Class X ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

I What do you observe when:

1. Sodium hydroxide is added drop by drop to a solution of zinc sulphate and then in excess.
 A gelationous white precipitate is formed.
 On adding excess sodium hydroxide, the white precipitate dissolves.

2. Copper nitrate is heated strongly.

 Reddish-brown fumes are seen that turn potassium iodide paper brown.
 The residue left behind is black in colour.

3. Mercuric oxide is heated strongly.

 A colourless, odourless, neutral gas is liberated that rekindles a glowing splinter.
 The insides of the test-tube has a silvery coating.

4. When iron filings are added to copper sulphate solution.

 The blue colour of the copper sulphate solution changes to a dirty green colour.
 Reddish-brown residue is found coating the iron filings.

5. When a small piece of sodium is added to cold water.

 The piece of sodium darts around the surface of the water.
 The sodium piece melts into a silvery globule.
 A hissing sound is heard.
 Golden yellow sparks are observed on the sodium globule.
 A red litmus paper introduced into the water turns blue.
 The water is soapy to touch.

6. A dry red rose petal is placed in a jar of sulpur dioxide.

 No colour change is observed.

7. Dilute hydrochloric acid id added drop by drop to silver nitrate solution and then ammonium
hydroxide is added in excess.
 A white precipitate is formed.
 On adding ammonium hydroxide solution, the precipitate dissolves.

8. Concentrated sulphuric acid is added to sugar.

 A spongy black mass is observed.
 Steam is seen rising out of the black mass.

9. A piece of magnesium is added to dilute sulphuric acid.

 Brisk effervescence is noticed.
 The colourless, odourless, neutral gas that is liberated puts out a burning splinter
with a ‘pop’ sound.

10. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to zinc carbonate.

 Brisk effervescence is observed.
 A colourless, odourless acidic gas is liberated.
 The gas liberated turns lime water milky and does not decolourises KMnO 4 solution.

11. When molten lead bromide is electrolyzed.

  A silvery grey mass is observed beneath the cathode.
 A reddish-brown vapour is seen rising from the anode.

12. Copper sulphate solution is electrolyzed using copper electrodes.

 The anode becomes smaller.
 The cathode increases in mass.
 The colour of the electrolyte remains blue.

13. Copper sulphate solution is electrolyzed using platinum electrodes.

 No change in the mass of the anode is noticed.
 The cathode increases in mass.
 The blue colour of the electrolyte fades.

14. Lead nitrate is strongly heated.

 A decrepitating ( crackling )sound is heard.
 Reddish-brown fumes are liberated.
 The residue left behind is yellow in colour and is found fused with the test-tube.

15. Blue copper sulphate crystals are heated strongly.

 The blue crystalline structure is converted to a white amorphous powder.
 Droplets of colourless, odourless, neutral liquid is found on the cooler sides of the
test-tube.

16. Ammonium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop to copper sulphate solution and then
in excess.
 A pale blue precipitate is noticed.
 On adding excess ammonium hydroxide, the pale blue precipitate dissolves to form
a deep blue/ azure/inky blue solution.

17. Concentrated nitric acid is reacted with sulphur.

 Reddish brown gas is liberated that turns potassium iodide paper brown.

18. Ammonia is passed over heated copper oxide.

 A reddish-brown residue with a metallic lustre is left behind.

19. Lead nitrate solution is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid and then heated.
 A curdy white precipitate is noticed.
 On heating the precipitate dissolved.

20. Anhydrous calcium chloride is exposed to the air for some time.
 The white solid gains weight and turns into a solution.

21. Barium chloride is added to sodium sulphate solution.

 A white precipitate is seen.

22. Burning of ammonia in air.

 Ammonia burns with a green flame.

23. Moist blue litmus is placed in a jar of sulphur dioxide.

  The litmus paper turns red.
 The colour of the red litmus then fades and after some time the colour is restored.

II Distinguish between the following pairs of compounds:

Lead nitrate Copper nitrate

Dry heating
 The residue is yellow and it fuses with the  The residue is black and amorphous.
test-tube.
Using ammonium hydroxide solution
 Lead nitrate solution forms a white  Copper nitrate solution forms a pale blue
precipitate that is insoluble in excess precipitate with ammonium hydroxide solution
ammonium hydroxide solution. and the precipitate dissolves in excess
ammonium hydroxide solution to form a deep
blue solution.

