VictorianLiterature 10214102

I N T R OD UCT OR Y
A SK E D by a k in dly publi sher to a dd one more

to the J ubilee volume s w h ic h commemorate the
sixtieth yea r of the Q ueen s reign I a m ple a sed
’
,
a t the opportunity thu s a fi o rd e d me of ga ther

'
ing up a few im pre ssion s of plea sant re a ding

hours Every age says Emerson mu st write
“ ” “
its own b ooks or r ather e a ch generation for the

.
, ,
next succeeding The boo k s of an older period

.
wi ll not fit thi s It is true of course an d as a

.
, ,
result the popula r fa vourite of t o d ay is well nigh -
forgotten to morrow In rea ding the critica l

-
.
journa l s of thirty yea rs ago it is ma de quite

clea r th at they conta in few judgment s which wou ld
be su stained by a con sen su s of critica l opinion
to day W hether time will dea l a s h ardly with the
-
.
critica l judgment s of t o d ay we m ay not live to se e

I h a ve no a m b ition to pu t thi s book to a person a l
.
test S o f ar a s it h a s a n y worth a t a ll it is
mea nt to b e b ibliogra phic a l a n d not critical It
.
aspire s to furni sh the young student in h a ndy form
with a s large a number of fa ct s a b out book s a s c an

, ,
be concentrated in so sm all a volume Tha t thi s .
h a s been done under the gui se of a con secutive

T
s o ng ep
I ntrod u ctory
n arra tive an d not in the form of a diction a ry is
, ,
merely for the convenience of the writer .
I h a ve ende a voured to say as little a s po ssible

a b out living p oet s a n d noveli st s W ith the h is.
to ria n s an d critic s the m a tter is of le ss im port a nce .
To say th a t Mr S amuel R aw son Ga rdiner h a s

written a u seful hi story or th at Profe ssor D a vid
M a sson s Life of Milton is a va lu able cont i
,
’ “
r
b u tio n to b iogra phica l litera ture will excite no ,
a nta goni sm But to attempt to assign Mr W B

Y ea ts a place a mong the poets or M ark R uther
. . .
“
,
ford a po sition a mong the pro se writers of the

day is to tre spa ss u pon ground which it is wi ser
,
to le ave to the critic s who write in the litera ry

j ourn al s from week to week It w a s not po ssible
.
to ignore a ll living writers I h a ve ignored a s

.
m any a s I d a red .
It wa s my intention a t first to devote a ch apter

to S ixty Y ea rs of A merican Litera ture But for .
tha t ta sk a n Engli shm a n who ha s pa id but one

short vi sit to the United S t a te s h a s no q u a lifi c a
tion He c an write of A meric an literature only a s

.
seen through Engli sh eye s Th a t is to see much

.
of it it is true Fe w A merican s re ali se the enor

,
.
mou s influence which the litera ture of their own

l a nd h a s h a d u pon thi s country Prob ab ly the mo st
.
re ad poet in England during the sixty ye a rs h a s

b een Longfellow Pro bably the most read novel
.
h as b een Uncle Tom s C a bin A mong p eople

“ ’ ”
.
2
I ntr oductory
who cla im to be di stinctly litera ry H a wthorne h as
been all but the fa vourite noveli st W ashington ,
Irv ing not the le ast popul a r of e ssayi st s an d ,
Emerson the mo st invigora ting moral influence .
In my youth The W ide W ide W orld an d “

,
”
“
Q ueechy were in ”
everybody s h a nd s ; as the ’
storie s of Bret H arte W illi a m Dea n Howell s

Thom a s B a iley A ldrich Frank S tockton Henry
, ,
Jame s an d Ma ry W ilkin s are t o day A part from

, ,
.
,
Dicken s nea rly a ll our laughter h as come from

,
M ark Twain a n d A rtemu s W a rd .
In hi story we in Engl and h ave rea d Pre scott

,
an d Motley ; in poetry we h a ve re a d W a lt W hit
m an W illi a m C ullen Bry a nt J ohn Greenleaf

W hittier a n d a bove a ll J a me s R u ssell Lowell
, ,
, , , ,
who endea red him self to u s alike as a poet a ,
critic a n d in h is own person when he repre sented

the United S ta te s a t the C ourt of S t J a me s s
,
’
Lastly I recall the delight with which as a boy I

.
rea d the A utocrat of the Bre akfast Ta ble an d

“
,
”
the j oy with which a s a m an I vi sited the a uthor ,
Dr Oliver W endell Holme s in h is plea sa nt study ,
in Bea con S treet Bo ston These a n d m any other

, .
writers h a ve m ade A merica a n d the A merican s

very dea r to Engli shmen a n d thi s in spite of ,
much wild an d fooli sh t alk in the j ournal s of the

two countrie s .
I h ave to th ank Mr W illiam M ackenzie the ,
well kno wn publi sher of Glasgow for kindly letting

-
3
I ntrod u ctory
me dra w upon some a rticles which I wrote for h is
“
National Cyclop aedia ten years ago an d upon ”
,
the litera ry section which he a n d h is editor Mr

J ohn B rabn er permitted me to contribute a t tha t
, ,
time to a b ook entitled The Victori an Em pire

,
“ !
I ha ve a l so to th a nk my friend s Dr R ob ert son

.
N icoll an d Mr L F A u stin for kindly rea ding

,
. .
,
my proof sheets M r Edward Clo dd for va lu able

-
a n d Mr S ydney W eb b
, .
sugge stion s ,
a friend of ,
old student d a y s for rea ding the ch a pter which

,
trea t s briefly of sociology a n d economics .
A compil a tion of thi s kind can sca rcely hope to

e sca pe the defect s of mo st such enterpri se s— errors
both of d ate a n d of fa ct I sh all b e glad to re .
c e iv e correction s for the next edition .
CLE M E N T K . S H OR T E R .
S eptem ber 27, 1 897 .

C H A PT E R I
T h e P o e ts
QHEN
ueen Victori a c a me to the throne in
8 3 7 mo st of the gre a t poet s who h a d been
1 ,
in spired by the French R evolution ary e poch were

dea d K e a t s h a d died in R ome in 8 2 1 S helley
. 1 ,
w a s drowned in the Gulf of S p e i a in 1 8 2 Byron zz 2,
died at Mi ssolonghi in 1 8 24 S cott a t A bbot sford ,
in 83 a n d Coleridge a t Highgate in 1 8 3 4
1 2,
S outhey w a s Poet La ure a te a lthough W ord sworth

.
held a pa ra mount pla ce recogni sed on all h and s ,
as the grea te st poet of the da y .
The gulf which separate s the S outh ey of the 1 774 1 843 -
laure ate shi p from the S outhey who pre sent s him
self to our judgment t o d ay is a lmo st impo ssible
to bridge over S outhey a s the a verage b ookm an

think s of him now is the a u thor of a Life of
.
,
Nelson an d of one or two lyric s an d balla d s

,
” 1
The Life of Nel son is con stantly repub li shed for

.
“ ”
an a ge keenly b ent on Nel son w or ship but for the ,
1
A s, for ex m le
a
p , T he B a ttle o
f B len h e im , T h e I nch eape
o ck a n d T h e Ca ta r a ct f
’
R o L oa or e
.
5
S i x ty Ye a rs of
ex cting it h been uper eded b y
a as le t two s s at as
b iogr phie from living uthor Th t S outhey

a s a s
1
a
hould live m inly by b ook which

.
s amerely a w as
a pu b li her commi io
s
’
d not by the work
s ss n, an s
which he an d h is contemporarie s deemed im

mortal is one o f the ironie s of litera ture
C owper is a much b etter biogra phy
, .
S outhey s “
’ ”
th a n h is Nel son but in C owper the world h as

“
,
”
a lmo st cea sed to be intere sted It doe s not .
now re a d Table Talk an d The Ta sk an y

“ ” “
more th an it read s Th ala b a an d M a doc “ ” “

,
a lthough every cultiva ted hou sehold of sixty

year s a go could t alk freely of the se poem s .
There will prob ably be a reviva l of intere st in

C owper It is sa fe to a ssume tha t there will
.
never be a reviva l of int ere st in S outhey an d tha t

h is very lengthy poem s a re doomed to o b livion
,
A nd yet it is intere sting to note where

S outhey s contempora rie s pl a ced him S helley
’
thought Th a l a b a m agnificent a n d its influence

.
“
,
w a s m a rked in ueen M oleridge poke

“
Q a b C s
”
Landor found M a doc

.
of its pa storal ch arm

“
.
” ”
superb S cott sa id th a t he h a d re a d it three or

.
four time s with ever incre asing a dmiration It -
kept Charle s J ame s Fox out of bed till the sm all

.
1 The Nel on Memori l by J K L ughton 896

The Life of Nel on The embodiment of the S Power
s a ,
. . a , 1 .
of Gre t Brit in by C pt in A T M h n 1 897

s . ea
”
a a a a . . a a , .
,
6
Victori n Liter tu r e
a a
h ours ! But inexorab le time h as decl a red th at

the se poem s h a ve no permanent pl a ce in litera ture .
Time however h a s left u s a kin dly memory of

, ,
S outhey the m an S a ra C oleridge s assertion th a t

’
.
he wa s on the whole the be st m an sh e h a d ever

“
known t allie s with the j udgment of m a ny others

,
”
of h is contem pora rie s— who did not come into

colli sion with h is relentle ss prejudice s .
R elentle ss prejudice w as e qu ally a ch aracteri stic

of S outhey s gre a ter succe ssor a s Poet La urea te
’
.
W il lia m W o r dsw o rt h h a d written a ll the poem s 1 770

‘
-1 850
b y which he will live wh en the Queen ca me to
the throne but further recognition a wa ited the
of Lyrical B allad s a n d L a od a mi a in
,
a utho
“ ” “
r
the thirteen yea rs of h is life tha t were yet to

come It w a s in 1 83 9 tha t K e b le a s Profe ssor of
Poetry at O xford welcomed W ord sworth when he
.
,
received the honorary degree of D C L with the . . .
eulogy th at he h a d shed a cele stial light upon

“
the a ff ection s the occ up a tion s a n d the piety of

,
the poor In 84 2 he obta ined an annuity from

”
1
the C ivil Li st a n d in the following yea r he su c

.
c e e de d S outhey a s l aure a te The mere fa ct .

,
however th a t W ord sworth wrote nothing of im

,
p ort a nce in the pre sent reign doe s not permit of

h is di smi ssa l a s a pre Victori a n a uthor -
H is re al .
influence splendid a n d serene wa s m ade upon

, ,
the age which is pa ssing a wa y .
7
S i xty Ye a rs of
He found when the bound h ad
oul in b enumb in round
us a ge
O its
He ok e loo ed our he rt in te r
ur s s
g
sp , an d s a a s.
D uring the period in which W ord sworth s poem s ’
were coming from the pre ss he was sco ff ed a t

a like b y Byron a n d by the a uthor s of R ejected “
A ddre sse s a n d they a ppe a led to a symp a thetic

,
a udience C oleri dge h a d indeed pr ai sed him

“
.
, ,
generou sly enough but the a uthor of The Ode ,

“
to Duty knew nothing of the enthu si a stic par

”
tisa n sh ip which w a s to be h is lot in the l a ter ye ar s

of h is life a n d for more th a n a qu a rter of a cen
,
tury a fter h is dea th I ha ve before me two book s .
which will serve to indic a te the high w a ter m a rk of - -
W ord sworth s popula rity One is a volume of

’
selection s from h is poem s which wa s edited b y

.
Mr M atthew A rnold the other a volume of

1
, ,
Tran sa ction s of the W ordsworth S oc i ety which ,
w a s priva tely i ssued to the member s In h is little .
volume of S election s Mr A rnold then recogni sed ”

,
on all h a nd s as our mo st im porta nt living critic ,
in si sted upon W ord sworth s pre eminence in poetry ’

-
pl a cing him indeed on a level with S hak spere an d

Milton a n d assigning to Byron an d S helley a
,
second a ry r ank .
Mr A rnold as event s proved only echoed a

, ,
1 “
t Poem of Word worth by M tthew A rnold
S ele c s s
”
a
G olden Tre ur S erie

, .
”
as y s.
8
Victo ri n Lite r ture a a
pervading sentiment The W ord sworth S ociety wa s

founded with the A rchbi shop of Ca nterb ury the
.
Dean of S t Pa ul s the L ord Chief J u stice of Eng

, ,
’
l nd the then A merica n Mini ster M r L owell

,
a ,
—
a n d a number of di stingui shed litera ry men a mong
its mem b er s
,
. The Tra n sa ction s of th a t S ociety

give evidence th at a mong the thoughtful men an d
women of the la st deca de W ord sworth w as b y f ar
the stronge st influence th a t he w a s not merely a ,
literary tra dition but th a t he wa s a vita l force in the

,
mind s an d he art s of ne arly a ll the mo st intere st

ing people of the period S tudent s of to day .
-
,
however will be well content to rea d W ord sworth

,
only in M atthew A rnold s S election s Here they ’ “ ”
will find him a s a sonneteer procla iming libe r ty with

.
sca rcely le ss ea l a n d power tha n Milton They

z .
will find him a s the sym pa thetic friend of the poor

a n d of the o ppre ssed To be de a d to the cha rm
.
of M a tthew A rnold s S election s from W ord swort h

’ “ ”
is to c a re nothing for poetry To appreci a te with .
an y me asure of enthu si asm the twelve olume s of v
W ord sworth s collected writing s is equ a lly to h ave

’
one s sen se of true poetry dea dened a n d de stroyed

’
.
W e h a ve no time now for The Excursion an d “ ”
“
The Prelude W e h a ve le ss for W ord sworth s
.
” ’
Eccle si astica l S onnet s a n d The Borderers ” “

.
”
For h is copiou s pro se m o ralizin gs one h a s no

toleration wh atever .
S i x ty Ye a rs of
1 809- 1 892 It is not e asy to judge whether A lf re d T enn y son
will ever cease to ret ain the very wide hold upon
the public which w as h is for a t le ast thirty ye ar s
prior to h is death a n d which is h is t o d ay The
poem s of Tenny son might be re a d b y succeed
.
,
ing genera tion s of Engli shmen if only for their

ex qui site purity of style Mu sic he h as al so .
in abund ance In H a rold .

Q ueen
“
M a ry ,
” “
,
”
a n d h is other pl a y s there is no gre a t gift of ch a r
a c te risa tio n an d the se assuredly will go the w ay of
S outhey s more a m b itiou s poem s But in

,
’
M a ud .
“ ”
Tenny son ca ught the soci al a spiration of h is time

with si n gula r in sight The world he plea ded an d
.
— ,
—
England in p articul r w a s given over to money
a
getting The c apita li st w a s more tyra nnic a l th a n

.
the old expiring sl a ve owner Even pe a ce w as a

,
-
.
mere word There w a s a worse tyra nny th an th a t

.
which left men for dea d on the b a ttle fi eld There -

.
/w a s the tyr a nny which g r ound them to du st for a

V
b are pitta nce in mill an d facto y Tenny son never r .
wrote with gre a ter force or with more perfect

dram a tic a n d lyric art a n d h is poem is a s striking
a n d effective t o d ay a s a t the time of its pu b lic a tion
,
in 1 8 55 .
Lord Tenny on— for the Poet L ure te ccepted

s a a a
a peer ge in 8 g — won the he rt of wider udi

a 1 o a s a a
ence b y In Memori m
“
d of till l rger one
a ,
”
an a s a
by The Idylls of the K ing .

” “
In Memori a m ,
”
a
IO
Victori n Lite r ture a a
lengthy elegy on h is college friend A rthur H all am

touched the gre a t religiou s pu b lic of E n gl and
, ,
The poem reflected a certa in tra n scendentali sm of

View which w a s fa st b ecoming fa shion a ble .
There live more f ith in hone t doub t

s
Believe me th n in h lf the reed

a s ,
, a a c s
w as, in fact more a n d more the preva iling ton e

,
a mong a ll ph ase s of Prote st a nti sm where a few ye a r s
e arlier the ex act oppo site h a d been in si sted upon .
One of the mo st a gree a ble picture s which our

litera ry period a ff ord s is o ff ered by the fr iend ship
between L ord Tennyson an d R obert Browning .
The two men were not seldom com pared ;

e ach h ad h is parti sa n s a n d e a ch h is e n th u si
,
astic di sci ple s Neither from a soci al nor

.
from a litera ry point of view would they seem

to h a ve h a d much in common Browning wa s .
a regul a r diner out he a p pe a red sy stem a tic a lly a t

-
,
every picture gallery a n d a t every public enterta in

-
,
m ent a n d in a ll the se thing s he w a s keenly in

he loved society L ord Tenny son on
,
te re ste d : .
,
the other h a nd lived a retired life in one or other

of h is country hou se s He was morb idly sen sitive
,
to the a ttention s of the crowd an d a mu sing storie s ,
a re told of h is de sire to a void the vulga r ga e “ ”

z
C on sidered a s litera ry men the contra st b etween

.
the se poets wa s gre ater Tenny son s l angu age was

.
’
II
S i x ty Ye a rs of
d a inty simple full of gr ace h is ch a racters mono
, ,
tonou s la cking in vigour Browning wrote with

,
.
rugged force an d sometime s with an ob scurity

,
which left the rea der bewildered But h is gift of .
cha ra cteri sa tion wa s superb a n d h is men an d ,
women for individu ality are comp a ra ble only to

tho se of S hak spere The hea rt s of all of u s go out
.
to Tenny son when we think of the mu sic of h is

verse s of h is gift s of n a tura l description h is fine
, ,
an d c a ptiva ting im a gin a tion ; but our he a rt s a n d
our intellect s go out to Browning a s to one who h as ,
en shrined our be st thought s who h as touched a ll our ,
deepe st emotion s It is true th a t h alf of Browning s

.
’
sixteen volume s a re fl a tly incomprehen sible to the
m ajori ty of u s ; but the other h alf a re equ al in bulk

to the whole of L ord Tennyson s writings an d ’
,
quite free from an y su spicion of ob scurity The .
R ing a n d the Book is not ob scure It is”

.
an exciting story dra m a tic a lly told , S o a l so are .
the poem s ca lled Men an d W omen a n d the “ ”
Luri a In a B alcony A
,
Dram a tic Idyl s .

”
,
” “
,
” “
Blot in the S cutcheon are a s re a dable a s ra ilwa y

’
,
”
n ovel s. A n d yet Browning h a d an d h as none of , ,
the po pul a rity of Tennyson The one writer sold . .
by thou sand s an d h is fin ancial reward wa s prob ably

,
unprecedented in poetry ; the other h a d but a sm a ll

a udience an a udience which never a ppro a ched to
,
one third of h is riva l s Notwith st anding all thi s

-
’
.
,
it is ple asing to note tha t the two poets loyally

I Q.
of
'
S ix ty Y e a rs
Granville, who w as st aying in Florence when a so n

w as born to the poet s there in 1 84 9 wa s still ,
more a mu sing although equ ally uncritic al Now .

“
there a re not two in c o m preh e n sible s but t h ree

in c o m pre h e n sibl e s he sa id ,
”
.
It c annot be ch arged again st E liz abe th B arrett

1 30 6- 1 361 B r ow n in g th a t sh e w a s in the le a st in c o m pre
h e n sibl e Her Cry of the C hildren “
C owper s
” ’
A urora L eigh
.
,
Gr a ve an d h a ve the note of
“ ”
”
, ,
extreme simplicity Nor is ob scurity a ch ara c .
te ristic of S onnet s from th e Portugue se which

“ ”
were not tran sla tion s b ut so n amed to di sgui se a

,
A urora L eigh
,
wife s devotion to her hu sba nd

’ “ ”
styled novel in verse an d it w a s in

“
sh e a ,
fa ct a very re a d a ble rom a nce m arked by th at ,
z e st for socia l reform which ch ara cteri sed the

period 1 The mo st m a ture of my work s a n d
.
“
,
the one into which my highe st conviction s upon

Life an d A rt have entered sh e wrote of it ,
”
.
A fter the m a rri age the p a ir lived princip ally a t

Florence In their Florentine home Casa Guidi -
— A urora L eigh a n d Casa Guidi W indow s

.
“ ” “ ”
,
were written a n d here M rs Browning died in

J une 1 861 One m ay still see the hou se upon
,
which the Florentine municip ality h as in scribed

a t a blet in gra titude for the golden ring of “ ”
1C h rle Kingsley Two Ye r A g ppe red the

’
s
“
a s
me ye r—
a s o a a
sa a ih 1 857 .
I 4
Victori n Litera ture
a
poetry with which the enthu si astic wom an poet

h a d a ttempted to unite Engla nd a n d It a ly .
A nother grea t Florentine by a doption W alter ,
S av age L an dor c a me to live ne a r the Browning s 1 775 1 864

,
.
-
H is rugged n a ture mu st h a ve been not a little

soothed by the gentle little wom a n with a soul
“
of fire enclo sed in a shell of pe arl Landor w a s .

