موائع هم 328

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .................................................................................................................. 1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ )‪(PUMPS‬‬
‫‪ ........................................................ 1‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ) ‪( CLASIFICATION OF PUMPS‬‬

‫‪(CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS) .................................................................... 2‬ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬
‫‪(Pump characteristic curves) ........................................................... 3‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫‪(Characteristic curves and‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬
‫‪Operating point of Centrifugal Pump) ............................................................................................. 4‬‬
‫‪(System curves) ....................................................................................................... 4‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫‪(Pump curve) ......................................................................................................... 5‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫‪(Opreating Point) .......................................................................................... 6‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫‪(Opreating Point) .................................................................................. 7‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ‬
‫‪(Parallel Operation) ...................................................................................... 8‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫‪(Parallel Operation) ...................................................................................... 8‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫‪Velocity Triangles( ................................................................................... 9‬ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )‬
‫‪(Hm)(Manomeric Head) ....................................................................... 12‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫𝜻𝜻(ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) (Monomeric Efficiency) .................................................... 13‬‬
‫𝜻𝜻(ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪𝒎𝒎) (Mechanical Efficiency) .......................................................... 13‬‬
‫𝜻𝜻(ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪𝒐𝒐) (Overall Efficiency) .................................................................... 13‬‬
‫‪(𝝈𝝈𝝈𝝈) (Slip Factor) ................................................................................... 14‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ‬

‫‪𝝈𝝈 (Cavitation) ........................................................................................... 15‬ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ‬
‫‪(NPSH) (Net positive suction head)............................................ 16‬ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫‪(NPSH) (Required) ......................................................... 16‬ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬
‫‪(NPSH) (Available) ............................................................ 16‬ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ‬
‫‪Design Factors of Centrifugal Pumps( ....... 18‬ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ )‬
‫‪(Rim Diameter) (D2) ................................................................................................ 18‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪(Eye diameter and outlet width) .................................... 18‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‬
‫‪(Pipeline diameter) ............................................................................................... 18‬ﺍﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬
‫‪(Discharge) ................................................................................................................. 18‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫‪(Minimum Starting Speed) ....................................................................... 19‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫‪(Specific Speed of a Centrifugal Pump ...................... 19‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )‬
‫‪System Characteristics( .......................................................... 20‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ )‬
‫‪ .............................................................. 22‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ :(1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ................................................. 25‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪( AXIAL FLOW OR PROPELLER PUMPS‬‬
‫‪(Velocity Triangles) .................................................................................. 26‬ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪(Analysis) ............................................................................................................. 26‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ ......................................................................................... 28‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪................................................................................................. 29‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪.............................................. 30‬ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ )‪( POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS‬‬
‫‪(Reciprocating Pumps). ...................................................................... 30‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪(Analysis). ............................................................................................................ 31‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫‪(Power output).......................................................................................... 31‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫‪(pump Efficiency) ...................................................................................... 32‬ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫‪Applications( ..................................... 33‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ )‬
‫‪ ................................................................................................................... 35‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (Centrifugal‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )‪(Rotary Pumps‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪Pumps) ........................................................................................................................................... 36‬‬
‫‪(Air Lift Pumps). ........................................................................... 36‬ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء‬
‫‪ (Gear Pumps) ...................................................................................... 37‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫‪(External Gear Pumps) ........................................................................... 37‬ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪(Internal Gear Pumps) ........................................................................... 38‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪................................................................................. 38‬ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ................................................................................................ 39‬ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ )‪(COMPRESSORS‬‬
‫‪ ........................................ 39‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ) ‪( CLASIFICATION OF COMPRESSORES‬‬

‫‪(CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORES)..................................................... 42‬ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬
‫(‪Compoents‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ )‬ ‫‪.............................................. 42‬‬
‫(‪How it does work‬ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )‬ ‫‪............................................. 42‬‬
‫‪Velocity Triangles( ......................................... 44‬ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ )‬

‫‪σ ) (Slip factor(...................................................................................... 47‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ )‬
‫‪R ) (Degree of Reaction(........................................................................ 48‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )‬
‫‪Hc ) (Specific Work done( .......................................................... 49‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ )‬
‫‪ψ) (Powr input or Work done factor( ......... 49‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ )‬
‫‪Pro) (Overall Pressure Ratio( .................................................. 49‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‬
‫‪M) (Mach Number( .......................................................................................... 51‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﻣﺎﺥ )‬
‫‪Choking( ............................................................................................................ 52‬ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ )‬
‫‪ΦP) (Loading or Pressure Coefficient( ........................ 52‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ) ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ( )‬
‫‪ηD) ( Diffuser Efficiency( .......................................................................... 53‬ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ )‬
‫‪Solved Problems( ...................... 55‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫‪(AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS ........................................... 63‬ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ )‬
‫‪Main Components(............................................................................... 63‬ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ )‬
‫‪ .......................................................................................................... 64‬ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ‬
‫‪Applicaton Motes of Axial Compressors(........................... 64‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‬
‫‪ ........................ 65‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪: .............................................................................................. 66‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Velocity Triangles ( ................................................................................ 66‬ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )‬
‫(‪ηs) ( Isentropic Efficiency‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ )‬ ‫‪.......................................................... 68‬‬
‫(‪ψ ) ( Stage Loading‬ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ )‬ ‫‪............................................................................ 69‬‬
‫(‪Ʌ(ِ ( Axial Compressors Degree of Reaction in‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‬

‫‪....................................................................................................................................................... 69‬‬
‫‪ ..................................................................... 72‬ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪: .............................................................................................. 72‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Solved Problems( .................................. 73‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‬
‫‪(RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS ........................................................... 74‬ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ )‬
‫‪Introduction( ....................................................................................................... 74‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ )‬
‫‪Ideal Reciporcating Components( .......................................... 75‬ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )‬
‫‪ ......................................................................................................................... 75‬ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ‬
‫‪Actual Reciporcating Components(.............. 76‬ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻠﻮﺹ )‬
‫‪Analysis( ............................................................................................................ 76‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ )‬
‫‪Wc ) (Work done( .............................................................................................. 76‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ )‬
‫‪P ) (Power Required( ........................................................................ 78‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ )‬
‫‪ηvol ) (Volumetric Efficiency( ........................................................................ 79‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ )‬
‫‪ηiso ) (Isothermal Efficiency( ...................................................... 80‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻭﺛﻴﺮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ )‬
‫‪Multistage compression with Intercooling( ............ 81‬ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ )‬
‫‪ηiso) (Multistage compression( ................... 82‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ )‬
‫‪Solved Problems( ................................... 85‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ )‬
‫‪III‬‬
‫آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م ‪(328‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )‪(Pumps‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ )‪(Pumps‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ) ‪( Clasification of Pumps‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍً ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓً ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ )‪(Centrifugal Pumps‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ‪ 2‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ )‪(Pump Casing‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺣﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ()‪(Impeller‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ )‪(Shaft‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ )‪(Bearing‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻮ)‪(Packing‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺳﺪﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻮ)‪(Packing Gland‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ)‪(Suction/Discharge‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .1‬ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ)ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ( )‪ ) (impeller‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪( 3‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻏﻼﻑ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ )‪ (Casing‬ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ (blades‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮﻱ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ ﺫﻱ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻣﺘﺪﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺮﻱ ﻁﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪ .‬ﻳُﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻟﻴﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺣﺸﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .2‬ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ (a .3‬ﺩﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‪ (b ,‬ﺩﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪(Pump characteristic curves‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﻣﺪﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻗﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﺄﻗﺼﻰ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪3‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪a .4‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ‬
‫‪Do the calculation for these correlations, and detrmine the Characteristic curves:‬‬
‫‪(Characteristic‬‬ ‫‪curves and‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬
‫)‪Operating point of Centrifugal Pump‬‬

