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موائع هم 328
موائع هم 328
I
(Analysis) ............................................................................................................. 26ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ
......................................................................................... 28ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ
................................................................................................. 29ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ
.............................................. 30ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ )( POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
(Reciprocating Pumps). ...................................................................... 30ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ
(Analysis). ............................................................................................................ 31ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ
(Power output).......................................................................................... 31ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ
(pump Efficiency) ...................................................................................... 32ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ
Applications( ..................................... 33ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ )
................................................................................................................... 35ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ:
(Centrifugalﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )(Rotary Pumpsﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ
Pumps) ........................................................................................................................................... 36
(Air Lift Pumps). ........................................................................... 36ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء
(Gear Pumps) ...................................................................................... 37ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ
(External Gear Pumps) ........................................................................... 37ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ
(Internal Gear Pumps) ........................................................................... 38ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ
................................................................................. 38ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ:
II
(AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS ........................................... 63ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ )
Main Components(............................................................................... 63ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ )
.......................................................................................................... 64ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ
Applicaton Motes of Axial Compressors(........................... 64ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ )
........................ 65ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ,ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ,ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ.
: .............................................................................................. 66ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ
Velocity Triangles ( ................................................................................ 66ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )
(ηs) ( Isentropic Efficiencyﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ) .......................................................... 68
III
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ )(Pumps
1
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ)ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ( ) ) (impellerﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ( 3ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻏﻼﻑ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ) (Casingﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺷﻜﻞ
) (bladesﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﺮﺓ ﻣﺠﺮﻱ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ ﺫﻱ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻣﺘﺪﺭﺝ .ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ
ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺮﻱ ﻁﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ .ﻳُﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻟﻴﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻊ
ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ .ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺣﺸﻮ
ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ.
2
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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3
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ
Do the calculation for these correlations, and detrmine the Characteristic curves:
(Characteristic curves and ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ
4
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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ﺣﻴﺚ Kﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ.
Q
V=A
hloss = N Q2
ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻁﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ
ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ.
5
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .7ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ.
ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺦ ﺓ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ )ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ(
ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻞ ﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ) .(Hsﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ
ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﺼﻲ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ،
ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺼﻞ ﻷﻗﺮﺏ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻷﻗﺼﻲ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻭﺿﺢ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .8ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ.
6
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .9ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ.
7
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .10ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ.
8
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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:β1ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ.
:Vr2،Vr1ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ،ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ.
9
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ
ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ) (α=90°ﻭﺍﻥ ) (VW1=0ﻭﺍﻥ )(V1= Vf1
ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
1
]) Workdane = g [(Vw2 U2 − Vw1 U1
ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )ﺃﻭﻳﻠﺮ( ،ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ.
Vw1 = 0
Or
10
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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Using Casing Rule:
2
Vr1 = V12 + U12 − 2V1 U1 cosα1
2
Vr2 = V22 + U22 − 2V2 U2 cosα2
1
∴ U1 cosα1 = 2 (V12 + U12 − Vr1
2
)
1
U2 cosα2 = 2 (V22 + U22 − Vr2
)2
1
]) E = g [(Vw2 U2 − Vw1 U1
by substituting
) (wﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ )ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﺎﺩﺍً(
ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
w
= The Workdone ]) [(Vw2 U2 − Vw1 U1
g
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ:
W = ρgQ
) (Qﺣﺞﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﻓﻖ )ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ( ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
B1 , B2ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ
11
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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Mass flow rate (m°):
m° = ρQ
P = T. ω
) (V w 2 V 2 −V w 1 V 1
� = Hm � − loss of head
g
ﺍﻭ:
= Hmﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ -ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ
ρ
ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ γ = ρ f
w
ﺍﻭ:
12
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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V2
Hm = hs + hd + hfs + hfd + 2g2
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ:
= hdﺭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ.