”
educa ted a t R ugby at A shbourne an d a t Trinity

C ollege O xford
, ,
From R ugby he wa s removed to

a void expul sion a n d a t O xford he w as ru stica ted
.
,
.
,
A ll thi s w a s the outcome of a n excit able tem

e ra m e n t which led in l a ter life to dome stic com
p ,
plica tion s an d to exile from his fa mily in Florence

It found no reflection in h is m any b ea utiful work s
.
,
A s a poet however L a ndor hold s no con sidera ble

.
, ,
rank a lthough here pla ced a mong them G ebir

”
wa s pu b li shed in 1 798 a n d C ount J uli a n

.
,
“
in ”
1 81 2 . Both the se lengthy poem s h ave received

the ra pturou s prai se of a uthorit a tive critics De
a ring th a t C ount J uli a n was a
,
Q uincey even decl

crea tion worthy to rank be side the Prometheu s
of f E sc h ylu s an d Milton s Sa ta n S outhey in si sted
’
indeed tha t La ndor h a d written verse s of which

.
he would ra ther h ave been the a uthor tha n of

a n y produced in our time But Lan do r s poem s
” ’
.
,
a lthough obt a in a ble in h is collected work s a n d ,
p ubli shed in selection s comm a nd no, a udience

t o day W ith his pro se the case is otherwi se
. .
1 5
S i x ty Ye a rs of
There is little in the six volume s of Im agin ary “
C onver sa tion s or in the two volume s of L onger

,
Pro se W orks th at does not merit attention

,
”
a like for style a n d m a tter Give me he ”

.
,
sa y s in one of h is pre f a ce s ten a ccompli shed “
men for re a ders a n d I a m content L andor

,
”
.
h a s a ll a ccompli shed men for rea der s now .
A n d a ll are a t one with the critic who sa id

th a t excepting S hak spere no o ther writer has
,
“
,
furni shed u s with so m a ny delica te a phori sm s of

hum a n n ature Mr S win b urne s expre ssion of
.
” ’
venera tion is well known .
I me one who e thou ht h lf lin er

H lf run b efore
ca as s g s a g ,
The youn e t to the olde t in er

a
Th t En l nd b ore g s s s g
a g a .
I found him whom I h l not fi nd l

Till rief end
s a
a ll
I n holie t our mi hti t mind

g
F her friend
s a ge g es ,
at and .
The connecting link between Landor an d h is

you ng a dmirer is su fli c ie n tly a pparent In genuine .
a ccompli shm ent the im a gin a tive litera ture of our
e ra h a s produced no one comp a ra b le to L andor

,
sa v e only A lge rn o n Ch a rl e s S w in burn e Mr S wim

b urne h as written well in several languages other
.
tha n h is own In h is own he h a s written tra gedie s

.
of wider purpo se th an tho se of Tennyson of equ al ,
in sight with tho se of Brown ing He ha s writte n .
1 6
noble sonnet s lyrics of exqui site melody a n d

, ,
one poem A v e a tque Va le which t ake s ra nk

,
“
,
”
a mong the im peri sh a ble elegie s of our litera tu e r
He h a s a b und an t spont aneity an d a m a rvellou s

.
gift of rhythm A dded to all thi s he is a critic of

.
,
a lmo st u nequ a lled le a rning a n d di stincti on He .
w a s the first to give a dequ a te recognition to the
p oetic geniu s of M a tthew A rnold an d Emily Bront e

He knows Eli abeth a n litera tu e with em a rka b le
.
z r r
thoroughne ss a n d he know s the litera ture of m any

a ge s an d m a ny l a nd s better th a n mo st of the p r o
,
f e sso rs .H is a ppreci a tion of C h arle s L a mb endea r s

him to Engli sh rea ders a n d h is eulogie s of Victor
,
Hugo comm and the re spect of Frenchmen A .
grea t poet a n d a gre a t pro se writer Mr S winburne ,
is perh a ps the mo st di stingui shed litera ry figure

of our day Only when in the di stan t ye a rs h is
.
country h a s lo st him will a gre at folly be gener

,
a lly recogni sed W h y it will be asked did we

.
, ,
not spont aneou sly ca ll for him — a rch democra t

a n d a rch rebel though he m a y h a ve been — a s the
only po ssi b le succe ssor to L ord Tenny son as Poet

La ureate P
It h as been sa id th a t Mr S winburne wa s the first
to recogni se the gre a t poetical gift s of M at th ew
A rn o l d W riting in the Fo t igh tly R ev iew in
. r n 1 822- 1 888
he rem a rked tha t the fa me of Mr M atthew
1 R eprinted in 875 in E y d S tudie
1 ssa s an s.
”
S i x ty Y e a rs of
A rnold had for some ye a r s been almo st exclu sively
the fame of a pro se writer Tho se student s he “ ”
continued could h ardly fi nd he aring who w ith

.
,
“
, ,
a ll e steem an d enjoyment of h is e ssa y s
ta in e d the opinion th a t if ju stly judged he mu st

'
, ,
be judged by h is ver se an d not by h is pro se .

”
The view th a t A rnold excelled a s a pro se writer

continued to hold swa y for m any ye a rs a fter
Mr S winburne wrote an d it wa s current up to
Literature an d
,
the d a te of A r nold s dea th ’ “
Dogm a an d Go d a n d the Bi b le the former

.
” “ ”
,
of which first a ppe ared in 1 8 73 excited a n ,
extra ordin ary a mount of a ttention a n d helped ,
l a rgely to modify the religiou s beliefs of m any

men a n d women now rapidly a pproa ching middle
a ge. The so n of a fa mou s clergym an Dr Thom a s ,
A rnold of R ugby M a tthew A rnold w a s a pro

,
duct of th at Broa d C hurch movement which Dr

A rnold h a d helped l ar gely to in spire A fellow .
pupil of Dr S ta nley Dea n of W e stmin ster A rnold

, ,
went further tha n the Dean in h is op po sition to

supern a tur a li sm in religion though he stopped short
of the fi ery a ntagoni sm which a nother eminent

,
A nglica n churchm a n Bi shop C olen so di spl a yed

, ,
toward s the miraculou s storie s of the Old Te sta

ment But f ar more tha n S tanley or C olen so did
.
he influence the Prote st ant C hri stia nity of h is day .
Thi s however sca rcely enters into the di scu ssion

, ,
of M atthew A rnold the poet More akin to that .
1 8
Victori a n Liter t u re a
side of A rnold s life is h is litera ry critici sm For

’
.
m any ye ar s he held in thi s field a well nigh

undi sputed throne For a time he w a s Profe ssor
.
of Poetry a t Oxford But h is influence ca me

.
m a inly through a volume ca lled Essay s in “
C ritici sm of which it is not too mu c h

”
to say th a t the paper entitled The Function of “
Critici sm a t the Pre sent Time g a ve a new impul se,
to all students of book s Here an d el sewhere.
A rnold em ph a si sed the o pinion th a t not only a fine

a rti stic in stinct but a v ast a mount of knowledge ,
a dmitting of comp a ri son s is nece ssa ry as the

,
equi pment of a critic C ritici sm he defined as a

.
“
di sintere sted endeavour to learn a n d propagate the

be st th a t is known an d thought in the world .
”
M atthew A rnold h ad other cl aim s a s a pro se

writer H is a ppe al for the study of C eltic litera
.
ture initi ated a n d encouraged a reviva l of

learning in W ale s a n d in Irel and ; an d h is book s
an d e ssa y s on Educ tion a — for h is m ain income
for m a ny ye ars w a s derived from h is sa l ary a s an
In spector of S chool s— did much to further the
cau se which h is brother in — la w Mr W E Forster
-
b egan with the grea t Education A c t of 1 8 7

.
, .
,
0 .
But it is as a poet a s Mr S winburne foretold tha t

, ,
M atthew A nold li e s in litera ture It is stra nge

r v
to some of u s to note how l a rgely the b ulk of h is

.
p ro se work h as dro pped out of the memory of the

you n ger genera tion The diligent collector po s
.
I
9
S i x ty Ye a rs of
se sse s some forty fi v e volume s of Mr A rnold s
’
-
writing s ; b ut a lthough there h a s been a cheap

re print of m any of the se it is only by h is col ,
l e c te d poem s th a t he is widely known t o d a y .
Mr S winburne in the e ssay to which I h a ve re

,
ferred tells of the j oy with which a s a schoolboy

, , ,
he c a me u pon a copy of Em pedocle s on Etn a “ ”
He mu st then ha ve been a bout fi fteen ye a rs of

.
a ge a s
,
Empedocle s on Etn a a n d Other Poem s
“
by A w a s publi shed in 1 8 5 2 It conta ined

”
.
Tri stra m an d I seult S t a n a s in Memory of ,

” “
z
the A uthor of a n d m a ny now a c
c e pte d fa vourite s The S tra yed R eveller by “ ”

.
w a s a still e a rlier volume of a nonymou s

“ ”
A
verse an d in 1 8 5 3 Poem s by M a tthe w
, ,
A rnold m a de the poet known by n a me to a sm a ll

circle A sub stanti a l recognition a s a poet did not
.
however fall to M a tthew A rnold while he lived H is .
c a reer is indeed a striking exam ple of the fa ct that

, ,
our views of contem porary litera ture require to be

revi sed every dec a de Ten ye a rs ago everyone .
was di scu ssing M a tthew A rnold s view s concern

’
ing I sa i a h a n d S t Pa ul a n d the Nonconformi st s , ,
whom he ch a ff ed good h u m o u re dly h a ve recon -

,
structed m a ny of their beliefs through a study of
his work s People were excited by his view s on

.
educa tion an d by h is view s on litera ture but not

b y h is poetry To day h is poetry is all of him
,
-
.
tha t rem ain s and its ch a rm is likely to soothe

,
20
S i x ty Ye a rs of
The catalogue of great Engli sh poet s of the
period is completed with the n a me s of R o ssetti
a n d Morri s Perh ap s there is no more rom a ntic
figure in modern literature than Dan t e Gabriel
.
1 828 1 882 R o sset t i a lthough he h as su f fered cruelly from the

-
b iographer H is fa ther Gabriele was an Italian

,
.
, ,
exile a critic of D ante a te acher of Itali a n in

London H is mother was a si ster of the notoriou s
, ,
Polidori who se charla ta nry is remembered wherever

a n intere st in L ord Byron prev a il s
,
a b rother
.
The younge r R o ssetti h a d relative s — ,
W illi a m Mich a el who h a s written verse s critici sm s

a n d a ponderou s b iogra phy of Ga briel ; a n d a si ster
, , ,
1 827 1 876 M ari a F

-
r an ce sca R o sset ti who se S h a dow of ,
“
D a nte m ake s good re a ding for a dmirers of the

”
grea t Florentine an d indeed m a y be recommended

, , ,
to every Engli sh student of D ante A nother si ster .

,
1 83 0 1 894 Ch ri stin a Ge orgin a R osse t t i

-
wrote m any book s , .
S h e will live by her G oblin M a rket

”
an d
b y numerou s short poem s Books of the type of .
Called to be S a int s a n d The Fa ce of the

” “
Deep : A C ommentary on the R evela tion ha ve ,

”
a l so won her much a ff ection a n d a dmira tion from
religiou s sym pa thi sers S h e w a s not re spon sible

.
for M a ude a n d N e w Poem s in a dequa te

“ ” “ ”
works which her brother thought fi t to publi sh

,
a fter her dea th They are pra ctica lly worthle ss

D ante R o ssetti w as a con siderab le p a inter as
. .
well as a poet H is n ame is written l arge in that pre

.
22
Victo ri n Lite ra tu rea
R aphaelite movement which ga ve him for associ ate s

Mr Holm an Hunt an d S ir J ohn Mill ai s The
movement which h a d Mr J ohn R u skin for its
.
litera ry ch ampion when reduced to simple sta te

,
ment meant a harking b a ck to e arly medi aeval

S ir J ohn Mill a i s an d Mr Holm an Hunt
,
t a rt .
sp eedily a b andoned thi s po sition a n d R o ssetti ,
him self w as never a pre R aph aelite in an y rea l -
sen se The pre R apha elite s i ssued in 1 85 0 a

.
-
jo u rna l under the editorship of R o ssetti s brother ’

,
a n d to the Ger m as it w a s c a lled R o ssetti con

, ,
tributed h is poem The Ble ssed D a mo el an d ,

“
z ,
”
a story H and an d S oul To the Ge m al so

“ ”
, . r ,
Thom a s W oolner ( 8 2 5 the sculptor con

1
tributed the poem s of My Bea utiful La dy

,
”
.
One epoch in the lif e of R o ssetti was h is intro

duction to Mr R u sk in an d another was h is first ,
a cqu a int a nce with W illi a m Morri s R u skin bought .
his picture s with ch ar a cteri stic genero sity a n d ,
further assi sted R o ssetti to publi sh The E arly “
Itali a n Poet s a fterwa rd s re printed as

“
D a nte a n d h is C ircle W illia m Morri s ”
introduced R o ssetti to h is O xford friend s in ,
cluding Mr Swinburne a n d to the Oxf or d a n d Ca m ,
hn ge M aga zin e in which m any of h is fine st poem s

’
’
a ,
were publi shed A fter h is wife s de ath from an

.
’
,
overdo se of la uda num in 1 8 62 R o ssetti moved to ,
Q ueen s Hou se’

C heyne W a,lk where for a time he ,
23
h ad for a ssoci ate s in p ayment of rent Mr S w in
burne an d Mr G eorge Meredith though the la tter ,
never a ctu a lly lived in the hou se From th a t

time to his de a th he pu b li shed m any import a nt
.
poem s— b alla d s of singul a r power like The W hite “
S hi p The K ing s Tragedy a n d S ister Helen

,
” ’
,
”
,
”
a n d the m a ny splendid sonnet s of The Hou se of “
Life The two volume s of R o ssetti s collected

.
” ’
works mu st a lwa y s comm and rea ders R o ssetti .
died a t Birchington o u S e a a n d a simple tomb in

- -
the churchyard m ark s h is gra ve .
1 834- 1 896 The n a me of W il liam M orr is clo se s the li st

of Victori an poet s of the first ra nk Morri s .
w a s a s ver sa tile a s R o ssetti He touched m any .
branche s of A rt with rema rk able succe ss Now .
he w as de signing wa ll papers a n d bec a me a su c -

,
c e ssf u l m a nufa cturer in thi s br a nch of commerce
n o w he w a s indefa tig able in printing notable

b ooks in Engli sh literature from a type which he
h a d him self selected The wa ll paper h a s given a
.
-
new direction to the decora tion of Engli sh hou se s ,
a n d the K elm scott Pre ss h a s a dded m a ny be a utiful
b ooks to our libraries an d given a n im petu s to a

,
revival of t aste in printing Thi s was but a pa rt .
of Morri s s life A lthough a rich m an he w a s a

’
.
,
vigorou s lecturer on beha lf of S oci ali sm a n d wrote

m a ny b ooks such a s for exa mple : The Drea m
,
of J ohn B all New s from N owhere

, ,
“
an d
”
24
Victori n Lite r tu re a a
in support of h is ide al s From the a ppe ar .
a nce of h is Defence of Guenevere “ ”
an d
“
Life an d Dea th of Ja son he ”
w a s a lwa y s publi shing an d h is tra n sl a tion s from ,
Homer Virgil an d S c andin a vi a n litera ture m ake

a sm a ll libra ry b y them selve s
, ,
But a pra ctica l .
handbook to Victori a n litera ture need s but to

mention one of h is books The Ea rthly P ara .
“
dise ( 1 8 68 will live as long a s a love of good

story telling rem a in s to u s
-
The tale s are told b y .
twenty four travellers who d esire to find the e arthly

-
p a ra di se a n d the book o pen s a s do the Canter

,
bury Tal e s with a Prologue The lyrica l intro .
duction is one of the mo st quotable things in o ur

la ter litera ture
Of He ven or Hell I h ve no wer to in

I nnot e e the burden of your fe r
a a po s g,
O m k e q ui k omin de th little thin

ca as a s,
O b in in the le ure of t ye
r a c c g a a
g,
-
Nor for my word h ll ye for et your te r

r aga as
r
g p pas ars,
O ho e in for u ht th t I
s s a
g a s,
The idle in er of em ty
r p aga a g a c an sa y ,
s g an p da y .
Dre mer of dre m b orn out of my due time

Why hould I trive to the rook ed tr i ht
a a s, ,
se t ?
L et it me th t my murmurin rhyme
s s c s a g
su fli c e
Be t with li ht win in t the ivory te

a
g
Tellin t le not too im ortun te

a s g g a ga s
ga ,
To tho e who in the lee y re ion t y

g a a p a
Lulled by the in er of em ty
s s p g s a ,
s g an p da y .
25
S i x ty Ye a rs of
Fol k wiz rd to Northern Kin
A t C hri tm tide u h wondrou thin did how
say , a a a
g
Th t throu h one window men b eheld the S rin

s as s c s s
gs
And throu h nother the S ummer low

a
g p g,
sa w
And throu h third the fruited vine row

g a
g ,
W hile till unhe rd b ut in wonted

g a s a ,
its
Pi ed the dre r wind of th t De emb er
s , a , w ay,
p a a c d ay .
W illi a m Morri s h as not seldom been confu sed

with a w iter with whom he h a d nothing in com
r
mon but the n ame S ir L ew is M orris a W el sh.
sq uire
,
,
a n d c a ndid a te for P a rli a ment h as stood ,
for convention a s deci sively as W illi a m Morri s

h as stood a ga in st it H is S ong s of T w o W orld s
.
“ ”
( 1 871 a nd Epic of
“
H a de s brought ”
him a con sidera ble popula rity w hich A Vi sion ,

“
of S a int s an d l ater book s h a ve not been a ble

,
”
to m ainta in A nother litera ry knight of our time

.
who h as secured a l arge sh are of public a tten

tion through h is verse is S ir E dw in A rn o l d W ho se
Light of A sia interpreted to m any the story of
,
”
Buddha s c areer A poem u pon C hri st a n d

’
The Light of the W orld owed the

.
C hri sti anity

”
,
fa ct of its sm aller succe ss to the grea ter fa mili arity

of the pu b lic with its m ain in cident s S ir Edwin .
A rnold h as won other la urel s a s a tra veller an d as

a j ourn a li st .
S ome of the be st poetry of the e ra h a s b een

produced by writers who se princip al a chieve
ment s are in the realm of pro se The Brontes .
,
26
Victori a n Lite r tu re a
Ch a rle s K ing sley George Meredith an d George , ,
— —
Eliot to n ame but a few all wrote verse which
mu st ultim a tely h ave secured a ttention h ad they
not m a de gre at reputation s a s noveli st s .
A ssuredly the three mo st succe ssful poem s in

Victori an literature of that portion of it which is
,
a lre a dy pa ssing into oblivion are Proverbial “

,
Philo sophy Fe stu s a n d Phili p Va n A rte

,
” “
,
“
velde The Proverbi a l Philo sophy of M art in

.
” “
Fa r q uh ar T uppe r cre a ted an excitement in litera ry 1 8 1 0 -1 889

an d non litera ry circle s which it is di f ficult for the
-
pre sent gener a tion to com prehend It is true th a t .
when it w a s first publi shed in 83 8 it w a s greeted ,

1 ,
by the A then eu m a s a book not likely to plea se

a
“
beyond the circle of a few mind s a s eccentric a s

the a uthor s In spite of thi s it sold in thou sand s
’
.
”
,
an d hundred s of thou sa nd s ; it went through over
nine hundred edition s in Engl and a n d five ,
hundred thou sand copie s a t le ast were sold in

A merica It was tran sla ted into French Germ an
.
, ,
a n d m a ny other to n gue s its a uthor w as a popul a r

hero although of h is l ater book s including B al
R aleigh h is Life a n d
, ,
l ads for the Time s ,

” “
,
Death an d C itha ra the very n a me s are

,
” “
,
”
by thi s time forgott e n Of Proverbia l Philo .

“
sophy it self there are few enough copie s in

”
dem and to day a n d it is difli c u lt for u s to

-
pl a ce our selve s in the po sition of tho se who felt

its ch arm W h a t to the ea rly Victori an E ra
.
2 7
wa s counted f o r wi sdom an d pie ty an d even
, ,
for be a uty count s to the pre sent a ge for mere

,
common pl a ce verbi age Tu pper s n a me h a s ta ken

.
’
a pl a ce in our l a n gu a ge a s the contem ptuou s

synonym for a poet a ster Fe stu s on the other ”
.
,
h and a lthough not rea d to day h as a lway s com

,
-
m an de d re spectful a ttention I ts a uthor Philip

Jam es B ai l ey wrote Festus in its first form at
.
,
1 81 6 ,
,
the age of twenty a n d it w as publi shed in 1 83 9

The b ook w a s enl a rged again an d aga in till it
.
,
rea ched to three time s its origin al length It m ay

b e tha t thi s enlargement h as h a d something to do
.
with its fa te . Festu s w as f requently compared

to the be st work of Goe the a n d of Mr Browning .
Even a more pronounced recognition a ccrued to

1 800 1 886 the
-
dram a tic poem s of S ir H enry T ay l or an d ,
more pa rticul arly to Philip Van A rtevelde

“
which was de scribed by the Q a te ly u r r
R ev iew a s “
the nob le st e f fort in the true old
ta ste of our Engli sh hi storical dra m a th a t h a s ,
been m a de for more tha n a century a n d ,

”
which a ttracted the keene st a ttention of all S ir

Henry Taylor s contem pora rie s H is enterta ining
’
.
“
A utobiogra phy h a s told u s th a t Ta ylor who
”
,
w as an im porta nt o fli c ial a t the C oloni a l Ofli c e ,
knew all the fa mou s men of h is time .
W omen h a ve occupied no sm all sha re in the

literary hi story of the p a st six ty year s a lthough ,
28
in addition to thi s he h ad an ab un dance of wit
a n d drollery side by side with p a tho s a n d tender
ne ss which will a lwa y s m ake a splendid tra dition

,
a n d a gre a t in spira tion Hood w as a j ourn a li st

. .
1 788 1 845 H is prototype

- R i ch ard H arris B ar h am w a s a n
, ,
A nglic an clergym an H is pseudonym of Thom a s

.
Ingold sby ca ll s u p memorie s of some ofthe qu a inte st

an d drolle st v er se ever written The Ingold sby “
Legend s were first contributed to B en tley s M is

.
”
'
’
.
eell a y a n d a fterwa rd s collected in volume s The “

n
J ackdaw of R heim s is the most popular B ar ham s

, .
’
.
once succe ssful novel My C ou sin Nichola s is

,
“
,
”
now all but forgotten .
The most fa mou s succe ssors of Hood an d B ar

h am h a ve been C a lverley a n d Mr A u stin Dob son
Fly L e ave s an d
.
1 83 1 1 884 Ch ar l e s S t u art Cal v er l e y wrote

“ ”
-
Verse s an d Tra n sla tion s Mr Dob son h a s pu b .