‫ﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ )ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ‪...‬ﺇﻟﺦ؛ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻷﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻌﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪ ...‬ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ )‪(System curves‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ( ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
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‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ K‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪V=A‬‬
‫‪hloss = N Q2‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻁﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .5‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪(Pump curve‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻫﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺪﺓ )ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ( ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻮﺍﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .6‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨٮﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .7‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ )‪(Opreating Point‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺦ ﺓ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ )ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ(‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻞ ﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ) ‪ .(Hs‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﺼﻲ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺼﻞ ﻷﻗﺮﺏ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻷﻗﺼﻲ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻭﺿﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .8‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .9‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ )‪(Opreating Point‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺑﻄﻬﻢ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .10‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ )‪(Parallel Operation‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻁﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻫﻴﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻀﺨﺘﻴﻦ ‪1‬ﻭ‪ 2‬ﻭﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .11‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ )‪(Parallel Operation‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻁﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺤﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ...‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻚﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻀﻐﻄﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻀﺨﺘﻴﻦ ‪1‬ﻭ‪ 2‬ﻭﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .12‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )‪(Velocity Triangles‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :β1‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :β2‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : V2،V1‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Vr2،Vr1‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ‪،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :N‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫‪ :D2،D1‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ α2، α1‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : VW2،VW1‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .13‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪πDN‬‬
‫=‪U‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫‪= ωD,‬‬
‫‪πD 1 N‬‬ ‫‪πD 2 N‬‬

‫= ‪U1‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫= ‪, U2‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ )‪ (α=90°‬ﻭﺍﻥ )‪ (VW1=0‬ﻭﺍﻥ )‪(V1= Vf1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫]) ‪Workdane = g [(Vw2 U2 − Vw1 U1‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )ﺃﻭﻳﻠﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vw1 = 0‬‬
‫]) ‪[(V w 2 U 2‬‬

‫= ‪∴ Workdane‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫‪Or‬‬
‫‪Vw1 = V1 cosα1 , Vw2 = V2 cosα2‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪Using Casing Rule:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Vr1‬‬ ‫‪= V12 + U12 − 2V1 U1 cosα1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Vr2‬‬ ‫‪= V22 + U22 − 2V2 U2 cosα2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪∴ U1 cosα1 = 2 (V12 + U12 − Vr1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪U2 cosα2 = 2 (V22 + U22 − Vr2‬‬
‫)‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫]) ‪E = g [(Vw2 U2 − Vw1 U1‬‬
‫‪by substituting‬‬
‫‪V 22 −V 21‬‬ ‫‪U 22 −U 21‬‬ ‫‪V 2r 2 −V 2r 1‬‬

‫=‪E‬‬ ‫‪2g‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪2g‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪2g‬‬
‫‪= Kinetic head ↑ +Circular motion ↑ +static head‬‬
‫)‪ (w‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ )ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﺎﺩﺍً(‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪w‬‬
‫= ‪The Workdone‬‬ ‫]) ‪[(Vw2 U2 − Vw1 U1‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (w‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪W = ρgQ‬‬
‫)‪ (Q‬ﺣﺞﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﻓﻖ )ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = Q‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ )ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ( * ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ(‬
‫)‪Q = Area of channel * flow Velocity (Radial Velocity‬‬
‫‪Q = πD1 B1 ∗ Vf1‬‬
‫‪Q = πD2 B2 ∗ Vf2‬‬
‫‪ B1 , B2‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫‪ Vf1 , Vf2‬ﺳﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪Mass flow rate (m°):‬‬
‫‪m° = ρQ‬‬
‫‪ρ = density of fluid.‬‬
‫‪Rate of angular momentum (M°):‬‬
‫‪M1° = m°Vw1 R1‬‬
‫‪M2° = m°Vw2 R 2‬‬
‫‪Applied torque (T):‬‬
‫‪T = m°Vw2 R 2 − m°Vw1 R1‬‬
‫‪The power input to drive this torque (P):‬‬
‫‪P = T. ω‬‬
‫) ‪P = m°ω(Vw2 R 2 − Vw1 R1‬‬
‫) ‪P = m°(Vw2 U2 − Vw1 U1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ )‪(Hm)(Manomeric Head‬‬

‫ﺍﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻢ ﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ )ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ( ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ )ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = Hm‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء – ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫) ‪(V w 2 V 2 −V w 1 V 1‬‬
‫� = ‪Hm‬‬ ‫‪� − loss of head‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = Hm‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬

‫� ‪Hm = � γ2 + 2g2 + Z2 � − � γ1 + 2g1 + Z1‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ‪γ = ρ f‬‬
‫‪w‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪Hm = hs + hd + hfs + hfd + 2g2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = hs‬ﺭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ )ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ = hd‬ﺭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = hfs‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = hfd‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪= Vd‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫𝜻( )‪(Monomeric Efficiency‬‬ ‫) 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ) ‪ (Hm‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪manometric head‬‬ ‫‪Hm‬‬

‫‪(ζ‬‬ ‫‪man‬‬ ‫‪= head‬‬ ‫‪imparted by impeller‬‬
‫=‬ ‫) ‪(V w 2 U 2 −V w 1 U 1‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫‪gH m‬‬
‫‪(ζ‬‬ ‫‪man‬‬ ‫‪= (V‬‬ ‫)‬
‫) ‪w 2 U 2 −V w 1 U 1‬‬
‫𝜻( )‪(Mechanical Efficiency‬‬ ‫) 𝒎𝒎‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫‪w‬‬
‫) ‪(V w 2 U 2 −V w 1 U 1‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫‪(ζ‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‬
‫‪S.P‬‬
‫‪Or‬‬
‫) ‪ρQ(V w 2 U 2 −V w 1 U 1‬‬
‫‪(ζ‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‬
‫‪S.P‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ S.P‬ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ )‪(shaft power‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) 𝒐𝒐 𝜻( )‪(Overall Efficiency‬‬

‫‪(ζ‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪=ζ‬‬ ‫) ‪man . ζ m‬‬
‫‪gH m‬‬ ‫) ‪w(V w 2 V 2 −V w 1 V 1‬‬