gH m
(ζ man = (V )
) w 2 U 2 −V w 1 U 1
Or
) ρQ(V w 2 U 2 −V w 1 U 1
(ζ m = )
S.P
wH m
∴ (ζ o = )
S.P
Or
13
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ρQg H m
(ζ o = )
S.P
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :1
ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ 200mmﻭ 400mmﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ،ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ .1200r.p.mﺯﺍﻭﻳﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ 30°،20°ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ
ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ .ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء؟
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :2
1440r.p.mﻭﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ .40 l/sﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ
،240mmﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺸﺔ ،20mmﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻒ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ 25°ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ
ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺮ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ،ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ )ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ( ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ؟
)(Hm = 22.9m
ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻭﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺎﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ( .ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ
ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪﺓ )ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺎﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ( ،ﺣﻴﺚ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ .ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻲ
ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ
ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺸﺔ B2ﻳﻜﻮﻥ . B2′
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ .ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ Vw2ﺍﻗﻞ ﻭﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ V′w2ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ) (σsﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
V′ w 2
= (σs )
Vw 2
14
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .14ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ.
15
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ﺣﻴﺚ:
= σﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ.
= ρﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء
NPSHA ≥ NPSHR
(NPSH)A = HA ± Hz − Hf + Hv − Hvp
Pa
= HA γ
= Hzﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ) (+ﺍﻭ ) (-ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺗﻪ ) ,(mﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺨﺰﺍ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ
ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ.
16
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
L V2
ff.p = f d 2g
V2
ff.c = K 2g
= Hvﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ) ،(mﻭﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻻﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ
V2
= Hv 2g
= Hvpﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ) (mﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ )ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ
ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ.
17
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P vp
= Hvp ρg
u2 = K u �2gHm
ﺣﻴﺚ K uﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ،ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ 0.95ﺍﻟﻰ 1.8ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ
πD 2 N
60
= K u �2gHm
60
D2 = πN �2gK u . �Hm
Or
85
= D2 N
K u �Hm
(r.p.m) = N
(m) = Hm
ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ )(Eye diameter and outlet width
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎءﻫﺎ ﻛﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ.
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ )(Discharge
Q = KπD2 b2 Vf2
18
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ﺃﻗﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ )(Minimum Starting Speed
ﺍﻗﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ Hmﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ:
u 22 −u 21
≥ Hm
2g
ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻻﻳﺴﺮ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ:
85�H m
= ∴ (N )mini speed
�D 22 −D 21
Q
∴ Q αD22 �Hm Or D22 = C1
�H m
πD 2 N
= ∵ u2 60
= K u �2gHm
Hm
∴ D2 Nα�Hm Or D12 = C2 N2
N s ∗1
=C 1
→ C = Ns
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ:
19
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N�Q N�Q
=∵C H 3/4
∴ Ns = H 3/4 r. p. m
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ
ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :3
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ 9mﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ
ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ 40m3/sec.ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ .50m3/sec
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ:
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ.
20
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ:
Q2 N
= N2 )ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ(
Q1 1
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :4
60Hzﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻟﻪ
.50Hzﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ 240 m3/secﻣﻊ 12mﻋﻠﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ 6Hpﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ
1750r.p.mﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻭﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻟﻪ؟
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ:
21
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ) :(1ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ
(1ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ )
,( 22 mﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ) ,( 160 l/sﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺿﺨﻪ ) ,( 1.18ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )
,( 1200 r.p.mﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ) ,( 30 cmﻋﺮﺽ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ) ,( 5 cm
ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ) ( 55 kWﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ) .( 35°
) ( 81.8%, 74.1%, 1494
(2ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﺟﺮﺍء
ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ
ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ .ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ
1800 ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ )
( l/mﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ,ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ
) ( 15 cmﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ) 10 cm
( ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ
ﻳﺴﺠﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ) ( 25 cmﻣﻦ
ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ,ﻭﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻆ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺴﺠﻞ ) ( 175 kPaﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ
( 0.5 m ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﻦ )
ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮﻙ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ) .( 13 metric H.Pﻋﻠﻤﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻥ
) .( 1 H.P = 0.735 kW
) ( 68.8% , 22.3 m
(3ﻗ ّﺪﺭ ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﻓﻌﻪ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻋﻄﺎء
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ,0.08 m3/sﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ,20 cmﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ) ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ( ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ
12ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻮﺏ ,ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ =
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ,15 mﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ 76 cmﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ,ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ) 80 kPaﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ( .ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﺘﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ , 3 mﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ) ( NPSHﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ) .ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ (.
