CARYNNE TAN JIAQI

HEALTH ISSUES
RELATED TO THE
HUMAN CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
’cardiovascular diseases are disorder if the heart and the blood circulatory system.

risk factors include:

[a] high levels of blood cholesterol often associated with a diet rich in saturated fats
and cholesterol.
[b] family history, inherited genetic factors
[c] age - older people are more at risk
[d] obestity

arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis
hypertension
angina pectoris
myocardial infarction
stroke
 ¡! ❞ refers to a group of
cardiovascular disorders that
have in common:
the thickening, hardening and loss
of elasticity of arterial walls

three main forms of arteriosclerosis

¡! ❞ atherosclerosis (usually characterised by the formation of
athermatous plaque and narrowing of the artery lumen). the most
common form
¡! ❞ monckeberg's medical calcific sclerosis (calcification of the media
layer of muscular arteries that causes hardening of artery wall). it is
a low prevalence disease
¡! ❞ arteriolosclerosis (proliferative or hyaline thickening of the walls
of small arteries and arterioles). most commonly associated with
hypertension and diabetis mellitus diseases.
 ♡
’*•.¸ most common form of arteriosclerosis which usually occurs in
large & medium-sized muscular arteries
♡
’*•.¸ progressive disease which lipid deposits, calcium ions & fibrous
tissue are deposited below lining of inner walls. [raised part formed is
atheromatous plaque]
♡
’*•.¸ plaques become thicker, harden & arteries become less elastic,
causing lumen to narrow
♡
’*•.¸ insufficient supply of o2 & nutrients to heart muscles can cause
angina pectoris/heart attack (myocardial infarction)
♡
’*•.¸ insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to nervous tissue in
brain can cause stroke
♡
’*•.¸ local blood clot (thrombus) formed on rough lining of
atheromatous plaque & cause blockage of artery, known as thrombosis
༉‧₊˚. blood pressure is the force of the blood exerted on the walls of the
blood vessels. arterial bp is the highest during ventricular systole &
lowest during diastole. normal bp is 120 (systolic)/80 (diastolic) mm Hg.
༉‧₊˚. hypertension results from gradual increases in the resistance to
blood flow through the arteries. this may be due to the narrowing of the
arterial lumen and reduced elasticity. the heart has to pump harder to
force the blood through. over time, bp remains elevated, even when the
person is at rest
༉‧₊˚. hypertension usually gives a measurement of bp >=140
(systolic)/90(diastolic)
༉‧₊˚. sustained hypertension may cause the rupture of cerebal arteries
leading to stroke, enlargement of the heart, cardiac failure,
narrowing of glomerular arteries and an increased incidence of renal
failure
 ◦≫
❈ • the affected individual may not exhibit any symptom under
resting conditions. acute pain in the chest occurs during strenuous
physical exercise or emotional stress
◦≫
❈ • the narrowing of coronary artery may
supply sufficient oxygen & nutrient laden blood
to the cardiac muscles during normal activities
but is unable to supply adequate blood needed
for increased activities
 ﾟ
ꔫ:*+ as the coronary artery becomes more blocked, there is insufficient
supply of oxygenated blood & nutrients to the cardiac muscles. the
region of the muscles dies resulting in a heart attack
ﾟ
ꔫ:*+ if only a small area of muscle dies, the person can recover.
however, extensive cardiac muscle damage can cause death

ﾟ
ꔫ:*+ occurs when blood vessel carrying blood to brain tissue is blocked
by blood clot (ischemic stroke) or weakened blood vessel bursts/leaks
and blood spills onto the brain tissues (haemorrhagic stroke)
ﾟ
ꔫ:*+ brain tissues are deprived of o2 & nutrients. within minutes, the
damaged brain cells begin to die
ﾟ
ꔫ:*+ early medical treatment can minimize the damage
ﾟ
ꔫ:*+ if stroke is not diagnosed early, permanent brain damage which
leads to loss of ability to speak, paralysis/death can result