‫‪(ζ‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪= (V‬‬ ‫)‬
‫∗‬ ‫)‬
‫‪w 2 V 2 −V w 1 V 1‬‬ ‫‪g.S.P‬‬
‫‪wH m‬‬
‫‪∴ (ζ‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‬
‫‪S.P‬‬
‫‪Or‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪ρQg H m‬‬
‫‪(ζ‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‬
‫‪S.P‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ S.P‬ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ )‪(shaft power‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ‪200mm‬ﻭ‪ 400mm‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪ .1200r.p.m‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ‪30°،20°‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء؟‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:2‬‬
‫‪1440r.p.m‬ﻭﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ‪ .40 l/s‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫‪ ،240mm‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺸﺔ ‪ ،20mm‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻒ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ 25°‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺮ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ )ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ( ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ؟‬
‫)‪(Hm = 22.9m‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ )‪(𝝈𝝈𝒔𝒔 ) (Slip Factor‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ )ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ‪Vw2‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻭﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺎﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ(‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪﺓ )ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺎﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺸﺔ ‪ B2‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪. B2′‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ‪ Vw2‬ﺍﻗﻞ ﻭﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ‪ V′w2‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ) ‪ (σs‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪V′ w 2‬‬
‫= ‪(σs‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪Vw 2‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .14‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ )𝝈𝝈( )‪(Cavitation‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻅﺮ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﺍء ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻤﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺑﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ )ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ(‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .15‬ﺿﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪(P in −P v‬‬
‫=‪σ‬‬ ‫‪0.5ρU 21‬‬
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‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = σ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = Pv‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪= Pin‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = U1‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = ρ‬ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ )‪(NPSH) (Net positive suction head‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺃﻣﻦ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺃﺳﻔﻞ )‪ (+‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋﻠﻲ )‪ (-‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻟﻴﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ )‪(NPSH) (Required‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ )‪(NPSH) (Available‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺮﻩ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪NPSHA ≥ NPSHR‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪(NPSH)A = HA ± Hz − Hf + Hv − Hvp‬‬
‫‪ = HA‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ )‪(m‬‬
‫‪Pa‬‬
‫= ‪HA‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪ = Pa‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ )‪(N/m2‬‬
‫‪ = Hz‬ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ )‪ (+‬ﺍﻭ )‪ (-‬ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺗﻪ )‪ ,(m‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .16‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ )‪ (+‬ﺍﻭ )‪.(-‬‬
‫‪ = Hf‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ) ﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ( )‪(m‬‬
‫‪Hf = ff.p + ff.c‬‬
‫‪ = ff.p‬ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ )‪ (m‬ﺍﻭ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪L V2‬‬
‫‪ff.p = f d 2g‬‬
‫‪ = f‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ‬
‫‪ = L‬ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ )‪(m‬‬
‫‪ = d‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ )‪(m‬‬
‫‪ = V‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ )‪“ (m/s2‬ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ"‬
‫‪ = ff.c‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻛﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ )‪(m‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪ff.c = K 2g‬‬
‫‪ = K‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪= Hv‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ )‪ ،(m‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻻﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫= ‪Hv‬‬ ‫‪2g‬‬
‫‪ = Hvp‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ )‪ (m‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ )ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
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‫‪P vp‬‬
‫= ‪Hvp‬‬ ‫‪ρg‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ) ‪(Design Factors of Centrifugal Pumps‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ )‪(Rim Diameter) (D2‬‬

‫‪πD 2 N‬‬
‫∵‬ ‫= ‪u2‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪u2 = K u �2gHm‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ K u‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 0.95‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 1.8‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫‪πD 2 N‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪= K u �2gHm‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪D2 = πN �2gK u . �Hm‬‬
‫‪Or‬‬
‫‪85‬‬
‫= ‪D2‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪K u �Hm‬‬
‫‪(r.p.m) = N‬‬
‫‪(m) = Hm‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ )‪(Eye diameter and outlet width‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎءﻫﺎ ﻛﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ )‪(Pipeline diameter‬‬

‫‪ 1.5m/s2‬ﻭ ‪ 3 m/s2‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺳﺮﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ )‪(Discharge‬‬
‫‪Q = KπD2 b2 Vf2‬‬
‫‪ = K‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ )ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻭﻗﺔ(‪.‬‬
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‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ )‪(Minimum Starting Speed‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ‪ Hm‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪u 22 −u 21‬‬
‫‪≥ Hm‬‬
‫‪2g‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻻﻳﺴﺮ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪πD 2 N 2 2‬‬ ‫‪πD 1 N 1 2‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫�‪−‬‬ ‫‪� = 2gHm‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫‪60 2 ∗19.62∗H m‬‬

‫= ) ‪∴ N2 (D22 − D12‬‬ ‫‪π2‬‬
‫‪85�H m‬‬
‫= ‪∴ (N‬‬ ‫‪)mini‬‬ ‫‪speed‬‬
‫‪�D 22 −D 21‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )‪(Specific Speed of a Centrifugal Pump‬‬

‫‪ Hm = 1m‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ‪ Q = 1 L/s‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫‪N=Ns‬‬
‫∵‬ ‫‪Q = KπD2 b2 Vf2‬‬
‫∵‬ ‫‪b2 α D2 ; Q αD22 Vf2‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vf2 = K f �2gHm‬‬ ‫‪Or‬‬ ‫‪Vf2 α�Hm‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪∴ Q αD22 �Hm‬‬ ‫‪Or D22 = C1‬‬
‫‪�H m‬‬
‫‪πD 2 N‬‬
‫= ‪∵ u2‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫‪= K u �2gHm‬‬
‫‪Hm‬‬
‫‪∴ D2 Nα�Hm‬‬ ‫‪Or‬‬ ‫‪D12 = C2‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Hm‬‬ ‫‪C2‬‬ ‫‪N2Q‬‬

‫‪∴ C1‬‬ ‫‪= C2‬‬ ‫‪Or‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪�H m‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪C1‬‬ ‫‪H m 3/2‬‬
‫‪N s ∗1‬‬
‫=‪C‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪→ C = Ns‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
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‫‪N�Q‬‬ ‫‪N�Q‬‬
‫=‪∵C‬‬ ‫‪H 3/4‬‬
‫‪∴ Ns = H 3/4‬‬ ‫‪r. p. m‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ) ‪(System Characteristics‬‬

‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪Q2‬‬
‫‪= Q 22‬‬
‫‪H1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:3‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ‪ 9m‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ‪ 40m3/sec.‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ‪.50m3/sec‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
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‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q2‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪= N2‬‬ ‫)ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ(‬
‫‪Q1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫� ‪= �N 2‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ(‬
‫‪H1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪HP 2‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬

‫‪= (N 2 )3‬‬ ‫) ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ (‬
‫‪HP 1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:4‬‬
‫‪ 60Hz‬ﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻟﻪ‬
‫‪ .50Hz‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪ 240 m3/sec‬ﻣﻊ ‪ 12m‬ﻋﻠﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ 6Hp‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫‪1750r.p.m‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻭﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻟﻪ؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ )‪ :(1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‬
‫‪ ,( 22 m‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ) ‪ ,( 160 l/s‬ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺿﺨﻪ ) ‪ ,( 1.18‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‬
‫‪ ,( 1200 r.p.m‬ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ) ‪ ,( 30 cm‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ) ‪,( 5 cm‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪ ( 55 kW‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ) ‪.( 35°‬‬
‫) ‪( 81.8%, 74.1%, 1494‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﺟﺮﺍء‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ‬
‫‪1800‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ )‬
‫‪ ( l/m‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪ ,‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫) ‪ ( 15 cm‬ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ) ‪10 cm‬‬
‫( ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺠﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ) ‪ ( 25 cm‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‪ ,‬ﻭﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻆ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺴﺠﻞ ) ‪ ( 175 kPa‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫‪( 0.5 m‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﻦ )‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ) ‪ .( 13 metric H.P‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫) ‪.( 1 H.P = 0.735 kW‬‬
‫) ‪( 68.8% , 22.3 m‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻗ ّﺪﺭ ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﻓﻌﻪ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻋﻄﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ‪ ,0.08 m3/s‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ‪ ,20 cm‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ) ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ( ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫‪ 12‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ =‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ‪ ,15 m‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ 76 cm‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‪ ,‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ‪) 80 kPa‬ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ(‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﺘﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ‪ , 3 m‬ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ) ‪ ( NPSH‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪ ) .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ (‪.‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.057 , 0.86 m , 3.68 m‬‬
‫‪,50 m3/min‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ) ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ( ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ‪ 65 kPa , 15 kPa‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪ 960 r.p.m‬ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪ .80 kW‬ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
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‫) ‪.( 83.3% , 4061‬‬