”
lish e d in a ddition to m any v a lu a ble pro se work s

, ,
the exqui site Vignette s i n R hyme a n d Pro

verb s i n Porcel ain which with Mr A ndrew La ng s
,
”
,
’
B all ade s l n Blue C hin a form a d a inty c o n tribu

,
”
tion to the lighter litera ture of the epoch .
A determin ation to say a s little a s po ssible con

cern ing writers still young in years though a lrea dy ,
fa mou s will m ake it m ay be my summ ary of

Victori an poetry seem in a de qu ate to m a ny Mr
, , ,
Tra il! a di scerning critic h a s specified some hundred

, ,
or more minor poet s who flouri sh t o d ay ! Bu t

”
3 0
Victori n Lite r ture
a a
it c annot be doubted th at the minor poet of our e ra ,
with h is excellent technique h is dee p feeling a n d h is

, ,
high minded impul sivene ss is separa ted by an im

-
,
men se gulf f rom the minor poet of an e arlier period .
The Pye s a n d the H ayley s who were fa mou s in ,
a n a ge when critici sm w a s le ss of a n a rt h a d littl e ,
enough of the rea l poetica l fa culty Th a t fa culty c a n .
sc arcely be denied to the hundred or more of living
b ard s who now cla im the su f frage s of the poetry

loving rea der It ca nnot be denied a l so to m an y
.
men who h ave passed a wa y during the pre sent

r
e a — to A lexa nder S mith an d Sydney Dobell in
one period an d to C oventry Pa tmore a n d
J ame s Thom son in another A l exan der Smith 1 830 1 867
,
-
.
w as a n indu striou s e ssa yi st a s well a s a p oet .
Tenny son an d M rs Browning concurred in their

e steem of S mith a s a poet whose work s show “
fa ncy a n d not im agin a tion a n d thi s might with

,
”
truth be sa id of too m any of the minor b ard s an d , ,
indeed con stitute s the di iding l ine S ydney

,
v .
Y e n dys under which pseudonym S y dn ey Dobe ll 1 824 1 874

,
-
c o Op era ted with S mith in

-
S onnet s on the W a r
w a s a poet of simil ar tem pera ment .
Cov e n t ry known to the m any 1 823

Pa t m ore is -
1 896
through h is A ngel in the Hou se a poem u pon
“
,
dome stic bli ss which brea thed a note not a lway s

sincere b u t to which Mr R u skin a ssured a cer
,
t ain popularity th rbu gh e f fective quotation in h is

3 1
S i x ty Ye a rs of
S e same a n s d Lilie
A cert a in ec st a tic b fi d of .
”
i
a dmirer s a tt a ched more im port a nce to Pa tm o e s

’
r
Unknown Ero s The se a dmirer s spoilt him by .

”
a dula tion He prob ably looked forw a rd with the

.
sa me keen assur a nce to the verdict of po sterity
a s did S outhey ; an d po sterity it is a ll b ut cert a in
will b e as ruthle ss in the one ca se a s in the other .
Pa tm o re life wa s one of luxury a n d in de pen d

’
s
ence Quite the reverse wa s the fa te of Jam es

.
1 834 1 882 Th om so n who se grea t poem The City of “

-
, ,
Dre a dful Night was publi shed in Mr C h arle s

,
”
B ra dla u gh s N a tio a l R ef or m er in 8 74 a n d not

’
n 1
repu b li shed a s a book until 1 88

,
Thom son 0 .
h a d a m el ancholy c a reer which ended in drink

a n d di sa ster He died in Unive sity Ho spital r
London H is City of Dreadful Night is

.
,
“ ”
.
p eculi a rly a reflection of the a ge th a t is passing .
It secured even during the poet s life the c o m m e n ’
d a tion of George Eliot of George Meredith a n d , ,
of other critic s ; a n d it m ay yet comm and a la rge

a udience who bre a the the note of p e ssimi sm which
,
w a s a lw ay s ch a ra cteri stic of the writer
The en e th t every tru le b rin defe t

Be u e F te hold no riz e to rown u e gg gs
s s a s a
Th t the or le dum b or he t
s c s c c ss,
ca s a p
a ll
Be u e they h ve no e ret ex re
a ac s a re c a
to
Th t one ier e the v t b l k veil un ert in
ca s a s c p ss
Be u e there no li ht b eyond the urt in

c as ac c
a n can p a
is
Th t v nity nothin ne
ca s g c a ;
”
a a ll is a and g ss .
2
3
Victori a n Lit e ra t u re
A p oet whom one n a me s with peculi a r reverence
is T h om as A ubrey de Vere the so n of S ir A ubrey 1 81 4 ,
de Vere who wa s a l so a poet A ubrey de Vere

, .
,
the younger knew a n d loved W ord sworth to whom

in 1 84 he dedica ted The W alden ses A Lyrica l
, ,
“
2
Tale an d yet reta in s sixty ye a rs later the mo st

,
”
, ,
sym pa thetic intere st in modern litera ry e f fort Mr .
de Vere is an Iri shm an a n d w as educa ted at ,
Trinity C ollege Dublin He has written m any

, .
volume s of poetry a n d pro se h is dra m a tic po em s ,
A lex a nder the Gre a t an d S t Thom a s of Ca n

“ ” “
tet bury h a ving no dou b t been la rgely in spired

”
, ,
by the succe sse s of h is friend an d rela tive S ir ,
Henry Taylor an d by h is fa ther s brillia nt dra ma

,
’
,
“
M a ry Tudor One of h is mo st recent book s
”
was a volume of critic a l e ssay s conta ining a nota b le

.
study of W ord sworth .
Iri shmen h ave been fa irly con spicuou s in the

poetry of the epoch an d the term C eltic “
h a s b egun to b e u sed hopefully

,
R en a i ssa nce
”
by lovers of Irela nd who de sire th at co untry

to h ave a litera ture as di stinctly Iri sh as
S cotl and h as a litera ture de fi nitely S cotti sh .
T h o m as M o or e w as the pioneer of thi s move 1 779 1 852 -
ment He h a d it is true done all h is work be

.
, ,
fore the Queen ca me to the throne although he ,
lived yet a nother fi f teen ye a rs H is Iri sh “
Melodie s began to a ppea r in 1 80 7 Lalla

.
”
,
C 33
S i xty Y e a rs of
R ookh wa s publi shed in 1 8 1 7 a n d the Life
”
,
“
of Byron in 1 8 3 0 Moore wa s a s much a n

”
.
in spira tion to modern Irel a nd as Burn s to modern

S cotl a nd a n d the one country hold s the n a me of
,
its poet a s reverenti a lly in memory a s doe s the

other . Moore however la cked the note of
, ,
p assion ate sincerity which pertained to Burn s

a lthough we m a fa irly a sk wh a t would h ave been
y
the ca reer of Burn s h a d he been thrown e a rly into
the litera ry a n d soci al life of L ondon— the L ondon
of Byron s time ’
.
The influence of Moore wa s strong in T h om as

1 81 4 1 845 Da v is who se N a tion a l a n d Hi storica l B a lla d s
“
-
,
S ong s a n d Poem s c a u sed so gre a t a fe ment in the

”
r
heart of Y oung Irel a nd M any other Iri sh writers

de serve to be n a med such a s J a me s Cla rence
.
M angan ( 8 3 S ir S a muel Fergu son ( 8

1 0 1 1 0
Lady Duff erin ( 1 8 7 8 67) a n d J ohn 0 -

1
B anim ( 798 1 who wrote in conjunction

with h is b rother Micha el some twenty four
,
volume s of Iri sh storie s a n d verse s S am u el .
1 797 1 868 L ov er is be st kno w n in Engl a nd by h is rom a nce

-
R ory O M o re a n d h is ever p o pul a r

”
H andy “
’
A ndy but in Irel a nd he is remembered a s a writer

”
of lyrics a n d balla ds of hea rt stirring ch ara cter

,
-
.
An Iri shm an by de scent although not by b irth ,
E dw ard Fit zGe ral d who w as b orn in S u ff olk

,
1 809- 1 883 was ,
34
Victo ri n Liter t u re a a
an d lived a ll h is li f e in the neighbourhood of W ood

bridge in tha t county Fitz Gerald s Letters a n d ’ “
Literary R emains fill three sub stantial volumes

.
”
,
but he live s for u s by h is tra n sla tion or ra ther

p a raphra se of the R ub ayat of Om ar K h ayyam
“
of N a ish apu r which first a ppeared in 8 5 9 It

,
”
1 .
is genera lly a greed th a t Fit Ge ra ld a nineteenth z ,
century paga n a lwa ys reverently que stioning the

,
my stery of exi stence su pera dded h is own pe r ,
son a l thought s a n d feeling s to the ver se s of the
old Persia n singer In doing thi s be touched .
deeply a certa in a spect of the second h a lf of the

nineteenth century a n d founded a cult F itz
h a ve b een a rdently
.
G era ld s ver se s however

’
, ,
a dmired by m a ny who are f ar from a ccepting

their pessimi st view of life .
r l ey Co l e ridge wrote a n d publi shed h is 1 796 1 849

Ha t -
a dmira ble s onnet s before 1 83 7 He w as a .
so n of S a m u el Ta ylor C oleridge ( 1 7 7 2
whose literary rem ain s were edited by Henry

Nel son C oleridge a nephew an d so n in la w H
,
- -
. .
N C oleridge m arried the grea t poet s only da ughter

.
’
,
S ar a Co l e ri dg e who wrote one poem

,
Ph a n ta s ,
“
mion a n d who se letters thro w much light on a n

,
im port ant ch apter of litera ry hi story .
B ry an W l
a l er Proct er better known a s B a rry 1 787 1 874 -
school with L ord Byron a t

,
C ornwa ll,
”
w as at
35
S i xty Ye a r s of
H arrow H is Dra matic S cene s
. M arc1 an ,
”
C olonn a an d Mira ndola were much ta lked of

,
”
in their day Procter was a dmired as a poet b y

. .
Byron Moore an d other fa mou s contemporarie s

, , ,
but no one re a d s him now A h ap pier fa te h a s .
1 825 1 864 be f a llen h is d a ughter

-
A de l aide A n n e Pr o ct er
who se L egend s an d Lyric s a re sti ll widely
, ,
popula r .
W inthrop M ackworth Pra e d who wrote much ,
a dmira ble humorou s a n d sa tiric a l ver se is not a ,
Victori a n author a lthough h is pre sent popul arity

,
m a ke s th at rather h a rd to real i se He died in,

.
1 80 3 - 1 884 1 8
39
. R ich ar d H e n gist H om e on the other ,
ha nd a lthough he lived into our time is now

, ,
remembered only by h is friend shi p with M rs Brown

ing an d by the humorou s frea k of publi shing h is
epic Orion a t a fa rthing He was the a uthor
“ ”
of a mira cle play entitled J udas I sca riot a

.
“
,
tra gedy entitled The Dea th of M a lowe a n d

“
r ,
”
m any other work s .
A nother writer of well nigh forgotten tragedie s

-
1 803 - 1 849 w a s Th om a s L o v e ll B e dd o e s who wrote The ,

“
Bride s Tragedy a n d De ath s J e st Book A

’ ” “ ’
like extinction it is to be fea red h as b efa llen

.
Ebenezer J one s a n d Ebene zer Elliott the former

, ,
—
of whom belonged to th a t sp a smodic school of
poet s of which A lexander Smith an d Philip J a me s
3 6
S i xty Ye a rs of
A nother
poet clergym an of gre at lea rn -
1 803- 1 875 ing w a s R obe rt S t eph en H aw k er who se work

reflect s Devon shire an d Cornwall a s B a rne s re ’
fle e t s Dorset shire He wrote the S ong of the .

“
W e stern Men which he deceived M a c aul ay into

”
believing to be an old C orni sh b a llad an d the ,
gre a t hi stori an introduced it into h is Hi story “
of E n gland as an example of the excitement

c a u sed b y the a rre st of the seven bi shops I ts
1
.
stirring refra in
And h ll Trel wney die d h ll Trel w ey die ?

Then thirty thou nd Corni h b oy will know the re on
s a a , an s a a n
why
sa s s as
”
will a lwa y s keep H awker in remem b rance He .
w as vic a r of Morwen stow a n d wrote sever a l

volume s o f poem s an d some pro se includin g ,
“
Footprint s of Former Men in Far C ornwall .
”
Two poet s father a n d so n m a de the n a me of

M ar ston honoured in their d a ys J ohn W e stl and
, ,
M arston ( 1 8 9 1 8 9 ) w as born a t Bo ston L in

.
1 -
0 ,
c o ln sh ire He wrote two dra m as S tra thmore

.
,
“ ”
an d M a rie de M éran ie which h a d much su c

“
,
”
ce ss some ye a rs a go A nother work A H a rd .

,
“
S truggle obta ined the enthu sia stic pra i se of

”
,
Dicken s Dr Ga rn ett claim s for M arston th a t he

.
w a s lo n g the chief upholder of th e poetic a l dra m a

1 All over th ountry the pe nt h nted b ll d of
whi h the burden till rememb ered M Y Hi tory
e c a sa s c a a a a
is s A CA U A L
II
c .
, s ,
Vo l . .
, p 3 7
. 1 .
Victori a n Litera t u re
on the Engli sh stage Philip B ourk e M arst on a 1 850 1 887
.
,
-
so n of W e stl a nd M a r ston should not h a ve fa iled ,
of litera ry succe ss a s he h a d for godfather Philip

Jam e s B ailey the author of Fe stu s an d for
,
godmother Mi ss Mulock a uthor of J ohn H ali

, ,
“
,
f ax Gentlem a n He however beca me blind a t

”
, .
, ,
three years of a ge He publi shed three volume s .
of verse S ong Tide a n d Other Poem s

,
“ ”
“
A ll in A ll ( 75) W ind Voice “
”
8 a n d1 s
They were never popul a r although h is poetry ,
gained him the e steem of m any eminent men ,
R o ssetti a n d Mr S winburne a mong othe s M rs r .
Ch a ndler Moulton an A meric a n l a dy who wrote

,
S wa llow Flight s ga ve u s a memoir of Philip

”
Bourke M a rston In thi s sh e wa s a ssi sted b y Mr

,
W illi a m S h a rp who w a s a l so one of R o ssetti s bio

’
,
g pr a h e rs M
. r s Moulton did a like good o ff ce to i
the memory of A rt hur O sh au ghn e ssy a poet of 1 844 1 88 ’

,
- 1
con sidera ble di stinction in h is da y O S h au gh .

’
ne ssy m a rried the you n ger M a rston s si ste H is ’

r.
“
Epic of W omen 81 O ther Poem s publi shed in ,
”
1 87 0, w a s a volume of very gre a t p omi se He r
w rote other verse s which never a tt a ined to q uite

.
the same me a sure of succe ss .
It only rem ain s for me to n ame A lf re d A u st in 1 335

the Poet Laure a te A fter L ord Tenny son s de a th .
’
in 1 89 2 the of fice rem ained vac ant for four yea rs .
The two poet s who might h ave been con sidered to

39
Victo ri a n Lit e ra tu re
h ave h a d some claim W illi am Morri s an d Mr
S winburne were suppo sed to b e im po ssi b le on
,
a ccount of democra tic symp athie s a lthough it is
doubtful if either would h ave a ccepted the of fi ce

,
A lmo st every living poet however sm a ll the bulk ,
of h is a chievement an d however incon siderable

,
h is ye ar s was nomin a ted — by the pre ss — in turn

Fin ally in 1 896 b y a plea sant irony of circum
.
,
, ,
st a nce s the l a ure a te ship w as given to a j o u rn alist

, ,
f o r Mr A u stin h a d been a lea der writer on the st a ff -
of the S ta n a a r a new spaper for m any years He

’ 7
.
h as written The Golden A ge a S a tire

“ ”
L
,
S avon a rol a ( 1 88 i
) Engli sh yric“
s 1 891
Engli sh Lyrics
, ,
an d m a ny pro se work s
”
H is .
cont a ined an a pprecia tive introduction by W illi am

W a t son the a uthor of W ord sworth s Gr a ve
“ ’ ”
La chrym ae M u sarum an d other poem s which

, ,
“ ”
h a ve b een received with a bund ant cordi a lity by

,
the pre ss a n d public A nother living poet who h a s

b een well an d ju stly prai sed is R u dy ard K ipling
.
He m ade h is e a rlie st fame as a writer of short

storie s of Indi an milita ry life S oldier s Three “ ”
an d
“
W e e W ill ie W inkie h a ve entirely c aptiva ted
the im agin ation of Mr K ipling s contempora rie s ’
.
It is as a poet however tha t he will perh aps

, ,
longest retain h is hold upon them H is B a rra ck .

“
R oom B alla d s ( 1 89 2) are finely touched with th a t

”
m arti a l spirit which so strongly a ppeal s to the heart

of our n ation .
40
C H A PT E R II
T h e N o v e lists
comp ari son of the novels of the Victorian

A E ra with the novels of th e Georgian Period
NY
mu st b e very much to the di sadvantage of the

, ,
former The grea t epoch of Engli sh fiction began

.
with Gold smith an d R ich ard son a n d ended with ,
S ir W a lter S co tt It w as a n e poch which ga ve

.
us
“
The Vica r of W akefield C l a ri ssa Tom
” “ ” “
J ones Pride an d Prejudice Humphrey

, ,
” ” “
, ,
C linker an d Tri stra m S h andy

“
Tha t fiction h a d
” ”
.
,
a n a tur alne ss a n d sponta neity to which the novel s
of the Victori a n E ra can lay no cl aim The .
novel s of the period with which we are concerned

a spire to regenera te m a nkind Dicken s indeed
sta rted o ff with b ut little litera ry e q uipment sa ve
.
, ,
sundry eighteenth century novel s He h a d re a d .
S mollett an d ,Fieldin g a n d S terne diligently

, , .
But the influence of the se humou ri sts—so m a rked

in Pickwick — b eca me qu alified in his succeeding
books by the strenuou s spirit of the time s .
It is a like intere sting in it self an d convenient

4 1
S i x ty Ye a rs of
for my purpo se th at the m o st popul ar noveli st of
the Victori a n era should h a ve publi shed h is first
gre a t book in 1 83 7 Dicken s a woke then to .
a bund a nt fa me an d h is popula rity h as never

,
w aned for a n in st ant d uring the sixty succeeding

years To day he m ay be more or le ss decried
.
-
by litera ry peo ple but h is a udience h as multi

“ ”
,
plied twofold He h as a dded to it the coun tle ss

.
thou sa nd s whom the S chool Bo ard h as given to

the rea ding world
Ch a r l es Dick en s w a s b orn a t L an d port Port se a
.
1 81 2 1 870
-
h is fa ther b eing a n improvident clerk in the N a vy

, ,
Pa y O f fice a t Port smouth Dicken s senior h as .
been immorta li ed for u s by the not too ple a sing

z
p ortr a it of Mic a wber A fter infinite struggle

.
”
a n d penury ,
Dicken s became a reporter for the
M o n ing Ch o icl e
r r n Under the sign a ture of
.
“
B oz
”
he wrote S ketches for the M o th ly
“
n
M ga zin e in 1 8 3 4 Pickwick a ppe a red from

“ ”
a .
A pril 8 3 6 to November 1 8 3 7 an d a like in p a rt s

1 ,
an d in book form took the world by storm .
It w a s succeeded by Oliver Twi st “ ”
Nichol a s Nickleb y The O ld C urio sity

S h Op
”
and B a rn a by R udge “
From thi s time forth Dicken s w a s the mo st po pul a r

writer th at our litera ture h a s seen W ithin twelve .
ye a rs a fter h is dea th some four million s of h is

b ooks were sold in England an d there is no ,
re a son to believe th a t thi s popula rity h a s in an y

4 2
Victo ri a n Lite r t ure a
w ay a a b ted although George Eliot foretold th at