Iron (II) chloride Iron (III) chloride

Using ammonium hydroxide solution
 Iron (II) solution forms a dirty green  Iron (III) chloride solution forms a reddish-
precipitate with ammonium hydroxide that brown precipitate with ammonium hydroxide
is insoluble in excess ammonium hydroxide solution and the precipitate is insoluble in
solution. excess ammonium hydroxide solution.

Sodium sulphate Sodium sulphite

Using dilute hydrochloric acid
 No reaction is observed.  A colourless gas is liberated that smells of
burnt Sulphur and the gas turns lime water
milky and pink potassium permanganate
solution colourless.
Using barium chloride solution
 Sodium sulphate solution forms a white  Sodium sulphite solution forms a white
precipitate with barium chloride solution precipitate with barium chloride solution and
and the precipitate is insoluble in dilute the precipitate dissolves in dilute nitric acid.
nitric acid.

Sodium carbonate Calcium carbonate

Dry heating
 No change.  A colourless odourless gas is given out that
turns lime water milky and it does not
decolourise potassium permanganate solution.
Flame test
 Golden yellow flame.  Brick red flame.

Copper oxide Manganese dioxide

 Using concentrated hydrochloric acid
 On treating black copper oxide with  On treating black manganese chloride solution
concentrated hydrochloric acid no gas is with concentrated hydrochloric acid, a
liberated. greenish yellow gas is liberated.
 The solution formed is blue in colour.  The solution formed is pale pink in colour.

Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate

Dry heating
 A decripitating sound is heard and no  A colourless odourless, neutral gas is liberated
change is noticed. that rekindles a glowing splinter..
Silver nitrate solution
 An aqueous solution of silver nitrate when  An aqueous solution of silver nitrate when
added to sodium chloride solution, a white added to sodium nitrate solution, no change is
precipitate is formed. noticed.

Carbon dioxide Sulphur dioxide

Using lime water
 When the gas is passed through lime  When the gas is passed through lime water,
water, lime water turns milky. lime water turns milky.
Using potassium permanganate solution
 No colour change.  Pink potassium permanganate solution turns
colourless.
Using potassium dichromate solution
 No colour change.  orange potassium dichromate solution turns
green.

Dilute hydrochloric acid Dilute sulphuric acid

Using barium chloride solution
 No change is observed.  A white precipitate is formed.
Using lead nitrate solution
 With lead nitrate solution dilute  With lead nitrate solution dilute sulphuric acid
hydrochloric acid forms a white precipitate forms a white precipitate that is insoluble on
that is soluble on heating. heating.

Dilute sulphuric acid Concentrated sulphuric acid

Using copper
 No gas is evolved.  A colourless gas with a pungent smell is
 Solution remains colourless. liberated that turns lime water milky and pink
potassium permanganate solution colourless.
 The solution left behind is blue in colour.
Using zinc/ magnesium
 A brisk effervescence is noticed and the  A colourless gas with a pungent smell is
gas liberated puts out a burning splinter liberated that turns lime water milky and
with a ‘pop’ sound. potassium permanganate solution
 Solution left behind is colourless. colourless.
 Solution left behind is colourless.
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Mercuric oxide Red lead

Dry heating
 A colourless, odourless gas is liberated that  A colourless, odourless gas is liberated that
rekindles a burning splinter. rekindles a glowing splinter.
 A silvery residue coats the inside of the  A yellow mass is left behind that fuses with the
test-tube. test-tube.

11

Zinc carbonate Lead carbonate

Dry heating
 A colourless, odouless gas is liberated that  A colourless odourless gas is liberated that
turns lime water milky; but does not turns lime water milky; but does not
decolourise pink potassium permanganate decolourise pink potassium permanganate
solution. solution.
 The residue left behind is yellow when hot  The residue left behind is yellow and it fuses
and white when cold. with the test-tube.

12

Copper sulphate Copper nitrate

Dry heating
 No gas is evolved.  A reddish-brown gas is liberated.
 The residue is white in colour.  The residue is black in colour.

13

Dilute nitric acid Concentrated nitric acid

Using copper
 A colourless gas is liberated that turns  A reddish-brown gas is liberated that turns
reddish-brown as it leaves the test-tube. potassium iodide paper brown.

14

Ethane Ethene
Using bromine water
 No change in the colour of bromine water.  Bromine water gets decolourised.

15

Calcium nitrate Lead nitrate

Using sodium hydroxide solution
 Calcium nitrate solution forms a white  Lead nitrate solution forms a white precipitate
precipitate with sodium hydroxide. with sodium hydroxide.
 The precipitate does not dissolve in excess  The precipitate dissolves in excess sodium
sodium hydroxide. hydroxide.