‫‪ (5‬ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ‪80‬‬
‫‪ l/s‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ‪ .225 m‬ﺍﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪ 1500 r.p.m‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ , 600‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 0.96‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ( ‪ .80%‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫) )‪( 220.7 kW , 0.408 m , 4 Pumps (stages‬‬
‫‪ 4500 l/min‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻠﻮ‬ ‫‪ (6‬ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ‪ .60 m‬ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻜﻮّﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪,60°‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ ,350 r.p.m‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﻳّﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ = ‪ 0.27‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 1/3‬ﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ‪ :‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪( 84.4% ,77.4 cm‬‬
‫‪ (7‬ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ )‪ (110 l/s‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ‪ 1450‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻠﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ )‪،(23m‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ )‪ (250mm‬ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ )‪ (50mm‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪ ،(75%‬ﺍﻭﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ؟‬
‫)‪ (s.p‬واﻟﻌزم‬ ‫)‪ (l/s‬اﻟراﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺎﻨوﻤﺘري‪ ،‬ﻗدرة ﻋﻤود اﻹدارة‬ ‫• اوﺠد زاوﻴﺔ اﻟرﻴﺸﺔ ﻋﻨد اﻟﻤدﺨﻝ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺼرف ﺒوﺤدات‬
‫ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ طﺎردة ﻤرﻛزﻴﺔ ﻤن اﻟﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• اﻟﻘطر اﻟداﺨﻠﻲ واﻟﺨﺎرﺠﻲ ﻟﻠدﻓﺎﻋﺔ ‪ 10،20‬ﺴم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘرﺘﻴب‪.‬‬
‫• ﺴرﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪.2900r.p.m‬‬
‫• ﻋرض اﻟدﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨد اﻟﺨروج ‪.1.25cm‬‬
‫• زاوﻴﺔ اﻟرﻴﺸﺔ ﻋﻨد اﻟﻤﺨرج ‪.25°‬‬
‫• اﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴدﺨﻝ ﻗطرﻴﺎ ﺒﺴرﻋﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺘﺴﺎوي ‪.3m/s‬‬
‫• اﻟﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻤﺎﻨوﻤﺘرﻴﺔ ‪=28% ζman‬‬
‫• اﻟﻛﻔﺎءة اﻻﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ(‪= 72% ζ0‬‬
‫‪ (8‬ﺻﻤﻢ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻪ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪ ،800r.p.m‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ‪ ،8m‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ ‪،=88% ζman‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ ‪=80%‬‬
‫‪ ،ζman‬ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ )‪ ،(20KN‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ ،1.15‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ‪ ،0.15‬ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﻕ ‪ %6‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺟﺎﺯﻭﻟﻴﻦ ‪0.8‬؟‬
‫)‪ ،(45000 l/min‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ )‪ ،(60m‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫‪23‬‬
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‫‪ ،60°‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ ،350 r.p.m‬ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ )‪ (0.27‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ )‪(1/3‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻗطر اﻟﻤروﺤﺔ ﻋﻨد اﻟﻤﺨرج‪.‬‬
‫• اﻟﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻤﺎﻨوﻤﺘرﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪24‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪( Axial flow or Propeller Pumps‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ )ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﻥ(‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .17‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻏﻄﺎء ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 8‬ﺭﻳﺶ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝ ‪hup‬ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 0.3‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ .0.6‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻞ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻠﻮ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻋﻠﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ .20m‬ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ ﻟﻴﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )‪(Velocity Triangles‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .18‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .19‬ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ )‪(Analysis‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪U1 = U2 = U‬‬
‫‪Vf1 = Vf2 = Vf‬‬
‫‪πDN‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪where U = ωrm‬‬ ‫� ‪or‬‬ ‫)‪�(s‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪26‬‬
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‫‪ Dm‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ‪ Dt‬ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ‪(hup)Dh‬‬
‫‪ rm‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪Dm‬‬
‫‪D t +D t‬‬
‫= ‪Dm‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﻳﻠﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ( ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪(V w 2 U 2 −V w 1 U 1‬‬
‫=‪∵H‬‬ ‫‪as‬‬ ‫‪U1 = U2 = U‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫∴ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪U(V w 2 −V w 1‬‬
‫=‪H‬‬ ‫)‪(Work done 0n fluid per unit‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vw2 = V2 cos α2 = U − Vf cotβ2‬‬
‫‪Vw1 = V1 cos α1 = Vf cotα1‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪U(U−V f cot β 2 −V f cot α 1‬‬

‫=‪H‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫‪U2‬‬ ‫‪UV f‬‬

‫=‪H‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫) ‪(cotα1 + cotβ2‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ )ﻋﻠﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ )‪ ،(α = 90°‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ)‪ (Vw1 = 0‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪U2‬‬ ‫‪UV f‬‬

‫=‪H‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪(cotβ2 ) Or‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬
‫) ‪U(U−V f cot β 2‬‬

‫=‪H‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
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‫‪π‬‬
‫‪Q = (D2t − D2h ) Vf‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (V‬ﺍﻭ )‪.(D‬‬
‫) ‪(U−V f cot β 2‬‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻻﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪Vf‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ‪ U 2‬ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ )‪ ،(r‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ cotβ2‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻠﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪ ،75°‬ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ ،r.p.m‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ‪ ،75°‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺸﺔ ‪ 1300mm,150mm‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪ ،150 l/s‬ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ؟‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .20‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺪﺭﺟﺎ ً ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻛﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﻑ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‬
‫‪(0.2 -18‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻥ ﻣﺪﻱ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫)‪ .(1-22m‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫)‪ ،m3/s‬ﻭﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺿﺨﻪ )ﺳﻮﺁء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ( ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .21‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ )‪( Positive Displacement Pumps‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ )ﺳﻮﺁء ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ( ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺠﺰ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫)ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ( ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ )ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ )ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ((‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺿﺦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،(...‬ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ )‪ (Reciprocating Pumps‬ﻭﺗﺸﻢ ﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻁﺴﺔ )‪(Piston or Plunger Pumps‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁﻲ )‪(Diaphragm Pumps‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Rotary Pumps‬ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺲﻡ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ )‪ (Single rotor‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻘﺔ ‪(Sliding‬‬ ‫•‬
‫)‪.vane rotary Pumps‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ )‪ (Multiple rotors‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ )‪ ، (Gear pump‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺹ)‪ ، (lobe pump‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻏﻲ )‪.(screw pump‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺗﻀﺦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺒﻀﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺛﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ ﺗﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻴﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ )‪.(Reciprocating Pumps‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺫﻫﺎﺑﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﺎﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻧﻚ )‪ (Crank‬ﻭﻳﺰﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ )‪(IC engine‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ )ﻣﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ( ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﻔﻼ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺟﻴﺌﺎ ﻭﺫﻫﺎﺑﺎ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻧﻚ )ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .22‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ )‪.(Analysis‬‬
‫‪A.S‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ =‬
‫)‪ N (r.p.m‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ = A‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ‪ = S ،‬ﺷﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ω‬‬
‫‪Q = A𝑆𝑆N ; N = 2π‬‬
‫‪ω‬‬ ‫‪ω‬‬
‫∗ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻁ = ‪Q = AS 2π‬‬ ‫‪2π‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻁﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻄﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ )‪(Power output‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻹﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺈﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ps‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫= ‪Hs‬‬ ‫‪+ 2gs + Zs‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪ = Hs‬ﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pd‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫= ‪Hd‬‬ ‫‪+ 2gd + Zd‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪ = Hd‬ﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
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‫‪H = Hs + Hd‬‬
‫‪ = H‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ ‪ P‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪P = γQH‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻷﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺩﻭّ ﺭﺍﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ Po‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫‪Po = T. ω‬‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪(pump Efficiency‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ‪ Hi‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪, H‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪ hp‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫‪Hi = H + hp‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Internal Power‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pi = γQth Hi‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (output Power‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪P = γQH‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ ،Po‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪γQH‬‬
‫‪ζ‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫= ‪=P‬‬ ‫‪Po‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ ζh‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪γQH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬
‫‪ζh = γQH = H‬‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ ζ‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪γQ th H i‬‬

‫‪ζ‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫= ‪= Pi‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪T.ω‬‬
‫‪ ζ‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ‪ Q‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ‪Qm‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ‬
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‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪ζ‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪=Q‬‬ ‫‪= Q+Q‬‬
‫‪th‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪ = Ql‬ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ‪.‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪γQH‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬

‫‪∴ζ‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪Po‬‬
‫‪= P i ∗ P = P i ∗ γQ‬‬ ‫‪= Pi ∗ H ∗ Q‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪th H i‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪th‬‬
‫‪∴ζ‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪= ζh . ζm . ζv‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ) ‪(Applications‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻮﻋﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺷﻌﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ )‪ (compact‬ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 90%‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺍﺯﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ )‪.(Radial Piston Pumps‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪.(Axial Piston Pumps‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﻳﻠﺔ )‪.(Wobble Plate Pumps‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ )‪.(Bent Axis Piston Pumps‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ )‪.(Gear Pumps‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ‪ ,‬ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﻖ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .23‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ )‪.(Radial Piston Pumps‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .24‬ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﻳﻠﺔ )‪.(Wobble Plate Pumps‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .25‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ )‪.(Bent Axis Piston Pumps‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .26‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ )‪.(Gear Pumps‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪:(1‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻟﺘﺮﻓﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (0.2 m3/s‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ )‪ (200Kpa‬ﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (600Kpa‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ( ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪ .(85%‬ﻣﺎ ﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻀﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء؟ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ )‪ (10m‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺘﻴﻦ؟‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪:(2‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫)‪ (54Kpa‬ﻭﻋﻦﺩ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻁﺮﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫)‪ (37.5 l/s‬ﻳﻘﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ (15cm‬ﻭ‬ ‫)‪ .(160Kpa‬ﺍﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻳﻘﻌﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ )ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ( ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﻤﺎ‬
‫)‪ (12.5 cm‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ؛ ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ؟‬
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‫‪(Centrifugal‬‬ ‫)‪ (Rotary Pumps‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪Pumps‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺭ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﺿﻐﻁ ﺧﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺿﻐﻁ ﺧﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭ ﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ ﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺗﺣﺿﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺿﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺗﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺧﻔﺿﺕ ﻟﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺋﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﺑﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﻳﻼﺯﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ ﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻓﻬﻭ‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺗﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺿﺧﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺩ ﻳﺷﻭﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻫﺗﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺗﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء )‪.(Air Lift Pumps‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻮﺍء ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺫﺍ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺍ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺼﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .27‬ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء )‪.(Air Lift Pumps‬‬
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‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 30% - 35%‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺪﻱ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫‪4.5- 450 m3/l‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴـﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻄﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﻷﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺭﺧﺺ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ )‪(Gear Pumps‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻻﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺃﻱ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﺣﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ )‪.(High Power Rating‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ )‪(External Gear Pumps‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻁﺮﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻏﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .28‬ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ )‪(External Gear Pumps‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺂﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺁﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻧﻤﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (low pressure‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ‪(Internal‬‬
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‫)‪ . leakage‬ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Overall efficiency‬ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ .70% - 80%‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ( = ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ x‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ) ‪ 3 ,2‬ﺍﻭ ‪ .(4‬ﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻭ )‪ (Back Leakage‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ )‪ (Clearance‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺱ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻲ )‪ (Cavity Wall‬ﺑﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )‪(Internal Gear Pumps‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﺱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﺮﺱ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ )ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ( ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺿﺦ ﻣﻮﺍﺋﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .29‬ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )‪(Internal Gear Pumps‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ( ﻭ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ(‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺱ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻟﻲ )‪ (Crescent shape‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﺼﻮﻓﺔ )‪ (Seal‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ )ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ(‬
‫)‪ .(Suction and Discharge ports‬ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺱ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﻣﻊ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺠﺒﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ )‪.(Discharge Port‬‬
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‫آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م ‪(328‬‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )‪(Compressors‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ )‪(Compressors‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺨﺎﺕ‪ ,‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺮﻓﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺋﻊ )ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻭ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ( ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺩﺍء ﻭﺿﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻟﻘﻴّﻢ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‪ ,‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻓﺨﺎﺕ‪ ,‬ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺍً ﻳﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﺒﺮ‬
‫‪ 1.5‬ﻭ ‪ 2.5‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮﻱ‪ ,‬ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ) ‪ (Diffuser‬ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ) ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ( ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 30,000‬ﺩ‪/‬ﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻏﺮﻑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ) ‪( Clasification of Compressores‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 30‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ‪ .‬ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻭّ ﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻻﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺎﺕ( ﺗﻌﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻴﺼﻞ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ‪ ,‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 30‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻭّ ﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﺩ ّﻭﺍﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﺯﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭّ ﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪39‬‬
(328 ‫آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م‬ (Compressors) ‫اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ‬
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(Chart of compressor types) ‫ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ‬.30 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
(Ejector Compressor) .31 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
(Sliding Vane Compressor) .32 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
40
(328 ‫آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م‬ (Compressors) ‫اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ‬
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(Helical Lobe Compressor) .33 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
(Straight Lobe Compressor) .34 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
41
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‫ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ )‪(Centrifugal Compressores‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﺒﺪﺍء ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﺤﺎﻗﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ‪ ,‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ) ‪ (1:1.3‬ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ) ‪ (7-1:3‬ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ) ‪ (1:13‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻻﺳﻮﺍء ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 50,000‬ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ,‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ .100,000‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 20,000‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪/‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ,‬ﻓﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻁﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ‪ ,‬ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺍً ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔً ﻟﻐﻴﺎﺏ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‪ ,‬ﻓﺄﻥ ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 3‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺧﺺ ﻭﺍﺻﻐﺮ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻟﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻼً‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ) ‪( Compoents‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 35‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻁﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ) ‪.( Impeller‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ) ‪.( Diffuser‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ ) ‪.( Volute‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ) ‪( How it does work‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪ ,‬ﻳﺠﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻟﺮﻳﺸﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ‪ ,‬ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳّﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺓﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻻﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻄﻒ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺶ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪.36‬‬
‫‪42‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .35‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻁﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻭﺩﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .36‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﻁﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪43‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ) ‪(Velocity Triangles‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ) ‪( Inlet‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻤﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻼﻗﻄﺎﺭ )‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ( )‪ (dt , dh‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ‪ 37‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻤﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ) ‪ (βh‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ )‪.(βt‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .37‬ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‪.‬‬
‫𝑁𝑁 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑 𝜋𝜋‬ ‫𝑁𝑁 ‪𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑 ℎ‬‬

