inter-city’ transport deals with
movement between cities.
CoET
Definitions
• Common Terms and their Meaning
• Public transport deals with movement of people in
vehicles other than their own, and includes non-
personalised modes like buses, trains, trams and other
intermediate modes of transport.
• Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) means non-
personalised passenger transport in hired modes such
as taxis, vans, mini-buses, autorickshaws, rickshaws
(three-wheeler cycles).
• Rapid Transport means mass movement of passengers
by road or rail in cities (e.g. BRT means Bus Rapid
Transport, and MRTS means Mass Rapid Transport
System (generally railways)).
CoET
Importance of Transportation
• The importance of transportation can be
observed through the following facts:
• Ability to
– tap natural resources
– distribute food and other finished products,
– integrating the manufacturing and agricultural sectors,
– supply education and medical services, and
– maintain a competitive edge over other regions and
nations are closely linked to the quality of
transportation system.
CoET
• Good transportation permits the specialization of
industry/commerce, reduces costs for raw
materials or manufactured goods, and increases
competition between regions, resulting in lower
costs and greater choice for the consumer.
• Transportation is also a necessary element of

government service such as delivering mail,
defending a nation, and retaining control of its
territories.
CoET
• If a society expects to develop and grow, it must
have a strong internal transportation system
consisting of good roads, rail systems, as well as
excellent linkages to the rest of the world by sea
and air.
• However, good transportation, in and of itself, will

not assure success in the marketplace, as the
availability of transportation is a necessary but
insufficient condition for economic growth.
CoET
Costs and Benefits of Transportation
• Improved transportation does not come without costs.
• Building vast transportation systems requires
enormous resources of energy, material, and land.
• Travel is not without danger; every mode of
transportation brings to mind some major disaster
(i.e. crashes).
• Moreover, transportation can create noise, spoil the
natural beauty of an area, change the
environment, pollute air and water, and consume
energy resources.
CoET
Source: SUMATRAAnnual Report 2011/2012 (Rd accidents in TZ 2007/12)
CoET
• The benefits of transportation improvements are
related to reduced costs associated with
transportation, which should lead to greater
productivity and increased economic growth.
• A major task for the modern transportation

engineer is to balance society’s need for fast and
efficient transportation with the costs involved.
CoET
Transportation Problems
• As transportation becomes more important to our
society, more problems are being generated as a
result, for example:
– Rapid growth in demand for transportation.
– Delay, congestion, and vehicular pollution.
– Transportation has the problem of uncertainty even the
probabilities of future transportation problems are
unknown.
– Growing concern for energy problem of transportation
development.
CoET
• Working out solutions to the transportation
problem can be approached from various points
of view.
• Transportation may be considered as a social
problem.
– Its impact on social mobility, population distribution,
housing requirements, employment opportunities, and
so forth, would be addressed.
• It is also an economic problem.
– Efficient and relatively low-cost transportation is
recognised as being basic to success of modern
economy.
CoET
• It might be regarded as a political problem since
it is a public utility, both promoted and regulated
by government.
• From the standpoint of a seller of transportation

services or from the position of the buyer of these
services, this would call for it to be analysed as a
problem in business administration.
CoET
Contributions to Economic Growth
• Is transportation very important?
• Why should you study the subject and perhaps

consider transportation as a professional career?
• It generally is not known, for example, whether

investments in transportation infrastructure are
more productive than investments in other
sectors of an economy.
CoET
• Nor is it known whether capital expenditures on
one mode of transportation are more productive
than those spent on another mode.
• If certain modes of transportation are related to

economic growth more than others, then it would
be prudent for officials and planners to develop
first those portions of the infrastructure which
permit the development of those modes of
transportation.
CoET
• When resources are scarce, is it better to develop
the rail network, highway network than in making
decisions regarding spending on transportation
improvements?
CoET
The Role of Government
• The typical ways by which the government
intervenes in the marketplace to accomplish
objectives that the government finds to be in the
public interest include promotion, regulation,
and investment.
• Promotion refers to attempts (e.g. advertising

campaign) by the government to encourage or
discourage certain situations without legally
requiring them.
CoET
The Role of Government
• Regulation refers to those government actions
that place legal requirements on individuals or
firms to satisfy the public interest.
• Investment involves the financial support, public