,
much of Dicken s s humour would be mea ningle ss

’
to the next genera tion tha t is to say to the

, ,
genera tion which is now with u s It is the fashion

.
to ca ll Dicken s the noveli st of the h alf educa ted -
to ch arge him with l a ck of refl e c tiv en e ss with in ,
ca p a city for seriou s reasoning H is humou r h a s

b een de scribed as in sincere h is pathos a s exagger
.
a ted Much of thi s indictment m ay with equ al

ju stice b e m ade a gain st R ich ard son an d even a ga in st
.
J ane A u sten who surely anticipated Dicken s by the

,
cre a tion of the R e v W illia m C ollin s

. .
If Dicken s h ad been a lea rned University Pro

f e sso r he would not h a ve po sse ssed the equi pment
mo st needful for the arti st who w as to portray to
u s in a n imperi sh a ble m a nner the London which
is now fa st di sa ppearing The peo ple who

.
cen sure Dicken s are tho se for whom he h as served

a purpo se a n d is of no further u se They are a .
mere dro p in the ocea n of re a ders It is not .
e asy to day to ga uge h is preci se po sition

-
.
The exh au stion of m a ny of h is copyright s h as

given u p h is work to a ho st of riva l publi shers .
The e a re proba bly thou sand s of men a n d women

r
now a s there w ere in the fiftie s a n d sixtie s who

h a ve b een stimula ted b y him a n d who h ave found in
, ,
h is writing s the a id to a cheery o ptimi sm which h a s

m ade life more tolerab le a mid a d erse condition sv .
M rs R ichmond R itchie Th a ckera y s d aughter tell s

’
, ,
43
us how keenly Dicken s s c a p acity for stirring the
’
he art wa s felt even in the home of the riva l novel

ist Th ackera y s younge st d aughter then a child
’
,
looked up from the b ook sh e w as re ading to ask

.
,
the question Pa p a why do you not write book s

, ,
like Nichol as Nickleby Thackeray him self

sh a red the genera l enthu si asm D avid Copper
fi eld ! he write s to a correspondent By J ingo !
.
” “
,
It is bea utiful It is ch armin g Bra vo Dicken s

It h as some of his very b righte st touche s— tho se
inimita b le Dicken s touche s which m ake such a
gre at m an of him A n d the reading of the book
.
h a s done a nother a uthor a grea t dea l of good .
It h as put me on my mettle a n d m ade me feel tha t

I mu st do something ; tha t I h a ve fa me an d n ame
a n d fa mily to support
”
.
If Dicken s is still beloved b y the multitude ,
1 81 1 -
1 863 the n a me of W illiam M ak ep eac e T h ack e ra y h a s
entirely eclip sed h is in the mind s of a certa in

litera ry section of the community Th a ckeray .
sta nd s to them for culture Dicken s for illitera cy

, .
Tha ckeray h a d indeed a more poli shed intellect ;

he h a d a l so a more re strained style Tha ckeray
w a s b orn a t Ca lcutta
.
H is fa ther who w a s an
.
,
Indi an civil servant died when the boy w a s only

fi ve years old He w as educa ted at Charterhouse
,
S chool a n d Trinity C ollege C a m b ridge

.
In 1 83 1
, .
he we nt to W eim ar He studied long a t Pa ri s

.
44
He did not buy M acaul ay s hou se but bu ilt ’
,
him self one a t P ala ce Green an d here he died ,
the day before C hri stm as day 1 863 H is d aughter

-
.
,
A nne Th a ckera y who bec a me M rs R ichmond

,
R itchie h a s written
, Old K en sington a n d other
storie s of singul a r ch a rm .
The twenty six volume s of Tha ckeray s work s

-
’
m a ke a verita ble nursery of style for the modern

litera ry a spira nt But it is a s h a s been sa id u pon
.
, ,
h is five gre a t novel s th a t h is future fa me mu st re st .
They are a s perm anent a picture of life a mong the

well to do cla sse s a s tho se Dicken s h a s given u s
- -
of life a mong the poor .
1 8 1 6- 1 855 n who gave to Thackeray the

Ch arl o t t e B r o t e ,
'’
enthu si a stic hero worshi p of her e a rly yea rs c a lled

-
him a Titan a n d dedica ted J a ne Eyre to him

,
“ ”
, ,
h a d little enough in common with the a uthor of

Va nity Fa ir The daughter of a poor parson
”
of Iri sh birth sh e w as born a t Thornton in Y ork

.
shire .S h e a n d two si ster s gre w u p in the cra m ped

a tmo sphere of a V ica ra ge a t H a worth in the centre ,
of the moorla nd s They wrote storie s a n d poem s

.
from childhood an d drea med of litera ry fa me

,
.
Mea nwhile it w a s nece ssa ry to a dd to the sca nty

stipend of their fa ther ; two of them went b a ck
a s governe sse s to the school in which they h a d
b een educa ted ; an d all of them a little later a t

tempted the uncongenial life of private governe sse s .
4 6
Victo ri a n Liter t ur e a
The de sire to h a ve a school of their own led

C h arlotte a n d her si ster Emily to Bru ssel s where ,
they studied French a n d Germ an R eturning to .
the H a worth parson a ge the three si sters C h ar , ,
lotte Emily a n d A nne with money left them by

, , ,
a n a unt p ubli shed

,
a volume of ver se Poem s
by C urrer Elli s an d A cton Bell

,
Then e a ch
,
.
”
si ster produced from her dra wer the m a nu scri pt
of a novel a n d C h arlotte s Profe ssor Emily s

,
’ “
,
” ’
W uthering Height s a n d A nne s A gne s Grey “

” ’ ”
were sent round to the pu b li shers a n d returned

,
more th an once to the pa rson age Fin ally the .
“
Profe ssor w a s rea d by S mith 8: Elder who
J ane
,
a sked for a longer story by the writer

“
.
Eyre ( 84 7) was the re sult a n d th a t story b e

”
1 ,
ca me one of the mo st succe ssful novel s of the day .
It was followed by S hirley ( 84 9) a n d Villette“ ”

1
“
In 8 54 C h a rlotte B onte beca me M rs

1 r
A rthur Bell Nicholl s a n d the wife of her fa ther s

’
,
cura te In the following yea r sh e died

. The .
“
Profe ssor w a s publi shed two ye a rs a fter her de a th

”
.
E mil yBron t e a ccom pli shed le ss th a n her elder 1 81 8 1 848 -
si ster but her n a me will live a s long

, S h e secured .
the a dmir ation of S ydney Dobell of M a tthe w ,
A rnold an d of Mr S winburne an d her be st verse

, ,
is p erh aps the grea te st ever written by a wom a n

La st Line s an d The O ld S toic will rank
.
“ ” “ ”
with the fine st poet y in our literature Her one r .
47
novel W uthering Height s h a s been mo st h appily ”
critici sed by Mr S winburne

, ,
A s w a s the a uthor s
“ ’
life so is her book in a ll things troubled an d taint

le ss with little of re st in it an d nothing of re pro a ch
,
It m ay b e true th a t not m any will ever t ake it to

.
their he art s it is cert ain th at tho se who do like it

will like nothing very much better in the whole
world of poetry or pro se .
”
Emily Bronte s sole contribution s to literature

’
were the poem s written in conjunction with her two

si ster s under the n a me of Elli s Bell some further ,
poem s publi shed by her si ster C harlotte a fter her

death a n d the single novel W uthering Height s
,
.
”
1 81 9- 1 849
A nn e wrote more
B ro n t e th an her si ster Emily
b ut with le ss of recognition S h e contributed

,
verse s to the little volume of poem s under the

n a me of A cton Bell an d a ddition a l verse s were
pu b li shed a fter her dea th b y C harlotte In
,
a ddition to thi s sh e wrote two novel s the fi rst ,
of them A gne s Grey an d the second The

“
,
” “
Tenant of W ildfell H all Thi s la st curiou sly

.
,
enough went into a second edition during A nne s

,
’
lifetime an d sh e contributed a prefa ce to it defend

,
ing her self ag ain st her critic s Neither A nne s .

’
poetry nor her novel s are of an y a ccount to day -

.
They would not be re ad were it not for the glory

,
with which her two si sters h ave surrounded the

na me of Bronte .
4 8
Victori n Lite r ture a a
W omen noveli st s ha ve abund antly flouri shed

during the Victo ia n E ra but then the p a th
r
e a sy for them by J ane A u sten

,
w a s m a de ,
M aria Edgewo th an d Fa nny Burney By a ll

r ,
.
tho se who delight in deb a t able com pari son s the

n a me of George Eliot is frequently b rought into
contrast with tha t of C h rlotte Bront e Ge orge a
E li o t w a s born a t G r i ff in W a rwick shire her re a l 1 81 9 1 880

.
-
,
n a me being M a ry A n n E a n s Sh e w a s for a v .
time a t a sc h o o l a t Nune aton a n d a fterward s a t ,
C oventry A t fir st sh e w a s a n eva n gelica l church

.
wom an but a bout 84 sh e beca me a cqu a inted 1 2
with two or three cultiva ted women fr iend s a t

,
who se hou se s sh e met Froude Emers on a n d , ,
Franci s Newm an all of whom re pre sented a

,
reverent a nt agoni sm to su pern a tura l C hri sti anity .
In conjunction with S ara h H e n n e ll sh e undertook

Life of J e sus O n her
,
a tra n sl a tion of S t a u ss s
’ ”
r
fa the r s dea th in 84 9 sh e ca me to L ondon a n d

.
’
,
1 ,
beca me associ ated with Dr C h apman in the editor

shi p of the W estm in ste R ev i w It w a s her r e
friend shi p with George Henry L ewe s whom sh e met

.
in 8 5 1 which ga ve her the first im pul se towa rd s

1
fiction L ewe s w a s an a ctive critic a n d a writer of

,
.
,
two now forgotten novel s Mi ss E v an s s S cene s ’ “
of C lerica l Life were sent to Bla ckwood s M aga

.
” ’
zine in 8 56 The storie s were a gre a t succe ss

1 . .
Th ackera y an d Dicken s were loud in expre ssion s

of a dmira tion In 85 9 A d a m Bede wa s pub
. 1
“ ”
49
lish e d m a de George Eliot f a mou s
an d It is the “
fi ne st thing since S hakspere said Charle s R ea de

.
”
, .
Her succe ss however did not lea d to h a sty pro

, ,
duction S h e wrote only six novel s durin g the

.
rem a inder of her life I ca n write no word tha t .
is not prompted from within sh e sa id The ,

”
.
“
Mill on the Flo ss wa s written in 1 8 60 S ilas

” “
M arner in 1 8 61 ; R omol a in 1 863 ; Felix

” “ ” “
Holt in 1 8 66 ; Middlem a rch in 1 8 7 1 1 8 7 ;

” “ ” -
2
an d
“
D a niel Deronda in 1 8 76 ”
.
In 1 8 80 Mi ss M a ry A n n Eva n s beca me M rs
W a lter C ro ss but a fter a few month s of wedded
,
life sh e died of infl a mm ation of the heart a t 4

C heyne W a lk C hel se a Her hu sb and wrote h er
b iography not with much success S o entirely
.
,
Eliot s b e st mind concentra ted

.
,
wa s G eorge
’
u pon her book s th a t her letter s a n d indee d ,
her personality were a di sa ppointment to all but ,
a few hero wor shipper s -

.
The novel s with two volume s of poem s an d two

,
of e ssays m ake up George Eliot s collected work s

,
’
.
The e ssays written before a n d a fter her novel s give ,
like her letter s but f e w indica tion s of her rem ark

,
a ble power s Nor a lthough The S p a ni sh Gi psy “

.
,
is deeply intere sting c a n her p oetry be counted ,
for much The C hoir Invi sible is her be st

.
“ ”
known poem It is by her novel s th a t sh e mu st

b e judged an d the se for in sight into character
.
, , ,
so
Victo ri a n Litera t u re
n lysi s of the motive s which guide men an d
a a ,
sym p a thy with the intellectu a l a n d mor a l stru ggle s
w hich m a ke up so l a rge a pa rt of lif e h a ve a ,
litera ry niche to them selve s W ith singular ca th o

.
lic ity sh e paint s the simple st fa ith an d the highe st

idea li sm W hether it be a n Evangelical clergym an
.
,
a Di ssenting mini ster or a Methodi st fa ctory girl

,
-
,
sh e enter s into the spirit of their live s with fulle st
sy mpa thy C a rlyle could se e in Methodi sm only

.
a religion fit for gro ss a n d vulg a r minded p eople

“ -
a religion so c a lled a n d the e ssence of it cow a r dice

-
,
a n d h u nger terror of pa in an d a ppetite for pleasure
b oth ca rried to the infinite George Eliot s sym

,
” ’
.
p a th ie s were wider S h e won

. the he a rt of Metho
di st s who have stood in im a gin a tion li stening to
,
Dina h Morri s a ddre ssing the H ayslo pe pe a sa ntry ,
as sh e g a ined the devotion of R om a n C a tholic s
like L ord A cton who have seen in her p ortrait

,
of S a von arol a a wi se expression of their faith .
A n d it is not only in religiou s m a tters tha t

her sym pa thie s are so b ro a d The sententiou s .
dulne ss of Mr M a cey is a s much within the ra nge

of her feeling s a s the m anline ss of A d a m Bede or
the schol astic pride of old B ardo S h e f eel s .
equ ally for the we a k an d frivolou s Hetty an d the

lofty self su stained R omola
,
-
A t lea st eighty
.
“
out of a hundred sh e say s of your a du lt m ale

,
”
,
“
fellow Briton s returned in the l ast cen su s a re

-
neither extraordin a rily silly nor extra ordin arily

wicked nor extra ordin arily wi se ; their eye s are
,
neither deep a n d liquid with sentiment nor spark ,
ling with suppre ssed wittici sm s they h ave pro

b a bly h a d no h a irbre a dth e sca pe s or thrilling
a dventure s ; their br a in s ar e certa inly not pregn a nt
with geniu s a n d their passion s ha ve not m a nife sted

,
them selve s a t all a fter the fa shion of a volcano .
They are simply men of complexion s more or le ss

muddy who se conversation is more or le ss b ald
Y et these commonpla ce people
,
a n d di sj ointed
m any of them — b e ar a con science an d h a ve felt

.
the su b lime prompting s to do the p ainful right ;

,
they ha ve their un spoken sorrow s a n d their sa cred

joy s ; their he art s h a e perhap s gone out towa rd s
v
their fi rst b orn an d they h a ve mourned over the

-
irrecl aim ab le de ad N ay is there not a p a tho s in

,
.
,
their very in sign ifi ca n c e in our comp ari son of their

,
dim an d n a rrow exi stence with the gloriou s po ssi

bilitie s of th a t hum a n n a ture which they sha re ?
Depend upon it you would g ain un spe ak ably if
you would learn with me to se e some of the poetry
a n d the p a tho s the tra gedy a n d the comedy lying
, ,
in the experience of a hum an soul th a t look s out

through dull gr ay eye s an d th a t spe ak s in a voice
,
of quite ordin ary tone s The cre ation s of George

.
”
Eliot —Tito a n d B a ldassare M rs Poy ser a n d

, ,
S il a s M a rner Dorothy Brooke a n d Gwendolen

, ,
a re not a s fa mili a r to the re a ding public of to day -
as they were to th a t of ten or fi ftee n ye ar s ago .
5 2
S i x ty Ye a rs of
was alw y the elo q uent pre cher A lton Locke
a s a
in common with Y e t d Two Y e r A g

, ,
“ ” “
as an a s o,
is av lu ble contribution to liter ture K ing ley

a a a s
however b ec me
.
,
,
truer rti t when
a a in a s , as
Hyp a tia a n d W e stwa rd Ho ! he h ad not

“ ”
soci a l an d religiou s end s in view Hypa ti a ” “

.
,
in spite of m any hi storica l errors is a brillia nt ,
sketch of the e a rly C hurch a t A lex a ndri a Gibbon .

,
from whom K ing sley obt a ined the hint for thi s
book would ha ve revelled in the a pp arent e u
d o rse m e n t b y a l a tter day clergy m a n of h is e stim a te
,
of the e arly C hri stia nity of the E a st W e stwa rd .

“
Ho is a picture sque n a rra tive of Engli sh riva lry

with S p ain in the reign of Eli abeth The con z
trasts of ch a ra cter in Fra nk a n d A my a s L eigh

.
perh ap s give thi s novel a cl aim to be con sidered

K i n g sley s be st e f f ort He wrote m any other
’
.
work s including children s storie s scientific lec

,
’
,
ture s an d poem s a mong which la st the bea utiful

, ,
ba ll a d s The Three Fi shers an d The Sand s

,
“ “
of Dee are the mo st popular For nine ye ar s he

,
.
held the o f fice of Profe ssor of Modern Hi story

a t C a mbridge Univer sity but h is unphilo sophic a l
,
view s of hi story m a de h is presence there a m is

fortune A model country clergym an a m a n
.
,
e ssenti ally he althy minded an d intere sted in all

-
pha se s of life a n d thought K ing sley s influence ,

’
,
e specia lly on young men during the p ast fi v e ,
54
Victo ri a n Liter ture a
an d thirty yea rs
-
has b een very grea t an d very
b enefi cial
,
Henry K ingsl ey , younger b rother of Ch arles 1 830

a ,
-1 876
wrote m any novels a n d rom ance s three of them ,
memora ble Geo f f rey H a m lyn “

is po pul a r a s ”
the b e st novel of A u stralia n life To A u stralia

.
o
he h a d gone to m a ke h is fortune a t the digging s .
He did not m a ke a fortune but j oined the coloni al ,
mounted police in stea d C om pelled by h is o fli c e .
to a ttend an execution he threw u p the po st in ,
di sgu st an d returned to Englan d to find h is

b rother installed a s Vicar of Eversley an d on
,
the high ro ad to fa me Little wonder tha t he .
a ttem pted to emul a te him a n d he succeeded , .
Never surely h a s litera ture produced two brother s

so rem a rkab le a n d a t the sa me time so di ff erent
, ,
.
,
Both gave u s energetic heroe s an d loved ,
m an line ss In Ch arle s K ingsley however

.
, ,
the noveli st wa s always lar gely subordin ated to

the prea cher In Henry there w as nothing of
.
the pre a cher whatever G eo f frey H a mlyn .