‫= 𝑡𝑡𝑈𝑈‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫= ‪, 𝑈𝑈ℎ‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﻓﻖ ‪ m0‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫𝜋𝜋‬
‫= ̇𝑚𝑚‬ ‫‪(𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡2 − 𝑑𝑑ℎ2 )𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓1 𝜌𝜌1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫𝜋𝜋‬
‫= ‪𝐴𝐴1‬‬ ‫) ‪(𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡2 − 𝑑𝑑ℎ2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ α1 ≠ 90°‬ﻭﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ‪ V1‬ﻓﺄﻥ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﻜﻼً‬
‫ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺍً ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪:38‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝛼𝛼1‬‬
‫‪44‬‬
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‫‪𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤1 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛼𝛼1‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝛽𝛽1‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤1 = 𝑈𝑈1 − 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝛽𝛽1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .38‬ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ )ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ U1‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ) ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ (Dm‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡 + 𝐷𝐷ℎ‬‬
‫= 𝑚𝑚𝐷𝐷‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫𝑁𝑁 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑 𝜋𝜋‬
‫= ‪𝑈𝑈1‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 + 𝑈𝑈 ℎ‬‬
‫= ‪𝑈𝑈1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ) ‪( Outlet‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪:39‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪45‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .39‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ) ‪ ( β2 > 90‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ) ‪ ,( β = 90°‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ) ‪ ( β2 < 90‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 40‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .40‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪46‬‬
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‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ( ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓2 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝛼𝛼2‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓2 = 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝛽𝛽2‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤2 = 𝑈𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛽𝛽2‬‬
‫‪= 𝑈𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛽𝛽2‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ )‪(Slip factor ) (σ‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 2‬‬
‫=𝜎‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤̀ 2‬‬
‫‪𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝛽𝛽̀2 = 90° ⟹ 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤2‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ‪̀ = 𝑈𝑈2 Vw2 = 𝑉𝑉1 cos 𝛼𝛼2 :‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ‬
‫‪ .β'2‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫‪ (41‬ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ β2‬ﻫﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ ً‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪0.63 π‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪σ=1−‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪ σ = 1 −‬ﺍﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍ ﻥ‪ = Z :‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﺎﺩﺍً ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 19‬ﻭ ‪.21‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .41‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )‪(Degree of Reaction ) (R‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ 50‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎‪𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 ℎ‬‬

‫= 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷‬
‫𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎‪𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 ℎ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻥ ‪ Vf1 = Vf2‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪ ,‬ﻓﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 42‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ )ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .42‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ )‪(Specific Work done ) (Hc‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻭﻳﻠﺮ )‪ (Euler's‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ‪Ww1‬‬
‫‪ = 0‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ‪ ,‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ‪ ,U2 = Vw2 :‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ‪ ,‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ‪ ,‬ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ )‪(Powr input or Work done factor) (ψ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ‪ ,‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻋﻄﺎء ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺠﺰ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ‪ ,‬ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻻﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ‪ .‬ﻳﻌّﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴‬

‫=𝛹‬
‫𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪(Overall Pressure Ratio) (Pro‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 43‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ) ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
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‫𝐶𝐶𝑔𝑔‪𝐻𝐻𝐶𝐶,𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ℎ02 − ℎ01 = 𝛹𝛹 𝜎𝜎 𝑈𝑈22 ⁄‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺍﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‪ ,‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ℎ03 − ℎ01 = ℎ02 − ℎ01‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ )‪(ήC‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒‪𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ‬‬
‫= 𝐶𝐶𝜁𝜁‬
‫𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑒‪𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
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‫‪(stagnation pressure rise‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻮﺩ )‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻁﺮﺩﻳﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ً ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .43‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻁﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ) ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ‪-‬ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﻣﺎﺥ )‪(Mach Number) (M‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺄﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻣﺎﺥ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ )‪ .(1‬ﺑﺄﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء( ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫= ‪M2‬‬
‫‪�γ R T 2‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ )‪(Choking‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ‪ ,‬ﻓﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ) ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ( ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺟﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻼ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ) ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ( )‪(Loading or Pressure Coefficient) (ΦP‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ|‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪β2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ‪ φ2‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
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‫‪𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ‪ = φ2‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫‪𝑈𝑈2‬‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ) ‪( Diffuser Efficiency) (ηD‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 44‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺍً ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻋﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﺢ )‪ ,(airofoil type‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺎ ٍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺰﻋﻨﻒ ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻁﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻄﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﺗﻨﻔﺮﺝ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺗﺠﻬﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺭﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺍً ﻣﺎﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪12°‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﻔﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﻠﺳﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺧﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺵ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﻻﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‬
‫‪(frictional losses‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻠﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻗﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ )‬
‫‪,(boundary layer separation‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺵ( ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﺍﻧﻔﺻﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺧﻣﺔ )‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ "ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺣﻴﺎﻥ"‪ .‬ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 43‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﻠﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .44‬ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﺰﻋﻨﻒ ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )‪(Solved Problems‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ ) ‪(Axial Flow Compressors‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺳﻢ ﻷﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺎ ً ﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲﺓ ) ‪(Main Components‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 45‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟ ّﻮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﺮﺹ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴّﻢ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 30°‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮﺍﺕ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ )‪ (Prewhirl‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻣﺎﺥ ﻻﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪.(M = 0.9‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ) ‪ (Rotating blades‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭ ) ‪(Shaft‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻠﻮﻩ ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮﺓ )‪ (Fixed blades‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ) ‪ ، .(Casing‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .45‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻻﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 46‬ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮﺍﺕ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .46‬ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪: 47‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻲ )‪ : (Disk Type‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻭﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ ﻛﻤﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻲ )‪ : (Drum Type‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪(Applicaton Motes of Axial Compressors‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺾﻭﺍﻏﻂ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻖ‪ ,‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻓﻮﻫﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ‬
‫ﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ً‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻁﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺎً ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
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‫ﺍﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﻝ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ‪.4:1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .47‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭ‪ (a .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻲ‪ (b ,‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 48‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻮّ ﺍﺭ‪ ,‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ً ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .48‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ )ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ( ﻓﻲ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺫﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﻳﻚﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ) ‪(Velocity Triangles‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁﻬﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺍً ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 49‬ﺍﻻ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .49‬ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪ ,‬ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ‪ ,Vf = Vf1 = Vf2‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻭﻳﻠﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .50‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟـ ) ‪ (T-S‬ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻗﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ‪ ,‬ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻛﺪﺓ ) ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ( ) ‪ .ΔT0 (Stagnation‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫‪V3 = V1‬ﻭ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ‪ Ts‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎً ﻟﻼﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ ,ΔTs‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‪,‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻻﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ) ‪ (λ‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ) ‪ .(1-0‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 51‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ‬
‫‪ wλ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻷﻱﺯﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ) ‪( Isentropic Efficiency) ( ηs‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺃﻳﺴﻨﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺎ ً )ﺃﺩﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﻴﺎ ً( ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﻨﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﺄﺧﺬ ‪ λ‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .51‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ )ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ( ﻓﻲ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺫﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻ ﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ‪ :T01‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻥ ‪ ηs‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ) ‪( Stage Loading ) ( ψ‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤‬ ‫‪ℎ 03 − ℎ 01‬‬

‫=‪Ψ‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪𝑚𝑚 𝑈𝑈 2‬‬ ‫‪𝑈𝑈 2‬‬
‫) ‪𝜆𝜆 (𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 2 −𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 1‬‬ ‫𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 𝜆𝜆‬