financing, or even public ownership of various
systems or services.
– Subsidies to privately owned bus companies to ensure
service to mobility-disadvantaged groups, public
ownership of highways, and construction of airports
and harbours are but few examples of investment
options.
CoET
Transport Planning
CoET
Transport Planning
• Transportation planning is the process of
defining future policies, goals, investments and
designs to prepare for future needs to move
people and goods to destinations.
• As practiced today, it is a collaborative process

that incorporates the input of many stakeholders
including various government agencies, the
public and private sector.
CoET
Transport Planning
• Conventional (also called traditional or business
as usual) transportation planning refers to
planning practices which tend to focus on motor
vehicle traffic conditions for making transport
policy, investment and design decisions.
• It strives to maximize traffic speeds, minimize

congestion and reduce crash rates (generally
measured per vehicle-km) using a well
developed set of engineering, modeling and
financing tools.
CoET
Transport Planning
• In recent years transport planning has expanded
to include more emphasis on non-car modes
and more consideration of factors such as
environmental impacts and mobility for non-
drivers.
• Multimodal planning refers to planning that

considers various modes (walking, cycling,
automobile, public transit, etc.) and connections
among modes.
CoET
Transport Planning
• Transportation planners apply a multimodal
and/or comprehensive approach to analyzing
the wide range of alternatives and impacts on
the transportation system to influence beneficial
outcomes.
• Transportation planning is also commonly

referred to as transport planning internationally
CoET
Transport Planning
• There are several specific types of transport
planning for reflecting different scales and
objectives of transport system study context:
– Traffic impact studies evaluate traffic impacts and

mitigation strategies for a particular development or
project.
– Local transport planning develops municipal and

neighborhood transport plans.
CoET
Transport Planning
– Regional transportation planning develops plans for a
region/ metropolitan area.
– State, provincial and national transportation planning

develops plans for a large jurisdiction, to be
implemented by a transportation agency.
– Strategic transportation plans develop long-range

plans, typically 15-40 years into the future.
CoET
Transport Planning
– Transportation improvement plans (TIPs) or action
plans identify specific projects and programs to be
implemented within a few years.
– Corridor transportation plans identify projects and

programs to be implemented on a specific corridor,
such as along a particular highway, bridge or route.
– Mode- or area-specific transport plans identify ways

to improve a particular mode (walking, cycling, public
transit, etc.) or area (a campus, downtown, industrial
park, etc.).
CoET
Transport Planning
• A transport planning process typically includes
the following steps:
– Monitor existing conditions.
– Forecast future population and employment growth,

and assessing projected land uses and identify major
growth corridors.
– Identify current and projected future transport

problems and needs, and various projects and
strategies to address those needs.
CoET
Transport Planning
– Evaluate and prioritize potential improvement projects
and strategies.
– Develop long-range plans and short-range programs

identifying specific capital projects and operational
strategies.
– Develop a financial plan for implementing the

selected projects and strategies.
CoET
Transport Planning
• A typical highway planning process defines the
minimum level-of-service considered acceptable
(typically LOS C or D).
• Roads that exceed this are considered to fail and so

deserve expansion or other interventions.
• This approach is criticised on these grounds:
CoET
Transport Planning
– It focuses primarily on motor vehicle travel conditions.
It assumes that transportation generally consists of
car travel, often giving little consideration to travel
conditions experienced by other modes. As a result, it
tends to result in car dependency, reducing modal
diversity.
– It defines transportation problems primarily as traffic

congestion, ignoring other types of problems such as
inadequate mobility for non-drivers, the cost burden of
vehicle ownership to consumers and parking costs to
businesses, accident risk, and undesirable social and
environmental impacts.
CoET
Transport Planning
– It ignores the tendency of traffic congestion to
maintain equilibrium (as congestion increases, traffic
demand on a corridor stops growing), and the impacts
of generated traffic (additional peak-period vehicle
travel that results from expanded congested
roadways) and induced travel (total increases in
vehicle travel that result from expanded congested
roadways).
o As a result, it exaggerates the degree of future traffic

congestion problems, the congestion reduction benefits of
expanding roads, and the increased external costs that can
result from expanding congested roadways.
CoET
Transport Planning
• It can create a self-fulfilling prophecy by directing
resources primarily toward roadway expansion at the
expense of other modes (widening roads and increasing
traffic speeds and volumes tends to degrade walking and
cycling conditions, and often leaves little money or road
space for improving other modes).
• Short trips (within TAZs), travel by children, off-peak