) ( 0.057 , 0.86 m , 3.68 m
,50 m3/min (4ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ) ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ( ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ
ﺿﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ 65 kPa , 15 kPaﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ .ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ 960 r.p.mﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ
ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ .80 kWﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ( .ﺍﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ
ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﻥ.
22
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
،ζmanﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ) ،(20KNﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ،1.15ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ،0.15ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﻕ %6ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺟﺎﺯﻭﻟﻴﻦ 0.8؟
) ،(45000 l/minﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻠﻮ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ،ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ
ﻣﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ) ،(60mﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ
23
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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،60°ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ،350 r.p.mﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ) (0.27ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ )(1/3
ﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ،ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ:
• ﻗطر اﻟﻤروﺤﺔ ﻋﻨد اﻟﻤﺨرج.
24
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ،ﻭﺗﺪﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻏﻄﺎء ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء
ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻲ .ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ
ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ.
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ 2ﺍﻟﻲ 8ﺭﻳﺶ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝ hupﻓﻰ
ﺣﺪﻭﺩ 0.3ﺍﻟﻲ .0.6ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ،ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ:
ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻞ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻠﻮ
ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻋﻠﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ .20mﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ
ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء
ﻋﺒﺮ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ ﻟﻴﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ.
25
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )(Velocity Triangles
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .18ﺭﺳﻢ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ )(Analysis
ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ:
U1 = U2 = U
πDN m
where U = ωrm � or )�(s
60
26
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
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D t +D t
= Dm
2
) (V w 2 U 2 −V w 1 U 1
=∵H as U1 = U2 = U
g
) U(V w 2 −V w 1
=H )(Work done 0n fluid per unit
g
ﺃﻗﺼﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ )ﻋﻠﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ) ،(α = 90°ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ) (Vw1 = 0ﻭﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
27
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
π
Q = (D2t − D2h ) Vf
4
ﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ
ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ) (Vﺍﻭ ).(D
ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ cotβ2ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻠﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
500 ،75°ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ،ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺎ
،r.p.mﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ،75°ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺸﺔ 1300mm,150mmﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ .ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ،150 l/sﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ
ﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ؟
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .20ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ.
28
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺪﺭﺟﺎ ً ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ. •
ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ,ﻣﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ •
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ.
29
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺗﻀﺦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺒﻀﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺛﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ
ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ ﺗﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻴﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ )ﻣﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ( ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ .ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ
ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ
ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ،ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ
ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ.
ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﻔﻼ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ
ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺟﻴﺌﺎ ﻭﺫﻫﺎﺑﺎ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻧﻚ )ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ(.
30
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ).(Analysis
A.S ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ،ﻻﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ =
) N (r.p.mﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺣﻴﺚ = Aﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ = S ،ﺷﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ.
ω
Q = A𝑆𝑆N ; N = 2π
ω ω
∗ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻁ = Q = AS 2π 2π
ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻁﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ
ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻄﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ
ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
Ps V2
= Hs + 2gs + Zs
γ
Pd V2
= Hd + 2gd + Zd
γ
31
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
H = Hs + Hd
= Hﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ Pﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
P = γQH
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻷﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺩﻭّ ﺭﺍﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ
Poﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ
ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
Po = T. ω
Hi = H + hp
P = γQH
ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ،Poﺍﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
P γQH
ζ 0 = =P Po
o
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ζhﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ.
γQH H
ζh = γQH = H
i i
ζﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ Qﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ Qm v ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ
32
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q Q
ζ v =Q = Q+Q
th l
ﺗﻨﻮﻋﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺷﻌﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ) (compactﻭﺍﺩﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ .ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ .ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﻞ
ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ 90%ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ .ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ
ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺍﺯﺭﺓ.
ﻭﺍﻻﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ,ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﻖ.