‫=‪Ψ‬‬ ‫𝑈𝑈‬
‫=‬ ‫) ‪(tan 𝛼𝛼2 − tan 𝛼𝛼1‬‬
‫𝑈𝑈‬
‫) ‪Ψ = 𝜆𝜆 𝜙𝜙 (tan 𝛼𝛼2 − tan 𝛼𝛼1‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ Φ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉‬
‫= 𝜙𝜙‬ ‫𝑈𝑈‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ) ‪( Degree of Reaction in Axial Compressors(ِ ( Ʌ‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟ ّﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺒﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ) ﺭﻳﺶ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺳﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ,‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ ‪.V1 = V3‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ‪ .ΔTs = ΔT0‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ΔTA‬ﻭ ‪ ΔTB‬ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭّ ﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‪ ,‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻻﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
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‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ‪ α1, α2‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ‪ β1, β2‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
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‫‪ ,( Ʌ = 0.5 ) %50‬ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻻﻳﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻻﻥ ‪ Vf‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪ %50‬ﻓﺄﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ )ﺳﻮﺍء‬
‫ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ( ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‪ ,‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻥ ‪V1‬‬
‫‪ .= V3‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ λ=1‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺳﺘﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪ %50‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(52‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .52‬ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ %50‬ﻓﻲ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 50‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ‪ :‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﻠﻔﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻱﻋﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺺ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻁﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻈﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺑﺈﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﺗﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ )ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ( ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﻳﻚﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪(Solved Problems‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‪ ,‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪ 1.22‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ‪ 288K‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ .21K‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ‪ 200 m/s‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ‪ .4500 r.p.m‬ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻥ‪.Cp = 1.005 kJ/Kg.K ,γ = 1.4 :‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ ‪ 1 bar‬ﻭ ‪ 292K‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ‪ .9.5‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻫﻲ ‪ .0.85‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻥ‪,γ = 1.4 :‬‬
‫‪.Cp = 1.005 kJ/Kg.K‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻲ‪ 0.95m :‬ﻭ ‪ ,0.85m‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪) 28°‬ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ(‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪56°‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ‪ ,56°‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ‬
‫‪ .28°‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭّ ﺍﺭ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 5000 r.p.m‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ‪ .1.2 Kg/m3‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ؟‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ؟‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ؟‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ )‪(hup‬؟‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ؟‬ ‫•‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ) ‪(Reciprocating Compressors‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ )‪(Introduction‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ً ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.53‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .53‬ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻻﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ )ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ( ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .54‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .54‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪ ,‬ﻳﺴﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ )ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ( ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )‪(Ideal Reciporcating Components‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻮﻁ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﻮﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪ ,‬ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺩﻳﺎﺑﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻝ )‪(P-V‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .55‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء ) ‪ :(D - A‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺳﺤﺐ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ,‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎ ً ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﻳﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء ) ‪ :(A - B‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ) ﺍﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ‪ ,‬ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺛﻴﺮﻣﺎﻝ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .56‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ ﺻﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻳﺒﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﻔﻼﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء ) ‪ :(B - C‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﻁﺮﺩ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔﻭ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺎ ً ﻭﻻﻛﻦ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻳُﻔﺘﺢ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳُﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﺸﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .56‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺭﺧﺺ ﺛﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻠﻮﺹ ) ‪(Actual Reciporcating Components‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪(n‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺱ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻻﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ً‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺎﻯ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺑﺄﺱ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‪.(n = γ‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫)ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ( ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ) ‪( Analysis‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ )ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺗﻤﺪﺩ(‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ )ﺳﺤﺐ ﻭﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ(‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 57‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻠﻮﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ )‪( Work done ) (Wc‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ‪ ,‬ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء‪:‬‬
‫‪P2V2− P1V1‬‬ ‫‪P4V4− P3V3‬‬

‫= ‪Wc‬‬ ‫‪+ P2 (V2 − V3 ) +‬‬ ‫) ‪+ P1 (V4 − V1‬‬
‫)‪(n−1‬‬ ‫)‪(n−1‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .57‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻠﻮﺹ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ‪ .1‬ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ‬

‫𝟏𝟏𝑽𝑽 𝟏𝟏𝑷𝑷 ‪𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 −‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫)𝟏𝟏‪(𝒏𝒏−‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫) 𝟑𝟑𝑽𝑽 ‪𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 (𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 −‬‬

‫𝟑𝟑𝑽𝑽 𝟑𝟑𝑷𝑷 ‪𝑷𝑷𝟒𝟒 𝑽𝑽𝟒𝟒 −‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪﺩ‬
‫)𝟏𝟏‪(𝒏𝒏−‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬ ‫) 𝟏𝟏𝑽𝑽 ‪𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 (𝑽𝑽𝟒𝟒 −‬‬
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‫‪P4V4− P1V1‬‬ ‫‪P2V2− P3V3‬‬
‫= ‪Wc‬‬ ‫‪+ P1 (V4 − V1 ) +‬‬ ‫) ‪+ P2 (V2 − V3‬‬
‫)‪(n−1‬‬ ‫)‪(n−1‬‬
‫‪∵ P1 = P4 , P2 = P3‬‬
‫) ‪P 1 (V 4 − V 1‬‬ ‫) ‪P 2 (V 2 − V 3‬‬
‫= ‪∴ Wc‬‬ ‫‪+ P1 (V4 − V1 ) +‬‬ ‫) ‪+ P2 (V2 − V3‬‬
‫)‪(n−1‬‬ ‫)‪(n−1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫])‪Wc = P1 (V4 − V1 )[1 + (n−1)] + P2 (V2 − V3 )[1 + (n−1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫�)‪∵ �1 + (n−1)� = �(n−1‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮّ ﻓﺔ(‪ .‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪P 2 (V 2 − V 3‬‬ ‫) ‪P 1 (V 1 − V 4‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪RT 2‬‬ ‫‪RT 1‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬
‫) ‪P2 (V2 − V3 ) = P1 (V4 − V1‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫� �)‪Wc = P1 (V1 − V4 ) �(n−1‬‬ ‫�‪− 1‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ )‪ (n‬ﻓﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬

‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫)‪= ( 2‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫) ‪= (rp‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻥ ) ‪ (V1 − V4‬ﻫﻮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ‪ Vin‬ﻭﺍﻥ ‪ P1‬ﻫﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ)ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ( ‪ .Pin‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫) ‪Wc = Pin Vin �(n−1)� �(rp‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫�‪− 1‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫) ‪Wc = RTin �(n−1)� �(rp‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫�‪− 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ )‪( Power Required ) (P‬‬
‫‪ = N ,‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟ ّﻮﺍﺭ‪r.p.m‬‬ ‫‪P = Wc N‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ )‪( Volumetric Efficiency ) (ηvol‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ً ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪Actual (induction )Volume‬‬