travel and recreational travel are often ignored or
undercounted in travel surveys and other statistics,
resulting in walking and cycling being undervalued in
planning.
CoET
Transport Planning
• In recent years transport planning has become
more multi-modal and comprehensive,
considering a wider range of options and
impacts.
• Transport planners have started to apply Level-

of-Service ratings to walking, cycling and public
transit, and to consider demand management
strategies as alternatives to roadway capacity
expansion.
CoET
Transport Planning
• Some urban areas have established a
transportation hierarchy which states that more
resource efficient modes will be given priority
over single occupant vehicle travel, particularly
on congested urban corridors.
• This provides a basis for shifting emphasis in

transport planning, road space allocation,
funding and pricing to favor more efficient
modes.
CoET
Transport Planning
• Transport modes hierarchy
– 1. Pedestrians
– 2. Bicycles
– 3. Public transportation
– 4. Service and freight vehicles
– 5. Taxis
– 6. Multiple occupant vehicles (carpools)
– 7. Single occupant vehicles
CoET
Transport Planning
• The green transportation modes hierarchy favors more
affordable and efficient (in terms of space, energy and
other costs) modes.
• Multi-modal transportation planning is complicated

because modes differ in various ways, including their
availability, speed, density, costs, limitations, and most
appropriate uses.
• They are not perfect substitutes; each is most

appropriate for specific users and uses.
CoET
Transport Planning
• Such analysis is even more complex because each
mode includes various subcategories with unique
characteristics.
• For example, “pedestrians” include people standing,

walking alone and in groups, using canes and walkers,
jogging and running, playing, walking pets, carrying
loads, and pushing hand carts.
– Their actual needs, abilities, impacts and value to society can

vary significantly.
CoET
Transport Planning
• Multi-modal transport planning requires tools for
evaluating the quality of each mode, such as Level-of-
Service standards which can be used to indicate
problems and ways to improve each mode.
CoET
Transport Planning
• Significant issues in today’s transportation
planning include:
– Energy conservation (factors affecting & methods of
reducing fuel consumption)
– Environmental impacts
– Citizen participation
– Social equity
– Congestion (increasingly congested facilities across
modes),
– Emergencies (vulnerability to terrorist strikes and
natural disasters),
CoET
Transport Planning
• Significant issues in today’s transportation
planning include:
– Finance (inadequate revenue, infrastructure
(enormous, aging capital stock to maintain),
– Safety (lost leadership in road safety),
– Human and intellectual capital (inadequate
investment in innovation), and
– Institutions (20th century institutions mismatched to
21st century missions?).
CoET
Transport Planning
• Goals and Objectives:
– The formulation of goals and objectives is an
essential task that must be undertaken before
transportation plans can be prepared.
– In order to be useful in the planning process, the
goals and objectives must be clearly stated and
logically sound.
– They must also be related in a demonstrative way to
alternative physical development proposals.
– Only if the goals and objectives are related to physical
development can the best choice be made from
among alternative plans.
CoET
Transport Planning
– Moreover, logically conceived and well-expressed
goals and objectives must be translated into detailed
design standards to provide the basis for plan
preparation, test, and evaluation.
– Any transportation system that does not focus on the
planning goals and objectives will be a failure.
– Goals are of two types: user goals and nonuser goals.
– Specific objectives (a means to an end) that are
measurable are needed in the plan formulation and
evaluation phases.
CoET
Transport Planning
– The goal of maximizing mobility would, for example,
be translated into the following objectives: minimize
travel time, minimize travel costs, and provide
adequate system safety, capacity, and reliability.
– Public input should come as soon as possible in the
planning process to prevent sudden confrontations at
a time when delay of implementation could mean
death to a project.
– The ideal time for initiating public involvement is at
the goal-forming stage.
CoET
Transport Planning
– Public input can be obtained from extensive surveying
methods, legislative bodies, public hearings, and
supervisory committees.
– The definition of user goals requires some public
input but is not totally dependent upon these inputs.
– On the contrary the definition of nonuser goals
commands public input.
CoET
Road Network Planning Issues
CoET
Road Network Planning
• The development of the road system should be
planned so that it will support the general
development aims of the country including such
things as economic growth, uniform regional
development and employment.
• Based on such general aims, more specific aims

for the transport sector may be developed.
CoET
• At the strategic level, road planning needs to be
undertaken in conjunction with transport sector
planning.
• The aims of a transport policy, however, are