33
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .23ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ).(Radial Piston Pumps
34
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ:
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ):(1
ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻟﺘﺮﻓﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ ) (0.2 m3/sﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ) (200Kpaﺍﻟﻲ ) (600Kpaﺇﺫﺍ
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ( ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ) .(85%ﻣﺎ ﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻀﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء؟ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ
ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ) (10mﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻋﻠﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ .ﺍﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ
ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺘﻴﻦ؟
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ):(2
ﺗﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ
) (54Kpaﻭﻋﻦﺩ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻁﺮﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ) (37.5 l/sﻳﻘﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ
) (15cmﻭ ) .(160Kpaﺍﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻳﻘﻌﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ )ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ( ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﻤﺎ
) (12.5 cmﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ؛ ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ؟
35
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Centrifugal ) (Rotary Pumpsﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ
)Pumps
ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺭ.ﻡ
ﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﺿﻐﻁ ﺧﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺿﻐﻁ ﺧﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ 1
ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭ ﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ ﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ 2
ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ
ﻳﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﺑﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﻳﻼﺯﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ ﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻓﻬﻭ 5
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻣﻔﺗﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺿﺧﺔ
ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ.
36
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ 30% - 35%ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺪﻱ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ
4.5- 450 m3/lﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺍﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺂﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ
ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺁﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ .ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻧﻤﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ،
ﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ) (low pressureﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ (Internal
37
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت )(Pumps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
) . leakageﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ) (Overall efficiencyﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ .70% - 80%ﺣﻴﺚ
ﺍﻥ :ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ( = ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ xﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ .
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ) 3 ,2ﺍﻭ .(4ﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻭ ) (Back Leakageﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ) (Clearanceﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺱ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭ
ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻲ ) (Cavity Wallﺑﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ.
ﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﺱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﺮﺱ •
ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ.
ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ )ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ( ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ. •
ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ. •
ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺿﺦ ﻣﻮﺍﺋﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ. •
ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ. •
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ( ﻭ
)ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ( .ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺱ .ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻟﻲ ) (Crescent shapeﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﺼﻮﻓﺔ ) (Sealﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ )ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ(
) .(Suction and Discharge portsﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺱ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﻣﻊ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ
ﻭﺗﺠﺒﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ).(Discharge Port
38
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ )(Compressors
ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺨﺎﺕ ,ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺮﻓﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺋﻊ )ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻭ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ( ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺩﺍء ﻭﺿﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ .ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ
ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ .ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻟﻘﻴّﻢ
ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ,ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻓﺨﺎﺕ ,ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺍً ﻳﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﺒﺮ
1.5ﻭ 2.5ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮﻱ ,ﻣﻊ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ) (Diffuserﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ .ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ) ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ( ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ
ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ 30,000ﺩ/ﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﺯ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 30ﻭﻫﻤﺎ :ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ
ﻭﺩﻭّ ﺍﺭﺓ .ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ,ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ
ﺩ ّﻭﺍﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﺯﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ .ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭّ ﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ
ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ.
39
(328 آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (Compressors) اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ
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40
(328 آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (Compressors) اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ
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41
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ) (1:1.3ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ) (7-1:3ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ,ﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ) (1:13ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﻳﺔ .ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻻﺳﻮﺍء ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ.
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺎﺕ.
50,000ﺍﻟﻰ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ,ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ
.100,000ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 20,000ﺩﻭﺭﺓ/ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ .ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ,ﻓﺄﻥ
ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻁﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ,ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ,ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ .ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺍً ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ .ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔً ﻟﻐﻴﺎﺏ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ,ﻓﺄﻥ ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ
2ﺍﻟﻰ 3ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺧﺺ ﻭﺍﺻﻐﺮ .ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻟﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻝ
ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻼً.
42
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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43
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ) (Velocity Triangles
.1ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ) ( Inlet
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ .ﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻤﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻼﻗﻄﺎﺭ )
ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ( ) (dt , dhﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ .ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ 37ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻤﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ .ﺍﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ) (βhﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ).(βt
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﻓﻖ m0ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
𝜋𝜋
= ̇𝑚𝑚 (𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡2 − 𝑑𝑑ℎ2 )𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓1 𝜌𝜌1
4
𝜋𝜋
= 𝐴𝐴1 ) (𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡2 − 𝑑𝑑ℎ2
4
ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ α1 ≠ 90°ﻭﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ V1ﻓﺄﻥ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﻜﻼً
ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺍً ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ :38
44
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .38ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ )ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ(.
ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ U1ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ) ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ (Dmﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ:
𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡 + 𝐷𝐷ℎ
= 𝑚𝑚𝐷𝐷
2
𝑁𝑁 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑 𝜋𝜋
= 𝑈𝑈1
60
𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡 + 𝑈𝑈 ℎ
= 𝑈𝑈1
2
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ :39
45
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .39ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ.
ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ) ( β2 > 90ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﻲ ,ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ
ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ) ,( β = 90°ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ) ( β2 < 90ﻭﻫﻲ
ﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ .ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 40ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﺩﺍء ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .40ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ.
46
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ( ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ:
𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 2
=𝜎
𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤̀ 2
ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ
.β'2ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ (41ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ β2ﻫﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ ً ,ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .41ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ.
47
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )(Degree of Reaction ) (R
ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ،
50ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ .ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ:
ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻥ Vf1 = Vf2ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ,ﻓﺄﻥ
ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 42ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ )ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ -ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ(.
48
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ )(Specific Work done ) (Hc
ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻭﻳﻠﺮ ) (Euler'sﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ Ww1
= 0ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ:
ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ,ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﻓﺎﻥ ,U2 = Vw2 :ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ:
ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ,ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ,ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ.
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ )(Powr input or Work done factor) (ψ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ,ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻋﻄﺎء ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺠﺰ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ,ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺮﺍﺹ
ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻻﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺏ .ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ,ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ
ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ .ﻳﻌّﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
49
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺍﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ,ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ
= 𝐶𝐶𝜁𝜁
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑒𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
50
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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(stagnation pressure rise ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻮﺩ )
ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻁﺮﺩﻳﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ
ﻭﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ً ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ.
V2
= M2
�γ R T 2
51
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ )(Choking
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ,ﻓﺄﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ .ﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ) ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ,ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ,ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ( ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺟﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ
ﻛﻼ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ.
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ| ,ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ:
β2 ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ
ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ φ2ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
52
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓2
. ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ = φ2ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ
𝑈𝑈2
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﻠﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
53
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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54
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )(Solved Problems
55
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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56
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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57
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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58
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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59
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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60
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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61
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺳﻢ ﻷﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ
ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺎ ً ﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ.
ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟ ّﻮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﺮﺹ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ. •
ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ .ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴّﻢ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 30°ﻭﻫﺬﺍ •
ﻣﺎﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ
ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ.
ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮﺍﺕ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ .ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻋﻨﺪ •
ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ) (Prewhirlﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻣﺎﺥ ﻻﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ).(M = 0.9
ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝﻱ. •
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ) (Rotating bladesﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭ ) (Shaft
ﻳﺘﻠﻮﻩ ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮﺓ ) (Fixed bladesﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ) ، .(Casingﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ.
63
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 46ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻋﻦ
ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻦ
ﺛﻢ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮﺍﺕ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ،ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ
ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ.
ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ : 47
- 1ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻲ ) : (Disk Typeﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻭﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ
ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ ﻛﻤﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ.
- 2ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻲ ) : (Drum Typeﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ
ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ.
64
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﻝ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ .ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ .4:1
ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ,ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ,ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ.
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 48ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻮّ ﺍﺭ ,ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭﺓ .ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ
ﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ
ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ً ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﻂ .ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .48ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ,ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ )ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ( ﻓﻲ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺫﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ.
65
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ:
- 1ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ.
- 2ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻲ
ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ.
- 3ﻳﻚﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ .
- 4ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ.
ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ,ﺍﻱ
ﺍﻥ ,Vf = Vf1 = Vf2ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻭﻳﻠﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
66
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ
ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺍﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء
ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻗﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ .ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ,ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ
ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻛﺪﺓ ) ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ( ) .ΔT0 (Stagnationﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ
V3 = V1ﻭ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء Tsﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎً ﻟﻼﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ
,ΔTsﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻥ:
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ,
ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ,ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻻﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ
ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ) (λﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ) .(1-0ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ
ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ .ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ
67
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 51ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ .ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ
wλﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ,ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ.
ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﺄﺧﺬ λﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ,ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .51ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ,ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ )ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ( ﻓﻲ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺫﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ.