‫= ‪ηvol‬‬
‫‪Swept Volume‬‬
‫) ‪(V 1 − V 4‬‬
‫= ‪ηvol‬‬
‫‪VS‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P3‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫∵‬ ‫‪P3 V3n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪P4 V4n‬‬ ‫‪⟹ ∴ V4 = V3 rp‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫= ‪; rp‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P4‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺡ‪ ,‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ) ‪ ,(C‬ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vc‬‬
‫=‪C‬‬
‫‪VS‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ‪ 58‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ‪ ,‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫↑‪ηVol ↓ as rp↑ and c‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﻳﺘﺔ ﻻﻱ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ‪ ,‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻻﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
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‫𝐶𝐶‪1+‬‬
‫= 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟(‬ ‫𝐶𝐶‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻛﺑﺭ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻧﺿﻐﺎﻁ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺿﺎﻏﻁ ﺗﺭﺩﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .58‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻠﻮﺹ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻭﺛﻴﺮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ )‪( Isothermal Efficiency ) (ηiso‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﻳﺯﻭﺛﻳﺭﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺿﺎﻏﻁ ُﺗﻌ ّﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻐﻝ ﺍﻻﻳﺯﻭﺛﻳﺭﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﻐﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺿﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺭﺍء ﺍﻻﻳﺯﻭﺛﻳﺭﻣﻲ‪ ,n=1 ,‬ﻭﺍﻥ ‪ P1V1 = P2V2‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻐﻝ‪:‬‬
‫𝑃𝑃‬
‫‪𝑊𝑊𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑊𝑊1−2 = 𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉1 ln 𝑃𝑃1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺭﺍء ﺍﻻﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻲ‪.P1 V1n = P2 V2n ,n≠1 ,‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫) 𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟(� �)‪𝑊𝑊𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = 𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉1 �(𝑛𝑛−1‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫�‪− 1‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻭﺛﻴﺮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ‪𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉1‬‬

‫= 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜂𝜂‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛(�‬ ‫�‪��(𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 ) 𝑛𝑛 − 1‬‬
‫)‪−1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ‪ ,‬ﺍﺱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ‪ .59‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴّﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
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‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫) ‪Wc = RTin �(n−1)� �(rp‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫�‪− 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .59‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺱ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻩ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ‪ ,‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴّﻢ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪(e.g.‬‬
‫)‪ . above 18% @ rp=4 and 27% @ rp=8‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻳُﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺫﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻳﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ .( Va‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ )‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ً ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ‪ multistage compression‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء )ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ )‪( Multistage compression with Intercooling‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻭﺳﺴﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻩ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻝ ‪ 2‬ﻭ ﺍﻝ ‪ 4‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ‪ 60‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﻳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .60‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﻻﻛﻦ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ُﻣﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺪﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ )‪( Multistage compression) (ηiso‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ‪ 61‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ) ‪ (P-V‬ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺫﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ )‪ (n‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .61‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪ (P-V‬ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐1 + 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐2‬‬

‫‪𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫) ‪𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = �(𝑛𝑛−1)� ��𝑃𝑃1𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉1𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 �(𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝1‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫) ‪− 1�� + �𝑃𝑃2𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉2𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 �(𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝2‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫��‪− 1‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪P 1in V 1in‬‬ ‫‪P 2in V 2in‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪RT 1in‬‬ ‫‪RT 2in‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ Tin‬ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ )ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ(‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫𝑛𝑛(� = 𝑐𝑐𝑊𝑊‬ ‫) ‪� 𝑃𝑃1𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉1𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ��(𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝1‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫) ‪− 1� + 𝑃𝑃2𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉2𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 �(𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝2‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫��‪− 1‬‬
‫)‪−1‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ PL‬ﻫﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ‪ PH ,‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻥ ‪ PI‬ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ) ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ(‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪PI‬‬ ‫‪PH‬‬
‫= ‪rp1‬‬ ‫= ‪, rp2‬‬
‫‪PL‬‬ ‫‪PI‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴّﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ‪ Wc‬ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ PI‬ﻓﻲ ﻁﺮﻑ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
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‫�‪1‬‬
‫] ‪PI = [PL PH‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫�‪1‬‬
‫) ‪or rp1 = rp1 = ( H‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪PL‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ) ‪ (N‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻗﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺷﻐﻞ ) ‪ .(Wc‬ﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ )ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ( ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻧﻲ ) ‪ (N‬ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ )‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ( )‪ .(Overall pressure ratio‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫�‪1‬‬
‫) ) ‪rp(opt ) = (rp(overall‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ ,‬ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ‬
‫‪P4‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 4‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻗﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ‪ P1‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ‪ P2‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻼً ﻣﻦ ‪ .P3‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.62‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .62‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ )‪ (P-V‬ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪84‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ )‪(Solved Problems‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻲ‪ ,‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻣﻜﺒﺴﻪ ‪ 160 mm‬ﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻁ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ ,300 mm‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 100 kPa‬ﻭ ‪ .27° C‬ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ .650 kPa‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﻳﺪ ّﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ .2 r.p.s‬ﺑﺄﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ‪ ,‬ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ )‪.(kW‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺛﻴﺮﻣﻲ ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪.PV=C‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‪ ,‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻁ ‪ 12 cm‬ﻭ ‪ 16 cm‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍءﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 0.98 bar‬ﻭ ‪ .40° C‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ‪6‬‬
‫‪ .bar‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ .1.32‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ‪ 6%‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ؟ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ‬
‫‪.410 r.p.m‬‬
‫‪-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪85‬‬

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‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ .................................................................................................................. 1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ )‪(PUMPS‬‬

‫‪ ........................................................ 1‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ) ‪( CLASIFICATION OF PUMPS‬‬

‫𝜻𝜻(ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪𝒎𝒎) (Mechanical Efficiency) .......................................................... 13‬‬

‫𝜻𝜻(ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪𝒐𝒐) (Overall Efficiency) .................................................................... 13‬‬

‫‪(𝝈𝝈𝝈𝝈) (Slip Factor) ................................................................................... 14‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ‬

‫‪ ................................................................................................ 39‬ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ )‪(COMPRESSORS‬‬

‫‪ ........................................ 39‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ) ‪( CLASIFICATION OF COMPRESSORES‬‬

‫(‪How it does work‬ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )‬ ‫‪............................................. 42‬‬

‫‪Velocity Triangles( ......................................... 44‬ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ )‬

‫(‪ψ ) ( Stage Loading‬ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ )‬ ‫‪............................................................................ 69‬‬

‫(‪Ʌ(ِ ( Axial Compressors Degree of Reaction in‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ) ‪( Clasification of Pumps‬‬

‫ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ )‪(Centrifugal Pumps‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ )‪(Pump Casing‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .1‬ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .2‬ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ (a .3‬ﺩﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‪ (b ,‬ﺩﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪(Pump characteristic curves‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻗﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪a .4‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪Operating point of Centrifugal Pump‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ )‪(System curves‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .5‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )‪(Pump curve‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .6‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨٮﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ )‪(Opreating Point‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ )‪(Opreating Point‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ )‪(Parallel Operation‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .11‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ )‪(Parallel Operation‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .12‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )‪(Velocity Triangles‬‬

‫‪ :β2‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : V2،V1‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪ :N‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬

‫‪ :D2،D1‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪ α2، α1‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : VW2،VW1‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .13‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪πD 1 N‬‬ ‫‪πD 2 N‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫]) ‪[(V w 2 U 2‬‬

‫‪Vw1 = V1 cosα1 , Vw2 = V2 cosα2‬‬

‫‪V 22 −V 21‬‬ ‫‪U 22 −U 21‬‬ ‫‪V 2r 2 −V 2r 1‬‬

‫‪= Kinetic head ↑ +Circular motion ↑ +static head‬‬

‫)‪ (w‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ = Q‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ )ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ( * ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ(‬

‫)‪Q = Area of channel * flow Velocity (Radial Velocity‬‬

‫‪Q = πD1 B1 ∗ Vf1‬‬

‫‪Q = πD2 B2 ∗ Vf2‬‬

‫‪ Vf1 , Vf2‬ﺳﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪ρ = density of fluid.‬‬

‫‪Rate of angular momentum (M°):‬‬

‫‪M1° = m°Vw1 R1‬‬

‫‪M2° = m°Vw2 R 2‬‬

‫‪Applied torque (T):‬‬

‫‪T = m°Vw2 R 2 − m°Vw1 R1‬‬