often defined in policy document through
general phrases such as “inexpensive”, “fast”,
“reliable”, and “safe” transport.
CoET
• Issues to be determined by transport planning
and road network development include:
1) How much should be invested in public transport

infrastructure, and to what extent should the level of
investment be determined by the economic rate of
return and by social/regional considerations?
1) How should public transport investments be divided

between roads, railways, ports, airports, etc.?
CoET
3) Should emphasis be on primary, secondary or
tertiary roads?
4) What kind of road projects should be given priority;

for example those increasing capacity, those
reducing costs, those increasing the level of service,
those improving safety or those improving the
environment?
5) How should financial allocations be divided between

new construction, rehabilitation and maintenance of
roads?
CoET
• Answers to these are questions are often
elaborated in the form of a transport plan or road
development plan which are likely to consist of a
strategic plan, a medium-term development
programme and an annual works programme
which is updated every year.
• Planning needs to be a continuous process, with

on-going recording of developments, so that
plans can be updated as conditions change.
CoET
• Information needs:
– Inventory of existing transport facilities and use
(extent, standard, condition, utilization, etc).
– Relevant objectives and policies
– Analysis and forecast of population, employment,

land use, transport demand, and facility needs
– Alternatives for future facility physical components or

policies
– Available resources (primarily finances)
CoET
• Methodology (no definitive method for determining road
development requirements)
– The planning methodology applied in a particular
country should be adapted to the actual conditions
and problems at the time of planning
– Scenario analysis can be carried out to compare a

small number of widely different network proposals
when strong intermodal competition exists, in which
case the approach may be used to establish the
approximate demand for road transport
CoET
– An iterative procedure is usually adopted, by which an
initial network proposal is gradually improved by
examining the consequences of marginal network
changes. This process may be preceded by a
‘scenario analysis’
CoET
• Data needs
– Based on rough and partly estimated data
– Estimating future traffic is an essential exercise; since

transport investments have long lives, decisions to
make such investments inherently involve long-term
forecast. Underlying assumptions have to be explicit.
– Geographical information systems (GIS) can facilitate

the planning process, but do not substitute for a
robust methodology.
CoET
• Establishing the network
– The road development plan should not cover more
than a 10-15 years period.
– The network likely to be in place at the end of this

period may be established by adding the following
four types of projects to the existing network.
CoET
– The four types of projects.
o Current and committed projects, including those for
which a construction contract has been signed.
o Projects that are natural extensions of existing and

committed projects to complete a route or complete the
basic structure of the road network.
o Projects considered important from a development or

strategic point of view.
o Other technically feasible projects, which have potential

economic value, but are not essential to the structure of
the road network.
CoET
• A useful step in identifying candidate roads for
the plan is to establish a map indicating major
transport desire lines between the future main
activity areas.
• By comparing these corridors of potentially high

transport demand with the existing network
configuration, proposals for new road links may
emerge.
CoET
• By assigning the estimated future transport
demand to the existing road network, it may be
possible to identify corridors that will require
capacity increases and links that will require
upgrading in the future.
• The road standards to be applied to the potential

new networks should take account of the
expected future traffic volumes, since
minimization of total transport costs is likely to
be an important objective of the road
development plan.
CoET
• The opportunity should be taken during the
planning process to investigate geometric,
pavement design and maintenance standards.
• For all of these, an optimum standard will exist

that minimizes total transport costs.
• Determining the optimum standard is a strategic

planning exercise.
CoET
• Figure:
Optimum
Road
Standard
CoET
• The network of existing roads and current and committed
projects provides the basis for an incremental analysis in
which candidate projects are added gradually to the
basic network.
• The feasibility of an incremental expansion of the

network is tested by comparing road-user savings with
the construction and maintenance costs required to
implement the expansion.
• In this way, the optimal plan may be determined, and

important indications received about appropriate
priorities for network development.
CoET
Land Use - Transport Interaction
CoET
Land Use – Transport Interaction
• As a derived demand, travel ensures that
persons can engage in various activities at
multiple sites; whether they be homes or
businesses, the more separated in space these
activity centres are, the longer the travel
distances.
• Accompanying these distances comes a shift to

faster modes, an infeasibility of non-motorized
modes, a greater need for high-speed freeways
and jet airplanes.
CoET
• Within a given transportation system, greater
distances caused by greater populations or less
intensely developed land will result in greater
demands on system components and a higher
likelihood of congested travel conditions, over
land, over water, and in the air.
• It is of utmost importance that transportation