68
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ) ( Stage Loading ) ( ψ
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉
= 𝜙𝜙 𝑈𝑈
ﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ .ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ
ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺳﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ,ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ .V1 = V3
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ .ΔTs = ΔT0ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ΔTAﻭ ΔTBﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭّ ﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ,ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ,ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ
ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﻭﻻﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭ ,ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
69
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ α1, α2ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ β1, β2ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
70
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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,( Ʌ = 0.5 ) %50ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ:
ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻻﻥ Vfﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ:
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ :ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ %50ﻓﺄﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ )ﺳﻮﺍء
ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ( ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ,ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭﺓ
ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ,ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻥ V1
.= V3ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ.
λ=1ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ
ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺳﺘﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ .ﺩﺭﺟﺔ
ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ %50ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .(52
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .52ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ %50ﻓﻲ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ.
71
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ
.1ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ :ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ
ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ 50ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ.
.2ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ :ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ
.3ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ :ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﻠﻔﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻱﻋﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺺ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ .ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ
ﺇﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻷﻁﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻈﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺑﺈﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ
ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﺗﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ )ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ( ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ.
72
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ )(Solved Problems
.1ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ,ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ 1.22ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ 288Kﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ .21Kﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ 200 m/sﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ .4500 r.p.mﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻄﺮ
ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺪ ّﻭﺍﺭ .ﺍﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻥ.Cp = 1.005 kJ/Kg.K ,γ = 1.4 :
.2ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ 1 barﻭ 292Kﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ .ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ .9.5ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻫﻲ .0.85ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ
ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ .ﺍﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻥ,γ = 1.4 :
.Cp = 1.005 kJ/Kg.K
.3ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻲ 0.95m :ﻭ ,0.85mﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ .ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ
ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ) 28°ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ( ,ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ 56°
ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ .ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ,56°ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ
.28°ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭّ ﺍﺭ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ 5000 r.p.mﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء .1.2 Kg/m3ﺃﻭﺟﺪ:
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ؟ •
ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ؟ •
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ؟ •
ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ )(hup؟ •
ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ؟ •
73
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ )(Introduction
ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺿﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ .ﺗﻘﻮﻡ
ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻭ
ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ً ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .53
ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻻﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮ ,ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ
ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ .ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ
ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ )ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ( ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .54ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ
ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .54ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ .ﻳﻤﻴﻦ :ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ,ﻳﺴﺎﺭ :ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ )ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ( ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ .
74
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )(Ideal Reciporcating Components
ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ
ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء ) :(D - Aﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺳﺤﺐ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ,ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ .ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎ ً ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء
ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﻳﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ.
ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء ) :(A - Bﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ) ﺍﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ,ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ ,ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺛﻴﺮﻣﺎﻝ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ
ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .56ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ
ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ .ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ ﺻﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻳﺒﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﻔﻼﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ.
ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء ) :(B - Cﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﻁﺮﺩ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ .ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔﻭ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺎ ً ﻭﻻﻛﻦ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻳُﻔﺘﺢ .ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳُﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﺸﻮﺍﺭﻩ
ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ.
75
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺇﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﺭﺧﺺ ﺛﻤﻨﻬﺎ .ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ,ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ.