,
”
“
R a venshoe The H illyars an d The “
”
an d
B urton s are all forcible ef f ective work s an d they

,
”
, ,
h a ve secu ed generou s pra i se an d a ppreci a tion

r
from m a ny a literary colleague But Henry w as a .
bit of a ne er do well an d so h is person ality h as

’
- -
been c arefully screened from th e p ublic H is .
n ame is not even mentioned in C harle s K ing sley s ’
55
S i x ty Ye a rs of
b iogr phy a Edwin A rnold however who knew
. S ir , ,
him a t Oxford an d M rs Thackera y R itchie who

, ,
kne w h im towa rd s the end of h is life testify to ,
certa in delightful qu a litie s of mind a n d he art

which peculia rly appe aled to them 1
.
A writer not le ss succe ssful th a n Charle s

K ing sley b ut in no w a y com pa ra ble a s a m a n
B aron Lytton who
, ,
1 803 - 1 873 w a s E dw ar d Bul w er L y t t o n
wa s b orn in L ondon a n d cre a ted no sm a ll sen sa

, ,
tion in 1 8 2 8 by the publica tion of Pelha m “

.
”
Thi s wa s followed by a long li st of novel s of

infinite variety S ome dea lt with the pretern a tura l
.
!
like Z anoni an d others with hi story p sychology

, , ,
a n d ethic s Of the se the mo st po pul a r were doubt

The Last
.
le ss the hi storical H a rold R ien i “ ”

z
” “
of the B a ron s a n d The L ast D ay s of Pom peii

, ,
” ”
, ,
which still hold their own with the younger genera

tion The thoughtful men of to da y do not how
.
-
ever re a d The Caxto n s a s they did in the sixtie s

an d seventie s Lytton w as one of the clevere st
.
men of h is a ge — u sing the word in no friendly ‘
sen se— h e w as a clever noveli st a clever dra m a ti st ,
( h is comedy of Money an d h is tra gedie s

“ ”
The La dy of Lyon s still

,
“
R ichelieu “
”
an d
”
,
1
Ch
rle Kin ley novel mi ell neou writin ’
an d
ubli hed b y mill n in twenty nine volume

s s sc a s
a s gs gs
M ac Co
Henry Kin ley novel h ve b een re ently i ued by W rd
a re p s a .
,
-
s .
Lo k in twelve volume
gs s s a c ss a
c s.
5 6
Victo ri n Lite r t u re a a
hold the t ge )
s a ,
an d a clever Parli a ment ary
deb ater .
A nother writer with higher cl aim s to con sidera

,
tion th an tho se of litera ture was B e njami n Disra eli 1 804 1 88 1, ,

-
E a l of B e ac o n sfi e ld Di sra eli entered life under

r .
condition s peculi a ly fa vourable to a succe ssful r
literary ca reer H is fa ther I saa c D I sra eli wa s ’
a n enthu si a stic b ookworm

.
, ,
who se C urio sities of “
Lite a ture an d other book s are an inexha ustible

,
”
r
mine of anecdote on the qu a rrel s an d c al a mitie s

of a uthors The young Di sra eli wrote Vivi a n
.
“
Grey in 1 8 7 following thi s very succe ssful e ff ort

”
2
with The Y oung Duke

,
“
Venetia Hen ,
” “
,
” “
rie tt a Tem ple a n d other novel s In 1 8 3 7 he

”
.
,
w as returned to P a rli a ment as member for M a id
stone H is c areer a s a n ora tor a n d sta te sm a n

.
doe s not concern u s here ; su f fice to say th a t of

h is m a ny l a ter novel s C oning sby Ta ncred “ ” “ ”
, ,
an d S ybil
“
a re by f a r the
”
a ble st a n d mo st
brillia nt a n d th a t S ybil was a n e ff ective

,
“ ”
expo su e of m any abu se s in the rela tion s of

r
ca pita l to labour In a ddition to h is work a s a

noveli st Lord B ea c o n sfi eld wrote a n a ble bio
.
g r a phy of h is friend a n d colleague L ord George

,
Bentinck .
One of the mo st succe ssful of the grea ter novel

ists of the reign w as Ch ar l es R ea de who first , 1 81 4-1 884
57
S i x ty Ye ars of
b ec me
a f mou b y Peg W o ffington
a s in 1 85 2
“
.
The C loi ster an d the Hea rth wa s publi shed in ”
1 8 61 ,
an d Gri ffi th Ga unt in 1 866 S everal of
“ ”
.
h is l a ter novel s were written with a purpo se In ”
H a rd Ca sh he drew a ttention to the ab u ses of

.
p riv a te lun atic a sylum s ; in Foul Play he “ ”
a rou sed public intere st in the iniquitie s of ship
k na ckers in Put Y ourself in H is Pla ce he

“ ”
N ever Too Late

,
a tt a cked Tr a de s Union s a n d in
“
to Mend he expo sed some of the a b u se s of o ur

,
”
prison sy stem a s it exi sted a t that time R ea de .
wa s a l so an indu strious dra m a ti st ; M ask s an d “
Face s a n d Drink a re a mong h is mo st popul ar

,
” “
,
”
pl ay s Of all h is book s The C loi ster a n d the

.
“
Hearth is the best a n d al so the mo st widely

”
,
read It h as for its hero the fa ther of Erasmu s

. .
Tho se who in d ays to come will wa nt to know

wh a t provinci al life w as really like in Engla nd
in e arly Victori an time s will en q uire for the
1 81 5- 1 882 novel s of A n th on y T roll ope B a rche ster
Towers Fra m ley Par son age
, an d Dr ,
“
Thorne are the mo st popula r of a serie s of

,
t ale s in all of which the country life of Eng

,
la nd its clergy a n d squire a rchy are portra yed

Trollope wrote on m any su bject s H is Life of
.
, ,
“
.
C icero sec u red the commend a tion of Profe ssor

”
Freem an an d h is b iography of Thackeray ,
though all too slight is the b e st b ook a bout

,
5 8
Victo ri a n Liter ture a
the author of Vani ty Fa ir th at h as so f ar

“ ”
been given u s .
A nother noveli st of a bout equ a l sta tu s with

T 1 0 11 0 pe in mid Victori a n fiction is Ge orge Jo h n
-
W h y t e M el v ill e M ajor W hyte Melville is the 1 821

.
- 1 878
noveli st of all lovers of the hunting fi eld an d -

,
str a ngely enough he fell a victim to the very

sport which he h a d done so much to picture .
He w as killed by a fall from h is ho se W hyte r .
Mel ille s hunting novels include K aterfelto

v
’
an d Black but C omely He al so wrote hi storical

.
”
novel s of which The Q ueen s M a rie s a n d The

,
“ ’
Gla di a tors were the mo st popula r a n d he h a d a

”
,
pretty gift of verse .
Literature h a s rarely produced a more pic

ture sq u e figure th a n R obert Lo uis S t ev ens o n 1 850 .
-1 894
The so n of a fa mou s S cotti sh engineer he w as
de stined like his great countrym a n S ir W alter
,
S cott for a W ritershi p to the S ignet

, He took .
,
however to litera ture in ste a d an d died a t forty

, ,
four in S a moa —where he h a d gone for h is hea lth ,
—a fter a rem arka ble litera ry a chievement W ith

b
.
a style not a lwa y s rigidly r mm tic l ut al

g a a a ,
wa ys impre ssive a n d di stingui shed he shone in ,
m a ny bra nches of literary work He wrote .
tra vel picture s like W ith a Donkey in the

“
C evenne s which were incomp ar a bly superior to

,
”
tho se of an y contemporary ; h is plays—written

59
in collab ora tion with Mr W E Henley— h ad a . .
power of their own an d one of them Bea u “
pub lic
, ,
A u stin a lthough not a ccepted by the

”
is pro b a bly the gre a te st contribution to the dra m a

, ,
of the e ra A s a critic of life a n d of book s

.
S teven son h a s a l so a n honoura ble pl a ce I know .
of no better treatment of the one tha n Virgin ibu s

Pu e r isq u e or of the other th a n
,
”
S ome A spect s “
of R obert Burn s He h as given a bund ant

.
ple a sure to children by A C hild s Ga rden of “ ’
Verses an d in Underwoods he h as sca rcely

,
” “ ”
le ss successfully a ppe a led to their elders

It is a s a noveli st however th at S teven son fi lls
.
, ,
the la rge st pla ce He is the inheritor of the

.
tradition s of S cott with the world pain of h is own

,
-
epoch supera dded Men a n d boys alike h ave.
found Treasure I sland ab sorbing while men

“ ”
,
h a ve a l so pondered over the widely diff erent

powers which are di splayed in The New A rab ian “
Night s an d The M a ster of B alla ntra e Prince

” ”
Dr J ekyll an d Mr Hyde
,
Otto an d S t Ive s
,
” “
is a p a ra b l e which h a s thrilled u s all .
S teven sondelighted to c all Mr G eorge Meredith

h is m a ster a n d the two men were friend s of
,
years George M ere dith began h is litera ry ca reer

.
in 1 8 5 1 with a volume of poem s one of which

Love in a Valley is still a n un qualified joy to
, , ,
“ ”
Mr Meredith h a s pu b li shed
,
all who re a d it .
60
h ave re a d (an d I ha ve re a d thou sand s) stand s in ,
a pl a ce by it self
‘
I h ave re a d The Egoi st five
.
’
or six time s a n d I mea n to rea d it a gain Others

,
.
”
h a ve spoken with equ al enthu si a sm of S andra “
Belloni with its sweet singer Emilia ; others

,
”
of Be a uch a mp s Ca reer with its a ri stocra tic

’
,
”
R a dic al now genera lly understood to h a ve been

,
intended for A dmiral M ax se .
Mr Meredith dedica ted h is volume of Poem s

I 73 S 1 866 of 1 8 1 to who erh
-
5 T h o m as L o v e P e ac o c k p p a s , , ,
more th a n a n y other writer influenced his

own style Pe a cock w a s born a t W ey mouth
.
,
an d he w a s m ainly self educa ted In 1 80 4 -

.
an d 1 8 0 6 he publi shed two sm a ll volume s of

poetry, The Monk s of S t M a rk an d Pal
“ ” “
myra.
”
In 1 8 1 he b eca me a cqu ainted with
2
S helley a n d the two were intim a te a t Grea t

,
M a rlow where Pea cock lived in 8 1 5 a n d la ter 1 ,

.
Pe a cock s novel s Hea dlong H a ll

’
1 81 7
) -
Melincourt ( 1 8 1 7) a n d Nightm a re A bbey

” “
which h a ve been two or three time s re

printed within the l a st five or six ye a r s g a ined no ,
commen sura te a ttention on their appea ran ce ,
a lthough one of them w as tran sl a ted into

French In 1 8 9 Pea cock became a clerk in
. 1
the India Hou se an d m arried a W el sh girl

J ane Gryfl dh
, ,
M a id M a rion a ppe a red in

‘
“
.
C rotchet C a stle
“
in 1 8 3 1 and in 1 83 7
”
1 822
Paper Money Lyric s an d other Poem s A ll

, ,
”
.
62
Victori a n Liter tu re a
the novel s I h ave n amed an d they are h is

mo st f a mou s b elong to the pre Victori an period
,
, ,
but Gryll Grange h is last novel w a s publi shed ,

”
,
in 1 861 Pea cock is intere sting a s a noveli st an d

.
for h is rela tion s with other fa mou s men He wa s .

,
a s I h a ve sa id the friend of S helley a n d he w a s

, ,
the fa ther in law of Mr George Meredith A dded

- -
to thi s he succeeded to J a me s Mill s po st a t the

.
Indi a Hou se an d va ca ted it for J a me s Mill s so n ’
J ohn S tu art Mill

, ,
To R L S teven son we undoubtedly owe much

.
. .
of the im pul se to the modern rom an tic movement ,
which a dd s every day an hi storical novel or a story

of a dventure to our libra rie s It h a s given u s S ta nley .
W eym an Q ( A T Quiller C ouch ) A nthony

“ ”
. .
, ,
Hope M ax Pemberton an d C on a n Doyle the

,
”
, ,
cre a tor of S herlock Holme s A nother S cotsm an .

,
Ge orge M ac D o n al d who se R obert F a lconer 1 824 “ ”

, ,
“
D avid E lgin bro d a n d A lec Forbe s of How ,
“
glen ha ve ch a rmed nea rly a genera tion h a d

,
”
,
le ss i fluence tha n might h a ve been thought

n
u pon the younger S cotti sh writers who h a ve m a de ,
S cotti sh scene s an d S cotti sh di a lect so m a rked a n

element in m any popul ar work s J a me s M a tthew .
B a rrie for example h a d written A W indow in

, ,
“
Thrum s before he h a d rea d one of Dr M ac

”
Don ald s book s Mr B arrie w a s pro b ably in

,
’
fl u e n c e d however by J ohn Gal t ( 1 779

.
who se A yrshire Legatee s an d A n na l s of the

, ,
“ “
63
P ari sh were written b efore the Queen beg an to
”
reign
A writer who se m o st striking b ook wa s pu b li shed
.
su fli c ie n tly long a go to ju stify its inclu sion here w a s
Joseph H enry S h or th ou se H is J ohn I n gle san t

,
“
.
gained for him a reputa tion which h is S ir Perci

v al
”
did not su st ain Mr S h o rth o u se h a s w itten r
nothin g since J ohn I n gle san t so bea utiful a s

.
'
“ ”
h is “
Little S choolm aster M ark a singularly ,
”
poetical conception of abnorm a l childhood .
The be st storie s for children h ave been written

by Lew is Carr ol l Thi s is the pseudonym of th e
.
R e v C h a rle s L u tw idge Dodg son a lecturer on

.
,
m athem atic s a t C hri st C hurch Oxford a n d the , ,
a uthor of severa l m a them a tic a l text book s In -

.
Euclid an d h is Modern R iva l s a n d A Ta ngled ” “
Ta le Mr Dodgson h a s succeeded in com b inin g

,
”
h is t a ste for science with a rich humour ,
but h is fa me re st s upon h is rem a rkable fairy

storie s A lice s A dventure s in W onderl a nd pub
“ ’ ”
, ,
lish e d in 8 65 an d its sequel

1 Through the “
Looking Glass which a p pe ared in 8 72 Men

, ,
”
-
,
1 .
a n d women quit e a s much a s little children h a ve

, ,
found ple a sure a n d entert a inment in the se h appy

e ff ort s of a geniu s as individu al a s a nything our age
h a s prod u ced .
I h ave purpo sely all but ignored m any writers

of fi ction who are still a ctively engaged in litera ry
64
Victori n Lite r ture
a a
pursuits The da ily journ al s bring their achieve

.
ments suf ficiently to the front But litera ry .
workers owe so much to the untiring zea l of S ir

W al t er B esan t in their beh a lf th a t a t the ri sk of 1 83 8
,
incon si stency I mention h is A ll S ort s a n d

,
“
C ondition s of Men a story which not only sold

,
”
by thou sa nd s but h a d a pra ctica l influence such

,
as is r a rely given to poet or noveli st to a chieve .
The writer drea m s of a wea lthy heire ss devoting

her time a n d money to purifying a n d eleva ting the
East End of L ondon S h e b uild s a Pa l a ce of .
Delight a n d devote s it to the ser ice of the people

,
v .
In M ay 1 88 7 the d e a m w a s real i sed for the

, ,
r ,
Q ueen o p ened ju st such a P a l a ce for the People in

the Mile End R o a d How f ar thi s in stitution the
-
.
,
outcome of a noveli st s im agina tion a n d the ’
generou s su b scription s of philanthropi st s h as

a chieved the regenera tion of the L ondon poor
,
hi story h as yet to record S ir W alter Be sa nt .
wrote at an ea rlier period twelve novel s in con

junction with Jam es R ice a colla bora tor of singul a r 1 843 1 882 -
humour an d im agina tion Of the b ooks written

,
conj ointly R ea dy Money M o rtibo y a n d The

,
“ ” “
G olden Butterfly are the mo st popula r

”
.
Pa ssing from the a cknowledged m asters in

im agina tive litera ture one turn s to a crowd of
,
p opul a r a n d intere sting writer s who h a ve ch a rmed
an d delighted multitude s of re a der s Foremo st .
E 65
S i x ty Ye a rs of
a mong these a re L eve d M rry
an a at r Ch arl es .
1 806 1 872 L ev er wa s for some time editor of the D bl i

-
u n
U iv ersi y M aga zin e

n t but h is Iri sh storie s
, ,
C h a rle s O M a lle y H a rry L o rre qu er

“ ” “
an d
’ ”
a re h is chief title to fa me Tha t the rollicking .
humour of the se book s still comm a nd s a ttention

is proved by a recent luxuriou s r e i ssue of them 1
.
A nother Iri shm a n who won the a f f ection s of

Iri shmen a s L ever won their la ughter w a s W il liam
,
1 798 1 869 Ca rl e t o n who w a s born a t Prillisk county Ty one

-
r .
, ,
He w a s the younge st of fourteen children H is .
equ a l knowledge of Iri sh a n d Engli sh ga ve him an

intim a cy with the folk lore a n d fa iry t a les which
-
m a ke u p so l a rge a pa r t i the live s of the poorer

,
a mong h is countrymen Tra it s a n d S tories “

an d ,
of the Iri sh Pe asantry ( 83 3 ) a n d Ta le s of”

1
“
Ireland were the re sult H is rom a nce .

,
“
Fa rdo o u gh a the Mi ser a ppe a red in 8 3 9 a n d
r ,
”
1 ,
he tre ated in 84 7 of the horror s of the I i sh

1 r
f a mine in h is Bla ck Prophet Ca rleton h a s

“ ”
.
for m any yea rs ce ased to be re a d in Engl and ,
but he sha re s in the revived intere st in Iri sh

litera ture which h a s ta ken the pla ce of intere st
Joseph S heridan Le Pa nu also
,
1 81 4 1 873 in Iri sh p olitic s

-
.
m a de a gre a t succe ss with Uncle S ila s ( 1 864 ) “ ”
an d
“
In a Gla ss Da rkly ”
1 792 1 848
- Fre de rick M arry a t ra n a wa y to se a severa l
1 “
The Colle ted W ork of Ch rle Lever Do wney
c s a s
”
Co
.
66
Victori a n Lite r t u re a
time s before h is fa ther a mem b er of Pa rli ament of ,
gr ea t we al th con sented to his being a sa ilor He

, .
w a s a succe ssful an d po pul a r n a v a l o f ficer before

he w as twenty one He w as thirty seven ye ars
-
.
-
of age when he wrote h is first novel Frank ,

“
Mildm a y the succe ss of which led him to a dopt

,
”
litera ture a s the profe ssion of h is l a ter life Of .
h is m a ny novel s of which Mr Mid shi pm a n E asy

,
”
an d Peter S im ple a re perhaps the be st several

“ ”
,
a p pe ared in the M t op ol ita M aga z i which

e r n n e,
M arrya t edited for four ye ars Not o n ly is .
M a rya t the mo st delightful of writers for boy s

r ,
but it is intere sting to note tha t both Ca rlyle

a n d R u skin durin g lon g term s of illne ss sola ced
them selve s with his wonderful se a sto ie s -

r .
A writer who ga ve much he a lthy ple a sure

to schoolboys w as W ill iam H en ry Gil es K in g 1 81 4 1 880 -
sto n ,
who left behind him one hund ed a n d r
twenty fi v e storie s o f the se a A nother writer

-
.
for boy s W illiam H a rriso n A in sw ort h wa s the 1 805 1 882

, ,
-
so n of a M a nche ster solicitor The m aj ority of .
his thirty novel s t e a t of hi sto ica l theme s

r The r .
be st of them Old S t P a ul s “
The Tower of ’ ” “
Londo an d R ookwood h a e been trans

, ,
“ ”
n, , v
l a ted into mo st m o de n la n gu age s S carcely le ss r
J
.
p po ul for
ar a time w a s G P R a m es who a l so 1 80 1 1 860
. . .
,
-
de a lt freely with hi story Tha cke a y burle squed r
J ames so skilfully tha t he h as already become

.
67
S i x ty Ye a rs of
a tra dition He was Briti sh C on sul in
. Virgini a,
a n d a fterward s a t Venice where he died , .
Living Engli h noveli st s of well de served po pu

s -
la rity a re M r H a rdy Mr Bl a ck a n d Mr Bla ckmore

, , , .
T h om a s Hard y m a de h is ea rlier fa me by Far “
from the M a dding Crowd He m ade h is ”
later po pularity by Te ss of the D Urbe rv ille s

“ ’ ”
Between the se b ook s c a me two storie s

grea ter th a n either The R eturn of the N ative
( 1 8 78
) a nd The W oodl
“
a nder s One ”
mu st re a d tho se book s to a ppreci a te how very

gre a t a noveli st Mr H a rdy is how full of poetry ,
an d of in sight The Dorset shire l a nd sca pe which

.
,
under the gui se of W e ssex he h a s m a de so “

,
”
fa mili ar will be cla ssic ground for m a ny a day to

,
all lover s of good liter a ture .
A lthough W illiam B l ack who w as born in Gla s ,
gow h a s written numerou s storie s a bout the W e st

,
Highla nd s of S cotland he h a s no a ffi nity wh atever

,
to the new S cotch school He m a de h is first

Love or
.
a ppe a ra nce a s a noveli st in 1 867 with

“
M arri age a n d almo st every yea r since he h as

”
publi shed a story over thirty novel s now be aring

,
h is n a me Bla ck h a s recog i sed the value o f the

. n -
picturesque b a ck ground a ff orded by W e st High

-
l a nd scenery with its a ccomp anying incidents in

,
the outdoor life of the deer sta lker an d a ngler

H e h a s given u s some rea l ch ar a cteriza tion in
.
68 t
S i x ty Ye a rs of
en sa tion might even now h a ve a gre a t vogue it is
s
quite certai n tha t the a ctu al W ilkie Collin s h as lost

, ,
the grea ter p a rt of h is A nother noveli st who

1
.
pre sent s him self a s little more th a n a n ame to the

1 807 1 877 pre sent genera tion is S am u e l W arren
-
He w a s a .
doctor an d like h is homotype Mr C on an Doyle

, , ,
h alf a century l a ter studied medicine at the Uni ,
versity of Edinburgh H is Pa ssage s f rom the “
Di a ry of a La te Phy sicia n bega n in B la ck

.
w ood s M ga zine in 1 83 a n d w as well received

’
a 0, ,
but a still gre ater succe ss a ttended h is Ten “
Thou sa nd a Y ea r which appeared fi rst in the ,

”
sa me periodica l .
Time h a s dealt unkindly with S a muel W arren

it is yet to be seen how time will deal with a nother
1 820- 1 887 popul a r fa vourite M r s H enry W oo d who w as born
, ,
in W orce stershire an d m ade the city of W orce ster

the centre of m any of her storie s The C han “
M rs H a lliburton s Trou b le s are her

.
“
n in gs
’
an d
be st novels a n d they h ave ha d a well de served -
popul arity for M rs W ood h a d a splendid fa culty

,
for telling a story Her even more popular novel ,
E ast Lynne will prob ably survive for m any a

.
“ ”
,
ye a r as a st age play .
Next to C ha rlotte Bronte an d George Eliot the

1 A New Li b r ry Edition of the novel of W il k ie C ollin s
uj t been publi hed by Ch tto d Windu

a s
ha s s s a an s.
70
Victo ri n Lite r tu re
a a
most distin gui shed woma n noveli st of the era is

M rs Gask ell who as Eliza beth C l e gh o m S teven son 1 81 0 1 865
, , ,
-
ma rri ed W illi a m Gaskell a Unita ria n mini st er of

,
Ma nchester M rs Gask ell s first li tera ry su c cess

.
’
w as
“
Mar y Ba rton the story of a Ma nchester
,
”
fa ctory girl R uth“

North an d So uth an d
” “ ”
S ylvia s L overs were equa lly successf ul but the

.
, ,
’
,
tw o boo ks whi ch are certa in to secu re immorta li ty
to their a uthor ar e C ra nf ord an d The ”
Life of Cha rlotte Bronte C ra n ford

” “ ”
is an idyll of villa ge life whi ch is sure to cha rm

m a ny genera tions of rea ders an d not a few a rtists ,
ha ve delighted to ill us tra te its qua int an d f asc in a t

in g cha ra cter st u dies C ra nfo r d h as be en iden
.
tifi ed wi th K nutsf ord in C hes hire M rs Gask ell s ’

