Elan Patria Nusadi

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Tank Storage Design and Selection Resume Assignment

History
In August 1859, the first oil well was constructed in Titusville, PA. The visionaries who financed and
developed the primitive derrick and drill believed that ‘‘rock oil” would provide an excellent source
of energy for illuminating buildings. And for a few years, Thomas Edison found a way during the
early 1880s to harness electricity. Luckily for the oil industry, other world-changing inventors in
Europe and the United States had already begun the first steps toward redefining transportation
through development of a four-stroke engine and adaptation of the motor to power abuggy .The first
service stations required minimal tank storage capacity. In fact, it was common for product to be
stored within the dispenser itself. As the need for hydrocarbons grew, the ability to storethe product
safely became an important growth factor for the petroleum and automotive industries. The storage
tank industry traces its start to these events that have altered society.

Storage Tank Specification Considerations

A storage tank specification can take various forms. It may be prescriptive or performance based. It
may address the entire tank system including dispensers and every imaginable bell and whistle or
simply cover the tank and basic components such as vents, spill/overfill equipment and leak detection.
The tank specification may itself constitute the entire document or it can be but a small component of
an extensive project design-and-build.

Storage vessels containing organic and non organic liquids and vapors can be found in many
industries, including;

(1) petroleum producing and refining,

(2) petrochemical and chemical manufacturing,

(3) bulk storage and transfer operations, and

(4) other industries consuming or producing liquids and vapors.

Liquids and vapors in the petroleum industry, usually called petroleum liquids or vapors, generally are
mixtures of hydrocarbons having dissimilar true vapor pressures. Liquids and vapors in the chemical
industry, usually called volatile organic liquids and vapor, are composed of pure chemicals or
mixtures of chemicals with similar true vapor pressures. Liquids and vapors in the bulk storage and
transfer operations can be organic or hydrocarbon in nature. All those chemical should keep in the
right storage tank. Design and safety concern has come to a great concern as reported case of fires and
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explosion for the storage tank has been increasing over the years and these accident cause injuries and
fatalities.

Design of Storage Tank

Storage tanks are containers that hold liquids, compressed gases or mediums used for the short- or
long-term storage of heat or cold. Storage tanks containing organic liquids, non organic liquids,
vapors and can be found in many industries. Most storage tanks are designed and built to the
American Petroleum Institute API-650 specification.

Design of storage tanks, LPG bullets and pressure vessels are our strong suit, and our teams have a
comprehensive project exposure and experience to achieve the broad range of Surge Analysis services
and Finite Element Analysis. API Storage Tanks Design Services is one of the highlights of
Universal Engineering services. These precedence in designing gives us dominance in Canada, USA,
Europe and middle eastern countries like (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Yemen, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar and
UAE).

These tanks can have different sizes, ranging from 2 to 60 m diameter or more. They are generally
installed inside containment basins in order to contain spills in case of rupture of the tank.

Industries where storage tanks can be found are: petroleum producing and refining, petrochemical and
chemical manufacturing, bulk storage and transfer operations, other industries consuming or
producing liquids and vapors.

Storage Tank Classification

Vessels can be classified as below:

• functional service,

• Temperature and pressure service,

• materials of construction,

• or geometry of the vessel

Seven types of vessels are used to store volatile organic liquids:

 Fixed-roof tanks;
 External floating roof tanks;
 Internal floating roof tanks;
 Domed external floating roof tanks;
 Horizontal tanks;
 Pressure tanks; and
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 Variable vapor space tanks.

Storage Tank Type Description

1. Atmospheric Tank
A storage tank which has been designed to operate at pressures from atmospheric through 0.5 psig.
may be used to store materials that will not be harmed by water, weather, or atmospheric pollution.
Otherwise, a roof, either fixed or floating, is required.
2. Open Tank
Commonly used as surge tanks between operations, as vats for batch operations where materials may
be mixed and blended, as settling tanks, decanters, chemical reactors, reservoirs, and so on.
3. Closed Tank
To store flammable fluids, fluids that produce toxic vapors and gases. the tank used to store crude oil
and petroleum.
4. Elevated Tank
These can supply a large flow when required, but pump capacities need be only for average flow.
Thus, they may save on pump and piping investment. They also provide flow after pump failure, an
important consideration for fire systems.
5. Eksternal Floating Tank
A typical external floating roof tank consists of an open-topped cylindrical steel shell equipped with a
roof that floats on the surface of the stored liquid, rising and falling with the liquid level. The floating
roof is comprised of a deck, fittings, and rim seal system. Floating roof decks are constructed of
welded steel plates and are of three general types: pan, pontoon, and double deck.
6. Internal Floating Tank
An internal floating roof tank has both a permanent fixed roof and a floating roof inside. There are
two basic types of internal floating roof tanks: tanks in which the fixed roof is supported by vertical
columns within the tank; and tanks with a self- supporting fixed roof and no internal support columns.
7. Pressure Tank
Pressure tanks often are horizontally oriented and "bullet" or spherically shaped to maintain structural
integrity at high pressures. They are located above ground. Variable vapor space tanks can be
cylindrical or spherical in shape.
8. LNG Storage Tank
A liquefied natural gas storage tank or LNG storage tank is a specialized type of storage tank used for
the storage of Liquefied Natural Gas. LNG storage tanks can be found in ground, above ground or in
LNG carriers.

Storage Tank Selection

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The primary factors influencing this choice are:
 the function of process operation conducted
 location of the vessel
 the nature of the fluid
 the operating temperature and pressure
 and the necessary volume for storage or capacity for processing

The selection of tanks is a complex process of optimizing an array of information to yield a particular
design. once the specific liquid or liquids to be stored are established, the physical properties the
determine the range of possible tank types. Although vapor pressure is a major component in tank
selection, other properties such as flah point, potential for explosion, temperature, and specific gravity
all factor in the selection by fluid stored, In addition to fundamental physical properties influencing
tank selection, size, regulations, current best practices, and external loads (such as wind, snow, and
seismic loads) ,as well as numerous additional engineering issues, play a role. Material selection,
corrosion prevention systems, and enviromental requirements and considerations may also influence
the selection. Layout of the tank within existing or new facilities is always a major consideration, as
the limited plot space for the tank is a factor in the type of tank selected. The requirements of the fire
authority having jurisdiction will almost always have property line and public way setbacks, as well
as distance requirements between tanks and equipments or other tanks. The ultimate selection criteria
are keenly dependent on the actual site-specific conditions , local regulations , cost considerations,
required operating life, space available , potential for fires and explosion, and many other factors.
These should all be evaluated and considered by the responsible engineering designer and
documented for the protection of the plant owner/operator.