Module 3:

Basic Concepts of Data Communication

5/2/2023

Lecturer: Mr. HUN Ravy Mobile: 093 58 58 87 E-mail: hun.ravy.btec@moeys.gov.kh

 Outline
◼ Line Configuration
◼ Transmission Mode
◼ Types of Computer Network

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 Basic Concepts
Before examining the specifies of how data are transmitted
from one device to another, it is important to understand
the relationship between the communicating devices. Five
general concepts that provide the basis for this
relationship:
◼ Line Configuration

◼ Topology

◼ Transmission mode

◼ Categories of Networks (already introduced)

◼ Internetworks
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 1. Line Configuration
◼ Line configuration refers to the way of two or more
communication devices attached to a link.
◼ Line configuration is also referred to as connection.
◼ A Link is the physical communication pathway that
transfers data from one device to another.
◼ For communication to occur, two devices must be
connected in same way to the same link at the same
time.

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 1. Line Configuration
There are two possible line configurations.
1. Point-to-Point.
2. Multipoint.

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 1. Line Configuration
1. Point-to-point: A pair of nodes connected together via
dedicated link.
PC Link PC

◼ Point to point network topology is considered to be one

of the easiest and most conventional network topologies.
◼ It is also the simplest to establish and understand.

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 1. Line Configuration
◼ Point-to-point:

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 1. Line Configuration
2. Multipoint: Number of node connected and share a single link.

PC PC PC

Link

Multipoint Configuration also known as Multidrop line configuration

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 1. Line Configuration
Multipoint: With shared capacity, there
can be two possibilities in a Multipoint Line
Config:
◼ Spatial Sharing: If several devices can
share the link simultaneously, its called
Spatially shared line configuration
◼ Temporal (Time) Sharing: If users must
take turns using the link , then its called
Temporally shared or Time Shared Line
Configuration
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 2. Transmission Mode

Types of Transmission mode

◼ Simplex

◼ Half Duplex

◼ Full Duplex

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 2. Transmission Mode
◼ Simplex: One direction only

data flow

Server Monitor

data flow

Keyboard

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 2. Transmission Mode

Remote Control TV

◼ Always one side sender and another side receiver.

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 2. Transmission Mode
◼ Half Duplex: Both directions, one at a time (two-way alternate)

data flow at time 1

data flow at time 2

◼ Each side maybe sender or receiver but not a same time.

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 2. Transmission Mode
◼ Duplex or Full duplex: two-way concurrent.
-Computer network

At same time

-Mobile Network
At same time

◼ Each side sender and receiver at same time.

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 3. Types of Computer Network
◼ Peer-to-Peer
◼ Client/Server

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Peer-to-Peer Network

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 Peer-to-Peer Network
• Peer-To-Peer network is a network in which all the computers
are linked together with equal privilege and responsibilities for
processing the data.
• Peer-To-Peer network is useful for small environments, usually
up to 10 computers.
• Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated server.
• Special permissions are assigned to each computer for sharing
the resources, but this can lead to a problem if the computer
with the resource is down.
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Peer-to-Peer Network

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 Peer-to-Peer Network
Advantages Of Peer-To-Peer Network:
◼ It is less costly as it does not contain any dedicated
server.
◼ If one computer stops working but, other computers
will not stop working.
◼ It is easy to set up and maintain as each computer
manages itself.
Disadvantages Of Peer-To-Peer Network:
◼ In the case of Peer-To-Peer network, it does not contain
the centralized system . Therefore, it cannot back up
the data as the data is different in different locations.
◼ It has a security issue as the device is managed itself.
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Client/Server Network

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 Client/Server Network
❑ Client/Server network is a network
model designed for the end users
called clients, to access the resources
such as songs, video, etc. from a
central computer known as Server.
❑ Server can be web server, mail server,
file server, etc.
❑ The central controller is known as
a server while all other computers in
the network are called clients.
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 Client/Server Network
❑ A server performs all the major operations such as security and network
management.
❑ A server is responsible for managing all the resources such as files, directories,
printer, etc.
❑ All the clients communicate with each other through a server. For example, if
client1 wants to send some data to client 2, then it first sends the request to
the server for the permission. The server sends the response to the client 1 to
initiate its communication with the client 2.

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 Advantages Of Client/Server network
◼ A Client/Server network contains the centralized system.
Therefore we can back up the data easily.
◼ A Client/Server network has a dedicated server that
improves the overall performance of the whole system.
◼ Security is better in Client/Server network as a single
server administers the shared resources.
◼ It also increases the speed of the sharing resources.

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 Disadvantages Of Client/Server network
◼ Client/Server network is expensive as it requires the
server with large memory.
◼ A server has a Network Operating System(NOS) to
provide the resources to the clients, but the cost of NOS
is very high.
◼ It requires a dedicated network administrator to manage
all the resources.

5/2/23

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 4. Topology
◼ Topology: physical or logical arrangement of devices
◼ Point-to-point
◼ Mesh
◼ Star
◼ Bus
◼ Ring
◼ Hybrid

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Point-to-Point Connection

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology

A D

B C

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology
◼ Pros:
◼ Dedicated links
◼ Robustness
◼ Privacy
◼ Easy to identify fault
◼ Cons:
◼ A lot of cabling
◼ I/O ports
◼ Difficult to move

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Star Topology

A D

Hub Drop

B C
Drop

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Star Topology

A D

Switch

B C

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Star Topology

A D

Hub

B C

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 Star Topology
◼ Pros:
◼ One I/O port per
device
◼ Little cabling
◼ Easy to install
Hub
◼ Robustness
◼ Easy to identify fault

◼ Cons:
◼ Single point of failure
◼ More cabling still
required

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 Bus Topology

Drop
line

Tap

Terminator

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 Bus Topology

A B C D

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Bus Topology

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Bus Topology
◼ Pros:
◼ Little cabling
◼ Easy to install

◼ Cons:
◼ Difficult to modify
◼ Difficult to isolate fault
◼ Break in the bus cable stops all
transmission

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 Ring Topology

D
B

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Ring Topology

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Ring Topology

◼ Pros:
◼ Easy to install
◼ Easy to identify fault

◼ Cons:
◼ Delay in large ring
◼ Break in the ring stops all
transmission

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Hybrid Topologies

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