.
biography of her fri end C h a rlott e Bronte has

p ro ba b ly ha d a lar ger sal e th a n an y other bio
gra phy in our litera ture M any ca us es contributed
.
to thi s—the po pula rity of the Bront e novels the ,
ex ceptiona lly rom a nti c an d pa thetic lif e of th eir

a u thors M rs G ask ell s own fa me as a writer of
’
fiction an d the litera ry skill wi th which sh e trea ted

,
th e ma terial a t her comman d .
Other women writers who ha ve h ad a lar ge

meas ure of fame an d are n o w wel l nigh forgotten
,
-
are M rs M a rs h ( 7 9 1 who wrote The “

1
A dmira l s D a u ghter an d The Deform ed M rs

’
,
C rowe ( 1 80 0 who wrote S usa n Hopley “ ”
7 1
S i x ty Ye a rs of
an d
“
The Night
of N a ture M rs A rcher S ide ,
” '
C live ( 8 who wrote Pa ul Ferro ll “ ”

1 0 1
Lady Georgiana Fullerton ( 1 8 1 2

,
the a uthor
of A n n S herwood M rs S tretton ( 1 8 1 2
“
,
”
who wrote The Va lley of a Hundred Fire s

“
.
A ll the se a re now little more than n ame s to u s

1 800 1 879 b ut not so A nn e M ann in g who se
,
-
M aiden a n d “
M a rried Life of M ary Powell will long continue to

,
be re ad It is a n e ff ective presenta tion of Milton

.
1 80 8 1 877 a n d h is fir st wife M rs N o rt on the Byron of

- “
poete sse s a s L ockh art de scribed her wrote several

.
,
”
novels S tu art of D un leath an d L o st an d

, ,
“ ” “
,
S a ved being perh ap s the be st kno w n in their time

”
,
but sh e live s now m a inly in George Meredith s ’
I 826 1 83 7
- “
Di an a of the Cro ssway s Din ah M ul ock ( M rs .
C ra ik ) m ay still be ra nked a mong our mo st po pul a r

noveli st s a lthough her be st a n d mo st succe ssful
b ook J ohn Hal ifax G entleman was published
,
“ ”
J
, ,
1 3 24 1 877 in 1 8 The memory of l i K av an h l

7 u a a g
-
5 . a ,
though her M adeleine was enthu sia stica ll y

“ ”
greeted on its ap pea ra nce h a s all b ut fa ded ,
a w ay Mi ss K ava n agh s W om an in France in ’

.
the 1 8th C entury Engli sh W omen of L ett ers

” ”
French W omen of L etters were hand somely

, ,
”
an d
got u p book s an d are still to b e found in m any

,
o ld fa shioned li b ra rie s
,
-
.
Two of the mo st popul ar writer s for chil dren

7 2
Victo ri n Lite r t ure a a
were A L O E a n d M rs Ewing A L O E
or A La dy of England w as the p seudonym of
. . . . . . . . .
Ch ar l ott e M aria T u ck er who a fter m a ny ye ar s of 1 82 1

,
-1 893
succe ssful litera ry l a bour went out to Indi a for ,
the C hurch Mi ssion a ry S ociety a t the age of fi f ty ,
four Mi ss Tucker s mo st po pula r storie s were

.
’
“
Pride an d h is Pursuers Exile s in Babylon ,
” “
,
”
Hou se Bea utiful a n d C yril A shley S carcely

,
” “
.
”
le ss popul a r w a s M rs E w ing who se mother M rs 1 841 , ,

-
1 885
Ga t ty edited A u n t ju dy s M aga zin e It w as in ’
.
,
thi s m aga ine th a t M rs Ewing s R emembrance s

z
’
of M rs Ov erth e way m a de their appea ra nce .
Another writer of great popula rity M rs Ch arles 1 828 1 896 , ,

-
secured a n immen se su cce ss with The S ch onberg “
C ott a Family K itty T re v e lya n s Di ary

“
”
an d
’ ”
other b ooks of a semi religiou s semi hi storica l

, ,
- -
tendency It is a n a tura l associ a tion not de rived

.
,
from similarity of n ame to mention M aria L ouisa ,
Ch arl e sw ort h a t the sa me time bec a u se Mi ss 1 81 9 1 880 ,

-
Ch arle sw o rth s Mini stering C hildren h a d an

’ ”
en ormou s succe ss with the religiou s public of

—
Engl and the public which sup port s Mi ssion ary
,
S ocietie s an d S nday S chool s

u .
I might easily devote m any p age s to the living

women noveli sts who have impre ssed them selve s
u pon the e ra ; but tha t scarcely come s within the
scope of thi s little book There are to n ame b ut .
,
73
S i x ty Ye a rs of
a few M rs
, Lynn Linton M Hum phry W
rs ard , ,
Ouida Mi ss Bra ddon Mi ss M a rie C orelli Mi ss

, , ,
Olive S chreiner Mi ss R hoda -Broughton Edn a

Lyall Lucas Malet Mi ss Cha rlotte Y onge Mi ss
, ,
, , ,
A deline S erge ant M rs M ac q u o id M rs A lex ander

, , ,
M rs W K . C li ff ord— n a me s which rec a ll to

.
thou sand s of re a ders m any fa mili ar books an d

some of the ha ppie st ho u rs they h a ve ever spent .
1 828- 1 897 W ith the n a me of M rs Oliph an t who h a s ,
recently died I m ay fi tly clo se thi s survey of

Victorian fi ction M rs O liphant struck the note
,
of the e ra a like in her versa tility an d in her l ack

of thoroughne ss S h e w a s so versa tile th a t sh e once
.
o f f ered to write a whole number of B l eh w ood s a

’
M aga zin e a public a tion to which sh e wa s for ye a r s

,
a v a lued contributor A n d sh e would h a ve done .
it with fa ir e ff ectivene ss Th at sh e wrote good .
fiction is now genera lly a cknowledged S h e wr ote

b iography critici sm a n d every form of
.
a l so , ,
pro se Her M a kers of Florence h as been a

.
“ ”
popula r hi story — it trea t s of D ante Giotto an d

Life of Edwa rd Irving h a s
, , ,
Sa von a rol a — a s her

,
”
been a popula r biogra phy S h e wrote m any other

b ook s apart from her fiction A Hi story of
.
Eighteenth C entury Litera ture a Memoir of

,
” “
Princi pal Tulloch b iographie s of C erva nte s an d

,
”
,
Moliere a n d a volume on Dre ss But sh e w as

,
“
.
”
not a good critic nor wa s sh e a very a ccura te ,
74
Victori n Liter t ure
a a
s tudent It is upon her novels th a t her f a me will

.
h ave to re st.
“
S al em C h apel a skilful deline a
,
”
tion of a mini ster an d h is congrega tion h a s been,
com pared to George Eliot s S ilas M a rner

’ “ ”
Passage s in the L ife of M a rgaret M aitl and

.
( 1 84 9 w as her fir st novel a n d
) The
“
La dy s W a lk
’
( 9 7)
1 8 her l ast
,
an d in the intervening ye a r s sh e
proba bly wrote sixty or seven ty storie s e ach of ,
them conta ining indica tion s of a geniu s which ,
with more concentration would h ave given her

an enduring pl a ce in Engli sh fi ction
,
75
S i x ty Ye a rs of
Middle A ge s was publi shed in 1 8 1 8 an d h is
, ,
“
C on stitution a l Hi story of Engl a nd from the
.
,
A cce ssion of Henry VII to the De ath of G eorge .
in 1 8 7 In 1 8 3 8 he produced h is Intro
2
“
duction to the Litera ture of Euro pe in the Fifteenth

.
S ixteenth a n d S eventeenth C enturie s

, Of the se .
”
three wo k s the first an d the l a st a e valu able

r r
m a inly for thei stimulu s to the more philo

r
so phic a l a n d im a gin a tive work of l a ter writer s ,
but the C on stitution a l Hi story rem a in s the text

book for the pe iod which it covers M aca ula y
r .
p i sed it highly po ssibly beca u se of the W higgi sm

r a ,
which undoubtedly underlie s some of the more

deba t able pro po sition s in the b ook b ut M a ca ul a y
a n d m a ny other writer s h a ve di s uted the correct
p
ness of m any of H a lla m s judgment s To write ’
.
the con stitution al hi story of Engl and from the

e arlie st period to the ye a r 4 85 where H a lla m 1 ,
begin s wa s a f ar more di fficult underta king th a n to

,
deal with th e re ign s of the Tudors a n d the S tua t s

'
r .
Thi s work devolved on Dr S tubb s .
W illiam S t u bbs who w a s a ppointed Bi shop o f

,
Oxford in 8 8 9 w as born a t K n are sborough an d

1 , ,
w a s educa ted a t R i pon Gra mm a r S chool a n d a t
C hri st C hurch O xford

-
,
In 8 5 he beca me vica r
. 1 0
of N a ve stock in E ssex a n d in 1 8 6 he wa s m ade 2
libra ria n at La mbeth P a l a ce H is edition s of

, ,
medi aeva l chronicle s were well c a lcula ted to smooth

the p ath of an y future h i storian an d the critic a l ,
7 8
introduction s showed the profound scholarshi p of

the editor Prob ably no one m a n h as done so
.
much to throw light on the ob scure by wa ys of -
hi story a n d a s R egiu s Profe ssor of Modern H is

,
tory a t Oxford a po st he a cce pted in 1 866 he

, ,
ga ve so grea t a stimulu s to hi storica l study th at

m any brillia nt writers h ave since been proud to
ca ll him m a ster “
In 1 8 7 he pu b li shed h is
.
”
0
S elect C h a rter s of which the Introduction s “

“ ”
,
a re a l so inva lu a ble an d between 8 74 a n d 1 8 7 8

,
1
he wrote h is gre a t work The C on stitution a l ,

“
Hi story of Engl and in its O igin a n d Develop r
ment the three volume s of which ca r y u s down

,
”
r
to the de a th o f R ich ard III The book is pro .
f o u n d ly scientific in its method but it is a m is ,
ta ken a lthough po pul a belief which classe s Dr

,
r,
S tubb s a mong Dry a sdu st inve stig a tor s The work .
glows with life an d intere st a n d is full of sugge stive ,
p a r a llel s for modern politic a l society .
The work of tra cing the growth of the English

con stitution which h a d been so worthily begun by
,
H allam a n d continued in so wi se a n d schola rly a

fa shion by Bi sho p S tubb s w a s carried on by Sir
,
T h om as E r sk in e M a y who a few d ay s before h is 1 8 1 5 1 886

, ,
-
de ath w a s cre a ted B a ron Fa rnborough A fter a

, .
long o f ficia l ca reer in connection with the Hou se

of C ommon s he w a s appointed Clerk to the House
,
in 8 7 1 In a ddition to several publica tion s dea l

1 .
ing with Pa rli a me ta ry form s a n d a book on

n ,
79
S i x ty Ye a rs of
Democra cy in Europe he wrote a Co n stitu ,
” “
tio n al Hi story since the A cce ssion of G eorge

thu s continuing the work from the point a t which
H alla m h ad dro pped it an d completing a continu
,
o u s hi story of the Engli sh C on stitution .
W hen we turn to wh a t is more popul a rly under

stood by the hi story o f a country the politic a l a n d ,
soci a l life of p eople s a n d the w a r s an d conque st s

,
of n ation s we are not le ss fortun ate in the re sult s

Joh n Lin gard h ad it is tru e written his
,
1 771 1 85 1 a tt a ined
-
.
, ,
gre a t work before 1 83 7 The Hi story of Eng “
l and from the First Invasion b y the R om an s to

.
the C ommencement of the R eign of W illia m

a ppe a red in eight volume s b etween 1 8 1 9 a n d
1 83 0 . Linga rd was the so n of a W inchester c ar

p e n te r. He w as for some time the Profe ssor
of Mora l Philo sophy a t a R om a n Catholic

C ollege . H is religiou s view s dou b tle ss a f f ected ,
in con sidera ble me asure h is judgment of event s , ,
e special ly in the reign of Henry VIII but he is a .

,
fa irly im partia l hi storia n He confe sse s th a t he

h as b een more a nxiou s to a rrive a t the fa ct s th a n
.
trou b led a s to the ga rb in which tho se fa ct s were

presented to the public an d h is work is really very
dull in con sequence A contem porary of Lingard
,
.
,
who covered much of the same hi storic ground wa s ,
S h a ron Turner ( 7 68 1 a n d yet another w a s
1 807 1 857 J o h n M it ch ell K e m b l e who se

,
S a xon s in Engla nd “ ”
-
,
( 1 84 9
) still fill s a u seful pl ace A nother di stin .
80
Victo ri n Liter ture a a
gu ish ed writer of wh at we m ay term the e arlier

,
school of hi storica l re sea ch w as S ir Fr a n cis r ,
Palgrav e one of who se a ccom pli shed son s Fra nci s 1 788 1 861
, ,
-
Turner Pa lgra e is still li ing (born v whilom

,
v
Profe ssor of Poetry at Oxford an d the friend of

Tenny son the a uthor of excellent verse an d
moreover the editor of th a t incom pa ra b le volume
, , ,
the Golden T ea sury of S ong s a n d Lyric s

, ,
“ ”
r S ir
Fra nci s w a s the so n of a J ewi sh stockbroker
.
n a med C ohen a d ch anged h is n a me on be c o m

,
n
ing a C hri sti an H is be st book the Hi story of

.
,
Norm andy a n d of England lo st much of its ,

”
va lue by the publica tion of Freem a n s monu ’
menta l work The Hi story o f the Norm an C o n

,
“
que st .
”
E dw ar d A u gust us Fr ee m an wa s born a t H ar 1 823 1 892 -
borne in S t a ff ord shire a n d educa ted a t Trinity

C ollege O xford
, ,
,
H is fir st work w a s a .Hi story of
A rchitectu e ubli hed in In he
”
p s r ,
8 4 9 1 8 6 3 1 .
i ssued the fir st volume of a Hi story of Federal “
G overnment The Hi story of the Norm a n

” “
.
C onque st in five l a rge volume s appe a red

”
, ,
between 1 8 67 an d 1 8 76 a n d the R eign of ,

“
W illi a m R ufu s an d A cce ssion of Henry,

in
1 882 . H is Old Engli sh Hi story was a mo st
“
delightful collection of the primitive storie s which

h ave alway s h a d a gre a t fa scin a tion for b eginners
in hi sto y There w a s sca rcely an y period of Euro
r .
pean hi story with which the a uthor of the Norm an “
F 81
S i x ty Ye a rs of
C on q ue t did not show a thorough fa mili arity
s
”
.
No hi stori a n h a s h a d a keener gr asp of h ard

solid fa ct s or is more a b le to m a ke common sen se
,
-
deduction s from them I a m quite un a ble he ,

”
ca ndidly confe ssed to a p preci ate phy sica l or

,
metaphy sical work s in an y l angu age a n d he hated ,

”
litera ry di scu ssion which he contem ptuou sly termed

,
“
C h a tter a bout H a rriet in reference to the de ”
batable question of S helley s treatment of h is

,
’
wi f e Perh a p s thi s l a ck of bre a dth did not

O f h is
.
m aterially spoil him for h is work .
m a ny volume s of hi storie s an d e ssays tho se on ,
the Norm an C onque st mu st be given the

“ ”
first pla ce It h a s been said indeed th a t the

.
, ,
work t a ke s as long to re a d a s the event took to

a chieve but it is worth rea ding neverthele ss
The b attle of H asting s or as M r Fre em an would
, .
‘
, ,
sa y of S enl a c w a s a turning point in our n a tion a l

, ,
-
hi story a n d we h ave here the mo st com plete

,
de scription of th a t grea t struggle S ince Free .
m a n s dea th some a ttempt h a s been m ade to

’
que stion h is a ccura cy a n d h is schola rship ; but

it h a s not a mounted to very much W hen Dr
S tub b s with whom di ff erence of politica l iews
.
,
v
h a s in n o w a y im pa ired a lifelong friend shi p w a s ,
a ppointed Bi sho p of C he ster in 1 884 Mr Freem a n ,
succeeded him a s R egiu s Profe ssor of Modern
Hi story a t Oxford where he w as followed on h is

,
de ath by Mr Froude .
82
Victori a n Litera t u re
It would be h ard to find a gre a ter contrast
both in method an d in m a nner tha n b etween
,
Edward Freem a n an d J a mes A nthony Froude

,
Freem a n s style though cle ar an d trench ant

’
, ,
w a s never brilli ant ; Fronde s langu age comp a re s

’
with th a t of the be st a rti st s in litera ture Free .
m an w a s a lway s scru pulou sly ex a ct never a t fa ult ,
in a fa ct or a da te ; Froude w a s notoriou sly

ca rele ss an d slipped a t every turn Freem an
,
.
c ared nothing for theorie s ; Froude was never

so h a ppy as when he sto pped a b ru ptly in a de
scri ption to di scour se on the my sterie s of Pro
v ide n c e or the follie s of m a nkind Between men .
of such oppo site n a ture s no friend ship w a s po ssible ,
an d in the S tu day R ev i w a n d other p eriodic al s

a r e
Freem a n commented vigorou sly a n d not al wa y s ,
fa irly on the other s ina ccura cy ’
Jam es A n th ony Frou de w as one of three gifted 1 81 8 1 894

.
,
brothers another being W illiam Froude ( 8 1

, 1 0
the m athem a tici a n an d engineer ; an d the

third R ich ard Hurrell Froude ( 8 3
, a 1 0
le a der of the Tra ct ari a n movement who se

Literary R em ain s were publi shed a fter his
,
“ ”
dea th b y K eble an d Newm a n Froude w as

educa ted a t Oriel C ollege O xford a n d for a
.
, ,
time c ame under the influence of the movement

of which h is elder brother wa s a lea ding spirit
b ut ultim ately he a bandoned supern atural Chri st
,
ian ity a ltogether sub stituting for it a kind of

,
83
poetic Thei sm which he p a rtly a dopted f rom
C a rlyle In 1 84 7 he publi shed anonymou sly two
novel s The S pirit s Tri al s an d The Lieuten ant s
.
“ ’ ” “ ’
,
D a ughter which contained some not very generou s

,
”
critici sm s on h is brother a n d former friend s H is .
“
Neme si s of Fa ith which a ppe ared in 1 84 8 w as
,
”
,
a further critici sm of the doctrine s which he h a d
a b a ndoned Between the ye ars 1 85 6 a n d 1 869 he

.
publi shed the twelve volume s of h is grea t work ,
The Hi story of England from the Fa ll of W ol sey

,
to the Defea t of the S p ani sh A rm a da which ,

”
a chieved a gre a t a n d in m a ny re spect s a well

, ,
de served popularity R a rely indeed h as hi story

.
been written with so much brilli ancy an d pic tu r

e sque power The e arlier volume s h ave been much
.
di scredited among hi storica l student s yet we would

not willingly mi ss such delightful word p ainting as -
h is de scri ption of the Pilgrim age of Gra ce an d

other scene s in the ca reer of the Eighth Henry ,
whom he selected for reh a bilita tion It was of .

,
course a va in an d im po ssible ta sk to remove the

,
odium which h as settled upon the n ame of

Henry VIII b ut it w a s as well th a t the attempt
.
should be m a de Henry h a d appea red to the

.
m ass of modern Engli shmen a s an old world ogre -
a n d Mr Froude h a s a t le a st en abled them to se e
th a t he was after all a m a n Mr Freem an him self

the mo st con scientiou s an d l ab oriou s of writers
.
,
expre ssed his hearty contempt for an author who

84
S i x ty Ye a rs of
s eries of article s on Thom as a Becket but the ,
numerou s mi sta ke s an d mi ssta tement s brought

down on him once a ga in the stricture s of Mr
Freem an He wrote a b iogra phy of Carlyle to
.
,
whom he a cted as litera ry executor an d the whole ,
of the litera ry world wa s in a rm s at the revel ation s

of Ca rlyle s somewh at un a mi able rela tion s with h is
’
wi f e an d of h is too contemptuou s sentiment s ab out

,
m any person al friend s S till Mr Fro n de s grea t.