engineers and planners recognize such
relationships, while pursuing plans that enhance
land use-transportation interactions.
CoET
• Designers and planners should seek to
recognize how their decisions can impact access
to jobs, schools, services, and other key
destinations via a variety of modes, along with
longer-term land use changes.
• In reality, various highway improvements can

degrade access for local travellers, including
walk and cycling modes, and quality of life for
local residents and shop owners, while
improving travel times for through travellers.
CoET
• Travel is a complex phenomenon; and travellers
trade off alternative destinations and routes,
much as they do mode, vehicle ownership
levels, and their own home (and work and
school) locations.
• Just as land use decision help shape travel

choices and traffic conditions, network
investment decisions and transportation policies
play some role in location choices and land
development decisions, along with property
values and other variables of interest to a variety
of stakeholders.
CoET
• Land Use Effects on Travel Demand
• Land use choices essentially determine activity
centre locations, and thus opportunities for trip
origins and destinations.
• Travel distance come from trip generation and

attraction decisions, and these tie into each
mode’s feasibility and cost, with the car
dominating choice for longer trips.
CoET
• Land Use Effects on Travel Demand
• Low density and land use patterns have been
cited as an important source of roadway
congestion, energy depletion, air pollution and
greenhouse gas emissions; and many studies
have concluded that vehicle ownership levels,
shares of car trips, and household VKT depend
on various features of urban form.
CoET
• Transport’s Effects on Land Use
• Transportation system improvements can affect
regional economies and land use development
through increased mobility of persons and
goods, along with improved access to
customers, suppliers, labour, and amenities.
• Land values are generally used as a proxy for

the access benefits (e.g. implicit value of travel
time savings) that come with system
improvements, and different types of
improvement can have very different impacts on
these values. CoET
• Impacts can also vary noticeably across land
use types and across regions.
• In general, transit projects tend to have positive

effects on both residential and commercial
property values, while highway projects offer
more variable effects.
CoET
• Concerns relating to air pollution, noise, safety,
and other issues can dampen valuation of
residential properties near highway corridors,
while added visibility and enhanced access
cause commercial property valuation to rise.
• The impacts of transportation on land use are

also evident in the land development process
and location preference of households and
firms, with commute times, highway access, and
airport access playing important roles.
CoET
• Generally, the effects of land use on transport
choices appears to be more direct and strong
than the reverse
• The main cause, in large part, is the important

roles of trip generation and attraction, whose
spatial distribution largely determines distances
travelled between activity centres.
CoET
• However, the role of transport decision on land
use patterns seems quite evident in many data
sets and modelled processes.
• As a result, many regions throughout the world

seek to forecast both land use and transport
futures, in tandem.
CoET
Transportation System
CoET
• Transportation systems consist not only of the
physical and organizational elements that interact
with each other to produce transportation
opportunities, but also of the demand that takes
advantage of such opportunities to travel from
one place to another.
• This travel demand, in turn, is the result of

interactions among the various social and
economic activities located in a given area.
CoET
• Mathematical models of transportation systems
represent, for a real or hypothetical transportation
system, the demand flows, the functioning of the
physical and organizational elements, the
interactions between them, and their effects on
the external world.
CoET
• Mathematical models and the methods involved
in their application to real, large-scale systems
are thus fundamental tools for evaluating and/or
designing actions affecting the physical elements
(e.g., a new railway) and/or organizational
components (e.g., a new timetable) of the
transportation systems.
CoET
• A transportation system can be defined as a set
of elements and the interactions between them
that produce both the demand for travel within a
given area and the provision of transportation
services to satisfy this demand.
– The general approach of systems engineering

is to isolate the elements most relevant to a
problem at hand, and to group these elements
and the relationship between them within the
analysis system.
CoET
• The activity system represents the set of
individual, social, and economic behaviours and
interactions that give rise to travel demand.
• To describe the geographic distribution of activity

system features, the urban area is typically
subdivided into geographic units called zones.
– The activity system can be further broken down
into three subsystems: the households, the
economic activities and the real estate system
CoET
• Another subsystem, the transportation system
consists of two main components: demand and
supply.
• Travel demand derives from the need to access