(n .1ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺱ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ )
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻻﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ً .ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺎﻯ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺑﺄﺱ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ).(n = γ
.2ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ
)ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ( ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
76
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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77
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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P4V4− P1V1 P2V2− P3V3
= Wc + P1 (V4 − V1 ) + ) + P2 (V2 − V3
)(n−1 )(n−1
∵ P1 = P4 , P2 = P3
) P 1 (V 4 − V 1 ) P 2 (V 2 − V 3
= ∴ Wc + P1 (V4 − V1 ) + ) + P2 (V2 − V3
)(n−1 )(n−1
1 1
])Wc = P1 (V4 − V1 )[1 + (n−1)] + P2 (V2 − V3 )[1 + (n−1
1 n
�)∵ �1 + (n−1)� = �(n−1
ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ,ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮّ ﻓﺔ( .ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ:
) P 2 (V 2 − V 3 ) P 1 (V 1 − V 4
=
RT 2 RT 1
T2
) P2 (V2 − V3 ) = P1 (V4 − V1
T1
n T2
� �)Wc = P1 (V1 − V4 ) �(n−1 �− 1
T1
ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻥ ) (V1 − V4ﻫﻮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ Vinﻭﺍﻥ P1ﻫﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ)ﻋﻨﺪ
ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ( .Pinﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
n −1
n
) Wc = Pin Vin �(n−1)� �(rp n �− 1
n −1
n
) Wc = RTin �(n−1)� �(rp n �− 1
78
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ )( Volumetric Efficiency ) (ηvol
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ً ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺡ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ:
) (V 1 − V 4
= ηvol
VS
1
P3 P2
∵ P3 V3n = P4 V4n ⟹ ∴ V4 = V3 rp n
= ; rp =
P4 P1
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺡ ,ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ) ,(Cﺍﻱ
ﺍﻥ:
Vc
=C
VS
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻲ:
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ 58ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ,ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ:
ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﻳﺘﺔ ﻻﻱ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ,ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻻﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ ,ﻓﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
79
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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𝐶𝐶1+
= 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟( 𝐶𝐶
ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺭﺍء ﺍﻻﻳﺯﻭﺛﻳﺭﻣﻲ ,n=1 ,ﻭﺍﻥ P1V1 = P2V2ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻐﻝ:
𝑃𝑃
𝑊𝑊𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑊𝑊1−2 = 𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉1 ln 𝑃𝑃1
2
𝑛𝑛 −1
𝑛𝑛
) 𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟(� �)𝑊𝑊𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = 𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉1 �(𝑛𝑛−1 𝑛𝑛 �− 1
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ,ﺍﺱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ .59ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴّﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ.
80
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n −1
n
) Wc = RTin �(n−1)� �(rp n �− 1
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻩ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء
ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ ,ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴّﻢ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ (e.g.
) . above 18% @ rp=4 and 27% @ rp=8ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻭﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻳُﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ
ﺍﻻﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ.
ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺫﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ,ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻳﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻦ
.( Vaﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ )
ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ً ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ
ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ multistage compressionﻣﻊ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء )ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ(.
ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ )( Multistage compression with Intercooling
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻭﺳﺴﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻩ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ .ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻝ 2ﻭ ﺍﻝ 4ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ .ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ 60ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﻳﻴﺔ.
81
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﻻﻛﻦ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ُﻣﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ.
ﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ,ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺪﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ
ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ .ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ.
ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ )( Multistage compression) (ηiso
ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ 61ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ) (P-Vﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺫﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ .ﻭﺍﻥ
ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍء ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ) (nﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ,ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
82
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ PLﻫﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ PH ,ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ,ﻭﺍﻥ PIﻫﻮ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ) ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ( .ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
PI PH
= rp1 = , rp2
PL PI
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴّﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ Wcﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ PIﻓﻲ ﻁﺮﻑ ,ﻓﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
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آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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�1
] PI = [PL PH 2
P �1
) or rp1 = rp1 = ( H 2
PL
ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ) (Nﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻗﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺷﻐﻞ ) .(Wcﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ
ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ )ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ( ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻧﻲ ) (Nﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ )
ﺍﻻﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ( ) .(Overall pressure ratioﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ:
�1
) ) rp(opt ) = (rp(overall N
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ,ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ
P4 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ 4ﺍﻟﻰ .1ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻗﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ
ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ P1ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ P2ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ
ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻼً ﻣﻦ .P3ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .62
84
آﻻت ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ )ﻫـ م (328 اﻟﻀﻮاﻏﻂ )(Compressors
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ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ )(Solved Problems
.1ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻲ ,ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻣﻜﺒﺴﻪ 160 mmﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻁ ﻓﻴﻪ ,300 mmﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻨﺪ
ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 100 kPaﻭ .27° Cﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ .650 kPaﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﻳﺪ ّﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ .2 r.p.sﺑﺄﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ,ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ:
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ. •
ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ. •
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ).(kW •
.2ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ,ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻁ 12 cmﻭ 16 cmﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ .ﻋﻨﺪ
ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍءﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 0.98 barﻭ .40° Cﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ 6
.barﺍﺟﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ .1.32ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ 6%ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ .ﺃﻭﺟﺪ
ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﻏﻂ؟ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ
.410 r.p.m
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