,
’
litera ry f a culty will secure to thi s biography a f a r

gre ater perm anence than will fa ll to the lot of the
thou sand an d one memoir s which ha ve a ppe ared
- -
during the reign Even should Carlyle s writing s

.
’
ce ase to be generally studied it is not improb a ble

tha t Fro n de s Life of Carlyle will al w ay s be
,
’ “ ”
re a d a s a n im porta nt chapter in litera ry hi story .
In thi s connection I c annot do better th an quote

from a n unpubli shed letter from S ir Fit J a mes z
S tephen Mr Fronde s c c executor to Mr Froude

’
-
, ,
“
For a bout fifteen yea rs I was the intima te
friend a n d con st a nt com pa nion of both you an d
Mr Ca rlyle a n d never in my life did I se e a n y one
,
m a n so much devoted to an y other a s you were to

him during the whole of tha t period of time The .
mo st a ff ection a te so n could not h a ve a cted better

to the mo st venera ted fa ther Y ou c a red for him .
,
soothed him protected him as a guide might pro

,
te e t a weak old m an down a steep a n d pa inful

p a th The a dmira tion you h a bitu ally expre ssed
.
86
a a
for him both morally an d intelle ctu a lly w as u n

qu alified Y ou never sa id to me one ill na tured
.
-
word a bout him down to thi s day It is to me .
wholly incredible th a t a nything but a severe rega rd

for truth le arnt to a grea t extent from h is tea ching
, ,
could ever have led you to embody in your por

trait o f him a deline a tion of the fa ult s a n d we a k
ne sse s which mixed with h is great qu alitie s .
Of him I will m a ke only one rem ark in ju stice

to you He did not u se you well He threw u pon
. .
you the re spon sibility of a deci sion which he ought

to have t a ken him self in a plain unmi st aka ble w ay
, .
He con sidered him self bound to expi a te the wrong s

which he h a d done to h is wife If he h a d done
thi s him self it would h a ve b een a courageou s thing ;
.
b ut he did not do it him self He did not even

.
decide for him self th a t it should be done a fter h is

dea th If an y courage w a s shown in the m a tter it
You took the
.
,
w a s shown by you a n d not by him

,
.
re spon sibility of deciding for him tha t it ought to

be done Y o u took the odium of doing it of
.
,
a vowing to the world the fa ult s a n d we a kne sse s of
one whom you reg arded a s your te a cher a n d

m a ster In order to pre sent to the world a true
.
p ictu
r e of him a s he re a lly w a s you well
,
knowing ,
wh a t you were a bout stepped into a pillory in

,
which you were cha rged with t ea chery viola tion r ,
of confidence an d every im aginable b a se motive

, ,
when you were in fa ct guilty of no other fa ult th an

87
th a t of practi sing Mr Carlyle s grea t doctrine tha t ’
men ought to tell the truth .

”
Mr Froude h as other cla im s to remembrance .
In h is S hort S tudie s on Gre a t S ubj ect s m a ny of

“
,
”
them e ssays written for F a se s M aga zi e of which r r

’
n ,
he was for a long time editor a e some very wi se ,

r
a n d thoughtful a per s rticul rly one on the Book

p pa a
of J ob H is Life of Bunyan is cha racteri stic as

,
“ ”
Life of Caesa r Carlyle t aught him

.
,
is a l so h is “
.
”
hero worship an d from Car lyle a l so he learnt the

-
di spo sition which in spired h is p owerful b ook The

,
“
,
Engli sh in Irela nd in the Eighteenth C entury .
He a lso wrote two picture sque book s of tra vel ,
an d three volume s of lecture s 1

delivered a t Oxford
during h is occu p a ncy of the ch a ir of hi story which
h a d b een previou sly held in succe ssion by h is two
,
gre a t rival s Bi shop S tubb s an d Dr Freem an

,
.
The hi stori an who devoted him self mo st e ar

n e stly to Mr Fro n de s chief hi storic a l period an d
’
,
who se writing s were in some mea sure a reply to

1 81 0- 1 879 h is w as the R e v Joh n S h err en B rew er who for
m any yea rs w a s Profe ssor of Engli sh Litera ture a t
, .
,
K ing s C ollege L ondon Brewer s chief work a

’ ’
Ca lend a r of Letters a n d Pa per s Foreign a n d

, .
,
“
,
Dome stic of the R eign of Henry

,
come s
down however to 1 5 3 the year in which Mr
, , 0,
Fro n de s hi story commences an d thu s Brewer

’
,
1 “ L e ture on the C oun il of Trent En gli h S e men in ” “
the S i xteenth C entury d Life d Letter of Er m

c s c , s a
” ”
, an an s as u s.
88
Victori a n Lite r tu r e a
t nds a lone a s a n authority on Henry s e arly reign

s a
’
.
A compre ssed work in one volume The R eign “

,
of Henry w a s published a fter h is de a th .
Mr Froude conclude s h is n arrative at the year

1
5 8 8
,
the ye a r of the S p a ni sh A rm a d a but no ,
recent writer of m ark h as tre ated of the clo sing

ye ars of Eliza beth s reign in a n y deta il although
’
,
we owe to M ajor M artin Hume a well written -
study entitled The Y e a r a fter the A rm a da M ajor

“
.
”
Hume who is the be st living authority u pon thi s

,
p eriod h,
as a l so written u p on The C ourt ship s of “
Queen Eli abeth an d h as edited for the Public

”
z ,
R ecord O ffi ce the C a lend a r of S p a ni sh S ta te

Papers of Eli a b eth z .
The next gre a t period of Engli sh hi story th at ,
of the S tua rt king s is de alt with by Profe ssor ,
Gardiner S am u el R a w son Gar din er was born a t 1 829

.
R o pley in H a m pshire a n d w a s educa ted at W in

, ,
che ster a n d at C hri st C hurch Oxford H is whole , .
life h as been devoted to the mo st l aboriou s re

sea rch in the a nn a l s of the reign s of J a me s I .
,
Ch arle s I a n d the Protectora te of C romwell

.
, .
He h as not like Mr Froude t a ken u p hi story a s a

, ,
ple a sant litera ry recre a tion but h as given yea r s of u n,
remitting la bour to the pro duction of ea ch separa te

volume He is now well into the study of the
.
Protectorate the first volume of h is hi story of which

,
ap pea red in 1 894 He ha s written m any minor

.
89
S i x ty Ye a rs of
book s one de aling with The Gunpowder Plot
,
“
,
”
a n d a nother with C romwell s Pl a ce in Hi story

“ ’ ”
.
Mr Ga rdiner will not perh ap s be counted a brilli a nt

writer He give s u s none of the fire an d eloquence
a lmo st b ordering on poetry
.
,
which we find so
a bund a ntly in Froude ; but he h a s b een de scri b ed
,
by S ir J ohn S eeley as the only hi stori a n who h as

trodden the controversi al ground of seventeenth
century Engli sh politica l hi story with a b solute
fa i ne ss an d im parti a lity J a me s an d C h arle s
r .
,
Buckingha m an d Bri stol S tra fford an d Pym

, ,
st a nd out in cle a r a n d well d e fi n e d line a ment s

-
There is no hero worshi p to b lind u s ; no flowing

.
rhetoric to a tone for in su ffi cient knowledge W e .
see the se men in their we a kne ss a n d in their
strength neither side monopoli sing the virtue a n d

,
the pa trioti sm but e a ch on occa sion a cting from

, , ,
noble or ignoble motive s It m ay be urged tha t

.
too much a ttention is devoted to the follie s of

prince s an d the intrigue s of courtiers a n d cer ,
ta in ly of the inner lif e of the n a tion we get a ll too
little in Mr Ga rdiner s p age s : but it m ay b e fairly

’
sa id th a t the se book s a re the sa fe st an d b e st of
guide s to one of the most importa nt an d critic al

period s in our politica l hi story It is impo ssi ble to
.
a void contra sting Mr Ga rdiner with a f a more r
popula r a n d more brilli ant hi stori an L ord M a c ,
a u la y
,
a n d the contra st is in some re spects in
, ,
f a vour of the former Mr Gardiner see s tha t in

.
9 0
Victori a n Liter t ure a
deal ing with the complexitie s of hum an motive s we

are on very uncerta in a n d delic a te ground We -
need to p au se step by step to weigh prob ab ilities

.
a n d to qu a lify our every sta tement a lthough such ,
he sita ncy an d qu alifica tion is not conducive to

brilli ant writing .
The importan c e of thi s rhetorica l principle was

fully grasped by T h om as B abin gt o n M aca ul a y 1 8004 ,
859
a n d a ccordingly in h is writing s a single definite
, ,
an d di stinct motive is sei zed u pon a s the guidi n g
p rinci ple of every a ction a n d b y the sim

, p le pl a n ,
of ignoring com plexitie s in hum a n ch ara cter we ,
a re c a rried a long in a n e a sy m a nner to po sitive
a n d undoubting o inions
p I wi sh sa id L
. ord “
,
”
Melbourne tha t I were a s cock sure of a ny tbzng

'
“ -
as Tom M a ca ul ay is of everything ; an d the

rem a rk hit 0 3 an u ndoubted fa iling a t lea st from ,
the stand point of sound an d tru stworthy workm an

ship . M a cau la y who se fa ther w as a di stingui shed
,
philanthro pi st an d sl avery a bolitioni st w a s born at

R othley Temple in Leice ster shire
,
, From a private .
school he went to Trinity C ollege C a mbridge .

,
H is e a rlie st e ff ort s in liter a ture were a rticle s for

K night s Qu te ly M g zi e a n d contribution s
’
ar r a a n
to the E a z é gk R ev iew the fi r st of which on

,
'
’
n ar
Milton drew from Lord J e ff rey the rem a rk

, ,
“ ”
, ,
The more I think the le ss I c an conceive where

you picked up th at style Perhaps Ma ca ulay s .
” ’
9 1
S i x ty Ye a rs of
e ssay s h a v e b een more popula r even th a n h is hi story .
The extra ordin a ry knowledge they di splay the ,
di scursive fa mili a rity with all poetry a n d fiction ,
ancient a n d modern an d their enthu si a stic intere st

,
in hi storica l event s m ake them a kind of ed ucation

to men who se re ading h as b een slight or who a re
,
beginners in the art of rea ding— an art a t which

M a ca ulay w a s such a n a dept In 1 8 3 0 M acaulay
.
entered Pa rlia ment a s member for Ca lne an d ,
four yea rs la ter received the po st of member of

the Indi a n C ouncil at Calcutt a with a salary of ,
a ye a r He left Indi a in 1 83 8 ha ving

rendered gre a t service to tha t country b y assi st
.
,
ing to fra me the Indi an penal code A fter h is .
return to Engla nd he sat in Pa rlia ment for m any

yea r s as mem b er for Edinburgh an d for a short
‘
time held a se at in Lord Melb ourne s Ca b inet

,
’
.
S ome of h is speeche s in the Hou se were a mong

'
the mo st elo q uent an d succe ssful to which tha t

assembly h a s li stened In 1 84 9 the first two
.
volume s of h is Hi story of Engla nd from the

“
A cce ssion of J a me s II were publi shed The

. .
gre a t succe ss of the se a n d the succeeding volume s

m a de him one of the mo st popula r a uthors of his
day In 1 8 5 7 M a ca ulay w as m a de a Peer b ut he
never spoke in the Hou se of L ord s He died in
.
,
.
.
December 1 8 59 before he h ad fini shed the

w a s b uried in
,
“
R eign of W illia m an d
W e stmin ster A bb ey D uring the l ater year s o f

.
9 2
S i x ty Y ea r of s
rhetorical l angu age the a verage sentiment of h is

day its belief in m a teri a l pro sperity a n d its de
, ,
light in being told th a t there h as been no age of

the world so ha ppy as our o wn A ll thi s is true .
,
a n d yet it is al so true th a t M a ca ula y s re a l se r

’
to litera ture are lo st sight of when such an e sti

is propounded too h a r shly
In spite of obviou s de fi ciencie s M a
.
hi story is a gre a t work It fills up a ga p .
hi storica l literatu re a n d such incident s as

tri al of the seven b i shop s an d the siege
,
Londonderry excel b oth in picture squeness an d

in a ccura cy But M a ca ula y h as cla im s f ar beyond
.
h is merit s a s a hi stori a n The critic s who con

.
d e m n him so freely seem to h a ve forgotten their

own e a rly ye a rs If I a m in the wrong said
.
“
,
”
M ac aula y of h is hi story I sh all at le a st ha ve

,
“
se t the mind s of other s a t work He h a s se t the”

.
mind s of others a t work W ha t cultiva ted m an or

.
wom a n live s with whom M a ca ulay s writings h ave ’
not been a mong the first b ooks re a d who h as not

,
been m a de to feel tha t all the gre at poetry a n d

fi ction an d history to which he alludes so freely
,
mu st be well worth ca reful study ? W h a t

if in a fter ye ars we di scover tha t M a ca u
-
unju st to B a con the m an an d w as entirely i

,
of B a con the philo sopher ; or understand

wha t he me ant by saying th a t such critique s
Le ssing s La ocoon filled him with wonder a
’ “
94
Victo ri n Liter tu re a a
de sp air ? If we h ave been encouraged by him to

de sire a wider knowledge if we h ave learnt from ,
him to a dmire so m a ny gre a t writers so m any ,
famou s sta te smen we m ay surely forgive him

much if indeed there b e a nything to forgive
,
.
,
E ar l S tan h ope who did mo st of h is hi storic a l 1 80 5 1 875

,
-
work when a s an expecta nt peer he w a s known a s

Lord Ma hon w as a great friend of Maca ulay s In
, ,
’
, .
1 8 7 he publi shed a
0 Hi story of the R eign of “
Queen A nne which began a t the ye a r 7 1

”
,
1 0 ,
an d thu s served a s a connecting link between
M a ca ul ay s hi story an d h is o wn l a rger work— the

’
“
Hi story of Engla nd from the Pe a ce of Utrecht ,
down to the Pea ce of Versa ille s ( 1 7 1 3

The continu a tion of Ea l S tanho pe s n a rra tive r
’
m ay be found either in M r L e c k y s Eighteenth ’ “
C e ntury or in W i lliam N a t h an i e l M assey s H is 1 80 9 88 1

” '
,
- 1
tory of Engl a nd under Geo ge III Mr M assey r .

”
brings u s down to the Pea ce of A mien s in 8 1 0 1
from which d a te H a rriet M a r tinea u lea d s u s to 1 84 6

,
in a work Hi sto y of the Pe a ce ) which is quite

r
”
unwo thy of her a bilitie s The eign of Victori a

r . r
h as been written by m a ny b an d s not the lea st ,
succe ssful being the Hi sto y of Engla nd 83 “

r ,
1 0
of the R ev W il liam N a ssa u M o l esw o rt h 8 6 890

‘
”
1 8 73 . 1 1 -
1
of R ochd a le the a uthor a l so of a Hi story of the

,
Chu ch of Engl a nd Equa lly popula r is the ”

r
Hi story of O ur O wn Time 1 8 3 of J ust in

.
“
,
0
M a cCart h y who h as a l so written a

,
Hi story of 1 830 “
95
S i x ty Ye a rs of
the F our George s an d m any popul ar novel s
N or mu st we forget the brilliant literary eff ort
, .
1 81 1 -1 891 of A l exan der W illiam K in gl ak e who in h is ,
“
Hi story of the W a r in the C rimea h a s m a de ,
”
a younger gener a tion fa mili a r with a struggle in
which their fa thers took so bra ve a pa rt Mr

K inglak e w a s for some yea r s the L iber al member
.
for Bridgewa ter H is first litera ry e ff ort Eothen

.
, ,
”
a volume of tr a vel s is sca rcely le ss po pul a r th an h is

,
hi story By f ar the mo st importa nt work however

.
, ,
on Engli sh hi story in a period sub sequent to th a t

,
dea lt with by M acaulay is L e c ky s Hi story of

,
’ “
Engl and in the Eighteenth C entury a work of ,
gre a t thoroughne ss a n d thoughtfulne ss the eighth

a n d concluding volume of which w a s pu b li shed in
,
1 890 . W illiam E dw a r d H ar tpol e L eck y who w a s ,
educa ted a t Trinity C ollege Dublin which he now, ,
repre sent s in P arli a ment is one of the mo st bril

,
lia nt an d sugge stive writers of our a ge H is R i se .

“
an d Influence of the S pirit of R a tion a li sm an d ,
“
Europe a n Mora l s from A ugu stu s to C h arlem a gne ,
as well a s the Hi story of the Eighteenth C entury

“
,
a re ju stly po pul a r .
It is impo ssible to enumerate a ll the importa nt

contri b ution s to hi storic a l study of the past few
yea rs but the Hi story of S cotland froin the
,
“
,
Inva sion of A gricol a to the R evolution of

1 809- 1 881 by Joh n Hi ll B urt on a n d the Life a n d R eign of
by J ames Gairdn er mu st not be
,
R ich a rd III .
,
9 6
S i x ty V e a rs of
the fi rst edition But the popular in stinct wh ich
.
declar ed thi s to be a gre a t work w as a sound one , .
In the m a in its conclu sion s are ju st There is not .
a line of che a p sentiment or rhetoric a l cl ap tra p -
in the book Mr Green soon afterwa rd s enlarged

.
h is work a n d publi shed it in four h a nd some

,
volume s which he dedic ated to h is f iend s

,
My r
M a sters in the S tudy of Engli sh Hi story —Bi sho p ”
S tub b s a n d Profe ssor Freem a n La ter on appeared

,
The M aking of Engl and an d a fter h is dece a se ”
The C on q ue st of England
, , ,
a nother volume
“ ”
, ,
written on h is de a thbed wa s publi shed by h is ,
widow A lice S to pf o rd Green who h a s written

Town Life in the Fifteenth C entu ry S ir A rchi
, ,
bald Geikie the geologist once rendered a tribute

.
, ,
to Green for ende a vouring to bring geologica l

science to the a id of hi storica l re se a rch ; but on
the que stion of the Teutonic element in our n a tion

it h a s b een urged tha t Green follow s h is friend s
,
S tu bb s an d Freem a n a ll too re a dily an d ignore s

,
, ,
the evidence from a nthro pology in fa vour of the

very grea t preva lence of C eltic b lood in the
Engli sh spea king race
-
.
I regret tha t my sp a ce will not permit me to

wr ite a t length of the men who ha ve studied so
thoroughly scien ce s which ha ve so much b ea ring
upon hi story a n d who have written delightful
,
book s upon them I mu st be content merely to

.
mention the n a me s of W illi a m Boyd D awkins who ,
9 8
Victori a n Lite ra tu re
h as written Cave hunting an d Ea rly M a n in
“ -
“
Brita in 5 an d S ir J ohn Lub b ock b anker an d

”
,
member of Pa rli a m ent who h as written Pre ,

“
hi storic Time s an d The Origin of Civili a tion

” “
z
an d the Primitive C ondition of M a n a l so ,

”
va riou s books on n atura l science a n d some ,
very in adequ a te litera ry e ssay s Nor mu st I for .
get Edwa rd Burnett T ylo r s Primitive C ulture ’ “ ”
A nthro pology Gr a nt A llen s A n glo S a xon

“ “
an d
’
-
Brita in a n d Edwa rd C lo dd s C hildhood of the

,
” ’ “
W orld Childhood of R eligion a n d Pioneers

” “ ” “
, ,
of Evolution From such work s a s the se it is

”
b ut a very short step to the writings of M ax

.
M uller Fri e drich M ax M iill er so n of the 1 323

.
,
Ge m a n p oet W ilhelm Muller w a s educ a ted a t

r
the University of Leip ig a n d m a de a specia l

, ,
’
z ,
study of philo so phy in G erm a ny for m a ny ye a r s
before he c a me to the l and of h is a doption in

A ppointed an O xford profe ssor fir st of
,
1 84 6 .
,
mod ern langu age s a n d la ter of com pa ra tive philo

logy a science which he m a y a lmo st b e sa id to
h a ve crea ted he h as b ecome a n Engli shm an both
,
in speech an d in writing M ax M illle r s mo st ’
L
.
o
p p ul a r work s a e h is intere sting recture s on the
S cience of La ngu age C hips f om a
”
an d h is
“
,
r
Germ a n W o k shop in which he de a l s not only

r ,
with the common origin of the world s lea ding ’
langua ges but in a skilful a n d almo st st artling

,
ma nner recon struct s by the aid of lan guage alone , ,
99
the condition s out of which h ave ri sen the va riou s
religiou s an d soci a l sy stem s of the early n a tion s .
The writers who have mo st prominently followed

in M ax M uller s foot steps a s elucidators of
’
b
,
p rimitive religiou s elief a re Profe ssor

, S a yce a n d
the R e v S ir George C o x A rchibal d H enry
. .
S a y c e who succeeded M a x M uller in the ch air

,
of com pa rative philology at Oxford h as written ,
numerou s book s a n d trea ti se s dealing with the

C h a lde a n a n d other a ncient n a tion s a n d h a s a l so
b
,
p u li shed an a nnot a ted edition of Herodotu s ,
noticea ble chiefly for its unfa vourable verdict on

the Fa ther of Hi story S ir George Cox who se
“
.
”
,
“
Mythology of the A ryan N a tion s ha s pro ”
v o k e d much a dver se critici sm from its extreme
a ppli ca tion of the S ola theory to the inter

“ ”
r
p r e ta t io n of myth epic,
a n d rom a nce,
h as a l so ,
written an intere sting Hi story of Greece “ ”
two volume s .
The Hi story of Greece which m ay be c

“ ”
side re d one of the mo st sa ti sfa ctory a chie
of the Victori a n e ra is th a t by Grote

,
1 794
-
1 87 1 twelve volume s George Gro t e w a s
.
Hill ne a r Beckenha m an d w a s educated

, ,
C h a rterhou se S chool He e a rly went in

b anking hou se in T h readn e edle S treet of
.
-
,
h is fa ther w as one of the p artner s but found ,
to devote him self to philo sophy an d hi story a ,

‘ ‘
to write for the W eszm im e R ev iew the orga n z r ,
1 00
S i x ty Ye a rs of
a ncient hi storian s added to the sound an d weighty
,
judgment of a cle ar sighted modern critic e xc ep

-
tio n ally free from prejudice It w as Gro te s grea t ’