urban functions and services in different places
and is determined by the distribution of hh and
activities in the area.
CoET
• Mobility and travel choices are influenced by the
characteristics of the transportation services
offered by the available modes.
• These characteristics are are known as level of

service or performance attributes, they include
travel times, monetary costs, service reliability,
riding comfort, and the like.
CoET
• Transportation supply component is made of the
infrastructure, services (transit lines and
timetables), regulations (road circulations and
parking regulations), and prices (transit fares,
parking prices, road tolls, etc.) that produce travel
opportunities.
CoET
• A transportation infrastructure serves to
move people and goods from place to place
efficiently.
• It consists of the fixed facilities, the flow
entities, and the control system that permit
people and goods to overcome the friction
of geographical space efficiently in order to
participate in a timely manner in some
desired activity.
CoET
• Fixed facilities are the physical components
of the system that are fixed in space and
constitute the network of links (e.g.,
roadway segments, railway track, pipes)
and nodes (e.g., intersections,
interchanges, transit terminals, harbours,
and airports) of the transportation system.
CoET
• Flow entities are the units that traverse the
fixed facilities.
• They include vehicle, container units,

railroad cars, and so on.
CoET
• Control system consists of vehicular control
and flow control.
• Vehicular control refers to the technological

way in which individual vehicles are guided
on the fixed facilities.
• Such controls can be manual or automated.
CoET
• The proper geometric design of the fixed
facilities must incorporate, in addition to the
characteristics of the vehicle, the
characteristics of the vehicular control
system.
• The flow control system consists of the

means that permit the efficient and smooth
operation of streams of vehicles and the
reduction of conflicts between vehicles.
CoET
• This system includes various types of
signing, marking, and signal systems and
the underlying rules of operation.
CoET

TR 631 LT 1 - Transport Planning

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TR 631 LT 1 - Transport Planning

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Department of Transportation and

Geotechnical Engineering, CoET

TR 631: Highway Planning and Economics

Topic 1 – Transport Planning

• Transportation is also a necessary element of

• However, good transportation, in and of itself, will

Source: SUMATRAAnnual Report 2011/2012 (Rd accidents in TZ 2007/12)

• A major task for the modern transportation

• From the standpoint of a seller of transportation

• Why should you study the subject and perhaps

• It generally is not known, for example, whether

• If certain modes of transportation are related to

• Promotion refers to attempts (e.g. advertising

• Investment involves the financial support, public

• As practiced today, it is a collaborative process

• It strives to maximize traffic speeds, minimize

• Multimodal planning refers to planning that

• Transportation planning is also commonly

– Traffic impact studies evaluate traffic impacts and

– Local transport planning develops municipal and

– State, provincial and national transportation planning

– Strategic transportation plans develop long-range

– Corridor transportation plans identify projects and

– Mode- or area-specific transport plans identify ways

– Forecast future population and employment growth,

– Identify current and projected future transport

– Develop long-range plans and short-range programs

– Develop a financial plan for implementing the

• Roads that exceed this are considered to fail and so

• This approach is criticised on these grounds:

– It defines transportation problems primarily as traffic

o As a result, it exaggerates the degree of future traffic

• Short trips (within TAZs), travel by children, off-peak

• Transport planners have started to apply Level-

• This provides a basis for shifting emphasis in

• Multi-modal transportation planning is complicated

• They are not perfect substitutes; each is most

• For example, “pedestrians” include people standing,

– Their actual needs, abilities, impacts and value to society can

• Based on such general aims, more specific aims

• The aims of a transport policy, however, are

1) How much should be invested in public transport

1) How should public transport investments be divided

4) What kind of road projects should be given priority;

5) How should financial allocations be divided between

• Planning needs to be a continuous process, with

– Analysis and forecast of population, employment,

– Alternatives for future facility physical components or

– Scenario analysis can be carried out to compare a

– Estimating future traffic is an essential exercise; since

– Geographical information systems (GIS) can facilitate

– The network likely to be in place at the end of this

o Projects that are natural extensions of existing and

o Projects considered important from a development or

o Other technically feasible projects, which have potential

• By comparing these corridors of potentially high

• The road standards to be applied to the potential

• For all of these, an optimum standard will exist

• Determining the optimum standard is a strategic

• The feasibility of an incremental expansion of the

• In this way, the optimal plan may be determined, and

• Accompanying these distances comes a shift to

• It is of utmost importance that transportation

• In reality, various highway improvements can