.
de stiny to free the Engli sh mind from the e rro n e

o u s impre ssion s which h a d so long prev a iled as to
the re al ch ara cter of the A theni an democracy an d ,
we ca nnot find el sewhere a truer or ju ster picture

of A then s a t the height of her power A grea t .
work on Greek hi story in l a ter a spect s th an tho se

of Grote a n d Thirlwa ll is A History of Greec e “
,
from its C onque st by the R om an s to the Present

I 799 1 375 Time
-
by Ge orge Fin l ay Finla y fought in the
”
.
,
G reek W a r of Independence a n d lived for the ,
greater p a rt of h is life in A then s

A number of clergymen b e side s Dr Thirlwa ll
.
ha ve shown an a ble gra sp of cl a ssica l hi story

Dr A rnold wrote a Hi story of R ome b ased on
.
”
,
Niebuhr which although intere sting is sca rcely

, , ,
1 80 8 1 893 worthy of so gre a t a m an

- Ch ar l es M eriv al e De a n
of Ely wr ote a n a dmirable summ a ry of R om a n
.
,
hi story from the found a tion of the city in R C 7 5 3 .
to the fa ll of A u gu stu lu s in A D 4 76 but h is grea t

. .
work is the Hi story of the R om an s under the

“
Em pire which is indi spen sab le for a thorough

,
”
1 791 1 868 a ppreci a tion

- of Gibbon H e nry H art M ilm an
.
,
Dea n of S t Pa ul s did good service to hi storic al

’
schol a r shi p b y h is edition of Gibbon s pre eminent

,
’
-
work an d by h is own Hi story of the J ew s

,
“
,
”
“
Hi story of C hri sti a nity under the Empire an d ,
”
1 02
Victori n Liter ture a a
L tin
a Chri sti a nity
The nine volume s of thi s
.
l ast were ca lled by De a n S tanley a complete epic “
an d philo sophy of medi aeva l C hri sti a nity Milm an ”

.
is sa id to h a ve de scribed him self a s the la st “
lea rn ed m an in the C hurch but in the pre sence of ,

”
so eminent a schol a r a s M an d e l! Cr e igh t o n Bi shop 1 843
London the statement is meaningless Dr

,
of ,
.
C reighton s gre a t work A Hi story of the P a p a cy “

’
,
From the Grea t S chi sm to the S a ck of R ome is ,

”
of the highe st va lue in the con secutive study of

Euro pea n hi story ; an d so a l so is the work of
a nother clergym a n Ge o r ge W il lia m K it chin De an 1 827
, ,
o f Durh a m who se ,
Hi story of France previou s to
the R evolution is very a ttra ctively written
,
”
.
A writer who genera li se s freely from the fact s

of hi story a n d who se generali sa tion s were once
,
very po pula r a n d a ccording to S ir M acken ie

, ,
z
W a ll a ce a re still widely re a d in R u ssi a w a s H e nry

, ,
Th om as B u ck l e who p ubli shed in 1 8 5 7 the first 1 82 1 1 862

,
-
volume of the Hi story of C ivili sa tion in Engla nd

“
a second volume a ppe a red in 1 8 6 1 but the a uthor ,
died before he h a d com pleted h is intended under

taki g Buckle unduly em ph asi se s the influence of
n .
n ation al an d mora l l aw s u pon the progress of civil

isa tio n minimi se s the influence of individu a l s a n d
, ,
overlook s the momentou s a ction of heredity A ;
writer of equ al im porta nce with Buckle w as John

A ddin gt o n S y m on ds who se R en a i ssa nce in 1 840 1 893
,
-
Italy is a work of grea t literary merit an d w h o se

”
,
'
1 0 3
S i x ty Ye a rs of
tran slation of Cellin i s A utob iography h as ’ “ ”
super seded R o scoe s

’
.
P assin g from hi storic Ita ly to Germ any we m a y

note th a t The Holy R om an Em pire of Jam es
“ ”
1 83 8 B ry ce cre ated q uite a f u r o r e a s a pri z e e ssa y a t

Oxford an d in its enl a rged sh ape form s the only
, , ,
Engli sh sketch of Germ an hi story of gre at literary

merit Mr Bryce w as some ye a rs ago announced
.
, ,
to write a Hi story of Germ any of more formid a ble

“ ”
dimen sion s b ut the gl a mour of p a rliamentary life

an d a s e a t in the C a binet h ave rob b ed u s of a
,
c a p able hi stori an A lthough we are without a

.
sa ti sfactory Germ a n hi story we po sse ss two very
solid contribution s to such a work W ith one

of the se Carlyle s Frederick I L I sh al l dea l
.
’ “ ”
1 83 4 1 895 l a ter ; the other is S ir J o h n R obe rt S ee l e y s Life

, ,
’
-
an d Time s of S tein ; or G erm any a n d Pru ssia in ,
the N a poleonic A ge W hen thi s work appe ared

.
”
it w as received with high commendation in Ger

m any b ut in England with the q ua lification th a t it
,
h a d none of the litera ry ch a rm of the a uthor s

’
e a rlier e f f ort s To such critici sm Profe ssor S eeley

.
—h e received the profe ssor ship of modern hi story

a t C a mbridge on K ing sley s re sign a tion in
’
8 69 1
replied in a serie s of p apers entitled Hi story a n d “
Politics wherein he pra ctically contended tha t it

”
w a s the bu sine ss of hi stori a n s to b e dull a n d th a t

,
brilli a nt hi story writing w as as a m atter of fact

-
little other th an fi ction S till in h is l e cture s on

, ,
.
,
1 04
W illiam E w art Gla dst on e , of a La nca the so n
shire merch ant wa s born a t Liverpool Into

, .
h is politica l ca reer it is not my province to

enter H is first litera ry work The S ta te in its
.
,
“
R el a tion s with the C hurch w a s m a de fa mou s

”
through a rev iew by M a ca ulay L a ter in li f e he

,
indulged in theologica l controversy publi shing

E ssay on R itu ali sm a n d The Va tica n
,
“ ” “
an
Decree s Mr Gla d stone s chief work is however

.
” ’
, ,
h is “
S tudie s in Homer in which he a rgue s for
”
,
the unity of the poem for the found ation in fa ct

,
of its m ain incidents an d for the definite person al

,
ity of the a uthor H is contri bution s to periodica l

.
litera ture h a ve been innumera ble an d only a few ,
-
an d tho se non controversi a l a n d non cl assic a l
- -
h a ve b een republi shed in h is five volume s of

Glea ning s Mr Gla dstone s chief opponent in
” ’
.
theological controversy Ca rdin al Newm a n h as , ,
p rofoundly influenced h is religiou s view s In .

“
my o pinion wrote Mr Gla d stone m any ye ars a fter

”
N ewman h ad become a R oman Catholic h is

,
“
,
sece ssion from the C hurch of Engl a nd h a s never
yet been e stim a ted a mong u s a t a nything like the

full amount of its c a l amitou s importance It h a s .
been sa id that the world doe s not know its grea te st

men ; neither I will a dd is it aw a re of the power
, ,
a n d weight c a rried by the word s a n d the a ct s of
thos e amon g its gre a te st men whom it doe s know .
The eccle sia stical hi stori a n will perh ap s here after

1 06
judge tha t thi s sece ssion w a s a much gre a ter event

even th an the parti al sece ssion o f J ohn W e sley the ,
only ca se of person al lo ss su ff ered by the C hurch

of England since the R eform a tion which c an be a t
all com pa red with it in m a gnitude
”
John H enry N ew m an w as b o n in London an d 1 80 1

.
r ,
-1 890
educated a t a priva te school a t E a ling a n d a t
T inity C ollege O xford Inclined a t first to the
r ,
.
libera l C hri stia nity which men like W h a tely an d

Milm a n were furthering a mong churchmen he ,
w a s he say s rudely a wa kened by two gre a t

“
, ,
blow s— illne ss an d bere avement an d he devoted ”
him self to a life long oppo sition to wh a t he h as

-
c alled the gre a t apo sta sy— libera li sm in religion .

”
“
My b a ttle he write s w a s with liberali sm ; by
,
”
,
“
libera li sm I mea n the an ti dogm a tic principle an d -
its development s From 1 8 8 to 1 84 3 he held

.
”
2
the incumbency of S t M ary s C hurch Oxford a n d ’

, ,
the influence which he then exerted w a s of the

deepe st moment for the future of religiou s life in
England W h o sa y s M a tthew A rnold him self
.
“
,
”
, ,
like h is father before him one of the lea ders ,
of the movement which Newm an h a s h a ted

so inten sely, who could re si st the ch a rm of th a t
“
spiritu a l a
ppa rition gliding in the dim a fternoon
,
light through the a i sle s of S t M ary s ri sing into ’

,
the pulpit a n d then in the mo st entran cing of

, ,
voice s brea king the silence with word s a n d

,
thought s which were a religiou s mu sic— subtle ,
1 0 7
sweet mournful ? I seem to hear him still sa y
, ,
‘
ing : A fter the fever of life a fter wea rine sse s ,
an d sickne sse s fi gh tin gs a n d de sponding s l a ngu or

, ,
a n d fretf ulne ss struggling a n d succeeding ; a fter

,
a ll the ch a nge s a n d ch ance s of thi s troubled u n ,
healthy sta te — at length come s dea th a t length

, ,
the white throne of Go d a t length the be atifi c ,
vi sion During the se ye a rs at S t M ary s wh at is

’ ’
ca lled the Tra ct a ri an movement sprang to life—a

.
moveme t a s we h a ve said aga in st Bro a d C hurch

n , ,
-
ism . It w as at the beginning of the movement on ,
h is wa y home from S icily in 1 8 3 3 whil st ponderin g ,
over the di f fi cultie s of the task he h a d undert aken

th a t Newm an wrote the hymn L e ad kindly Light
,
”
, ,
which is now as popula r in the mo st a dva nced a n d

liberal i ed churche s a s it ca n be in tho se ne a re st
z
to its a uthor s religiou s sta nd point The Tract s

’
.
“
for the Time s whence Tra cta ri a n s derived their

,
”
n ame were written by Newm an Hurrell Froude

, , ,
Pu sey a n d others Bi shop Bloomfield sa id tha t

, .
the whole movement w a s nothing but N ewm an ia .
The writers a rgued now in short p a pers now in ,
elabora te tre ati se s for the Divine mi ssion of the

,
A nglic an C hurch Not till Tra ct ! C w as re a ched

”
. .
did the a la rm of the Prote stant p a rty m anife st

it self in a n y practica l form In th a t Tra ct
Newm an declared th a t su b scription to the
.
Thirty nine A rticle s wa s not incon si stent with

-
the a cceptance of R om a n Catholic tea ching on

1 0 8
he wa s genera lly a dmitted to ha ve a chieved a su c
ce ss an d thi s succe ss is a ssoci a ted with an endur
,
ing litera ry work the a utobiography which he ca lls

,
h is A pologi a pro Vita S u a R eviewing Fro n de s

” ’
.
Hi sto y of Engl a nd in M cm ill s M ga zin e

r
”
a an
’
a
J( anu ary C h a rle s K i n g sley ch a rged New

m an with being c a rele ss a bout truth a n d with ,
te aching th a t cunning an d not truth—seeking was the

a ccept a ble method of the R om a n C a tholic clergy .
Brought to ba y by Newm a n K ing sley contra ,
dicted him self in a n a m a zing fashion an d even ,
the mo st enthu si a stic Prote sta nt s were compelled

to a dmit th a t the clever noveli st wa s no m atch for
the tra ined dia lectici an M rs K ingsley in h e.
,
r
cha rming life of her hu sb a nd pra ctica lly a dmits th a t

,
he w as worste d in the conflict a n d J A Froude . .

,
h is brother in la w
- -
wrote
, K ing sley entirely
mi sunderstood Newm a n s ch ara cter Newm an s ’ ’
whole life h a d b een a struggle for tr uth He h a d

.
neglected h is own intere st s he h a d never thought

of them a t all He h a d brought to bea r a mo st
.
powerful a n d subtle intellect to support the con

v ic tio n s of a con science which w a s su per stitiou sly
s en sitive . H is single obj ect h a d been to di scover

wh at were the rea l rela tion s between m an a n d h is
M aker an d to sh ape h is own conduct by the con
,
c lu sio n s a t which he a rrived To repre sent such

.
a per son a s c a rele ss of truth was neither generou s
nor even re a sona b le .

”
I IO
Victori a n Liter tu re a
The fin al outcome of the controversy was the

publica tion of the A pologi a a work which a like”
in b e a uty of style a n d devotion of spirit mu st be

, ,
a ssigned a very high pl a ce in religi ou s liter a ture .
My spa ce is too limited to pass in review or even ,
to n a me the thirty six volume s which conta in the

,
-
writings of thi s eloquent pre a cher an d tea cher .
H is “
Dre am of Gero n tiu s an d Verse s on ” “
Variou s Occa sion s show h is high qu alitie s a s

a p oet ; h is A pologi a C a lli st a E ssa y
“ ” “ “
,
an d ,
in aid of the Gra mm ar of A ssent di spl a y h is ,
geniu s a s a pro se styli st In Ca lli st a a S ketch

of the Third C entury he picture s a b eautiful
,
Greek gi l who become s a con ert to C hri sti a nity

r ,
v
a fter a severe struggle between hum a n a ff ection
an d religiou s fa ith The Gra mm ar of A ssent

“ ”
.
is an a pology for C hri sti a nity f a r a bove the ,
n a rrow controv ersie s in which the a uthor took so

di sting ui shed a part .
The que stion whether Cardin a l Newm a n or

Ca rlyle h as been the mo st influentia l pers on a lity
in Victo i a n litera t u re will b e largely decided by
r
the tem pera ment of the critic Mr S winburne .

,
looking a t them both f om a sta ndpoint of anta

r
g o n ism to the prie stly proclivitie s of the one

a n d to the tyra nnica l roclivitie of the other
p s ,
a po strophi sed them j ointly in the well known -
lines
I I I
S i x ty V e a rs of
W ith our he rt we r i e you whom ye h te

a ll a s p a s
Hi h oul th t h te for our ho e hi her

a ,
g s s
A nd hi her th n your the o l of our de ire

a us
a p s a re g ,
Thou h hi h your end b e your he rt re t

g a s a s
g ,
g s as a s a re g a
g .
Newm a n indeed left Engl and more domina ted

, ,
by ritu a l th a n in an y other period of its hi story ,
the R om a n C hurch more powerful th a n ever be

fore the n e w High C hurch p a rty in the E st a bli sh
,
ment a gre a t in stitution with the rival Prime

Mini sters Mr Gl ad stone an d L ord S ali sbury
,
, ,
a mong its su pporters a n d a t aste for ritu al con
spic u o u s in the ch apel s of the N onconformi st s

,
A n d yet with a ll thi s Carlyle was the more

domina nt person ality .
1 795 1 88 1
- T h om as Carl y l e w a s born a t Ecclefech an in
Dumfrie sshire on the 4th of Decem b er 1 795
,
.
,
H is fa ther w a s a stonem ason a t who se de a th ,
C arlyle thu s tenderly wrote in h is Di a ry I -

“
owe him much more th an exi stence I owe him .
a noble in spiring ex a m ple It w a s he excl siv ely . u
th a t determined on educ ating m e ; tha t from h is

sm a ll h a rd e a rned fund s sent me to school a n d
-
college a n d m a de me wha tever I a m an d m ay

become Let me not mourn for my father let me
,
.
,
do worthily of him S o shall he still live even .

,
here in me an d h is worth pl ant itself honourably

,
forth into new generation s From A nn a n Gra m .

”
m ar S chool the young Ca rlyle went to Edinburgh

University where he b eca me a vora ciou s re ader
, ,
1 1 2
S i x ty Ye a rs of
from da rkne ss into an y me a sure of light if I know ,
a ught of my self an d my de stin a tion it is to the ,
study of your writing s more th a n to a n other

y
circum sta nce th a t I owe thi s it is you more th an
a n y other m an th a t I should a lw ay s th a nk a n d
reverence with the feeling of a di sci ple to h is

M a ster n ay of a so n to h is spiritu al Fa ther In ”
the mea ntime Ca rlyle h a d m a rried J ane W el sh

, .
,
the d aughter of a doctor in H a ddington a n d ha d ,
s ettled a t the lonely fa rm hou se of C ra ige n pu tto c k

-
,
in Dumfrie sshire There he w a s vi sited by Emer

.
so n, a n d there he rem a ined for six ye a r s before ,
removing to London Not only h ad Ca rlyle then

tran sla ted W ilhelm Mei ster an d written the Life
.
“ ” “
of S chiller but he h a d m a de numerou s tran sla tion s

,
”
from Mu saeu s Tieck an d R ichter an d h a d pub

, , ,
lish e d e ssa y s on the se a n d other G erm a n a uthors

J ean Paul R ichter h a d a peculiar a ttraction for
.
him an d there c an be no doubt th a t C arlyle owed

,
h is extra ordin a ry style in some degree to h is study

, ,
of the Germ an humori st

The forty seven ye ars of Ca rlyle s London life
.
’
-
( 1 83 4 1 8 8 1
-
) were ye a r s of ince ssa nt li t era ry a ctivity .
The thirty volume s which c ame from h is pen dur

ing th a t time not only secured for him a perm anent
p l a ce a mong st the hi stori an s biogr apher s a nd
e ssayi st s of our litera ture b ut they kindled for him

, ,
a glow of inten se per son a l enthu si a sm a mong st the
b est of h is contempora rie s such as perhap s no , , ,
1 1 4
o ther Engli sh a uthor h as enjoyed A t h is de a th .
on the sth of Febru a ry 1 8 8 1 the world knew , ,
Ca rlyle a p a rt from h is book s as a m an of simple

, ,
taste s content in spite of the we a lth which litera ry

, ,
succe ss h a d brought to re side a mid st u n o ste n ta

,
tiou s surrounding s ever rea dy to help the dis

,
tre ssed an d needy refu sing a title a n d the like

,
o ffi cial recognition s an d ca rrying out to the letter

the reverence ea rne stne ss a n d unob tru sive m anli
,
, ,
ne ss which he h a d inculca ted in his writing s de

v o te dly a tt a ched to h is wife whom he de scribed on ,
her tomb stone a s h a ving unwea riedly forwar ded “
him as none el se could in all of good that he did ,
or a ttem pted an d in short worthy of the a ddre ss

, ,
p re sented to hi m on h is eightieth birthd a y by near ly ,
a ll the men of litera ry an d scientific eminence in
England including a mong st others L ord Tenny

, , ,
so n a n d George Eliot R obert Browning an d Pro ,
f e sso r Huxley A whole genera tion h as el a psed

“ ”
.
,
they sa id since you de scribed for u s the hero as

,
“
a m a n of letter s W e congr a tul a te you an d our

.
selve s o n the sp a ciou s fu lne ss of year s which h a s
enabled you to su stain thi s rare dignity among st

mankind in al l its po ssi ble splendour a n d com
p letene ss The
.
”
p ublic a tion of Mr Fro u de s nine ’
volume s of memoria l s ca u sed a con sidera ble

revul sion of feeling The Ca rlyle of the se
Letters an d R emin i scences appeared to be
.
“ “
over cen soriou s in h is e stim ate of h is contem

-
1 1 5
S i x ty Y e a rs of 1
po rarie s,
not too con siderate in h is rela tion s with
h is wife a n d however a dmir a ble he might find
, ,
contentment in R ichter or Heyne not content ,
without much murmuring to a ccept a l ife of re

stric te d me a n s .
To give too much emph asi s to thi s view of

Ca rlyle s ch a ra cter is to ignore certa in peculia ritie s
’
of Mr Fro u de s b iographica l an d hi storical style to

’
,
which reference h a s a lre a dy been m a de It will .
su f fice to point out here th a t there are other source s
of inform a tion a b out Carlyle tha n the b ook s of h is

a ccredited biogr a pher S ir Henry Ta ylor M rs
.
,
Oliph a nt Mr C h arle s Eliot Norton M rs Gilchri st

, , ,
a n d other friend s of Ca rlyle s la ter life h a ve

’
publi shed much a dditiona l m atter a n d h ave ,
shown a s it were
,
the other side of the shield
, .
To S ir Henry Ta ylor who knew him well he , ,
s eemed the mo st faithful a n d true he arted

“ -
men an d from m any source s we lea rn th a t Mr

,
”
Fro u de s picture is not th a t of the true Ca rlyle ;

’
th at he wa s not a selfi sh hu sb and th at h is m arried ,
life wa s not unhappy th a t he wa s not a ltogether

dum b to the heroe s living whil st eloquent over
,
heroes de a d a n d th a t in spite of m any f a ults he

.
, , ,
w a s a noble high minded m a n a ki n gly soul

-
“ ”
Longfellow ca lled him W riting in h is Diary duri

, ,
h is second vi sit to Engla nd in 1 84 7

C a rlyle an d h is wife live on b e a ut
,
sa y s
term s Their way s are very engaging a n d in

.
,
1 1 6
S i x ty Ye a rs of
wide an d d eep is th a t mysteriou s imperson al in

fl u e n c e of gre a t a uthor s on men who a re tot ally
unknown to them — A m an of the p eople
“
mounted the platform a n d spoke ; a youngi sh ,
intelligent looking m an who a lone of all the

-
, ,
spe a ker s seemed to under st a nd the que stion an d

, ,
to have feeling s as well a s notion s about it He .
S poke with a hea rt eloquence th a t left me w a rm

-
I never wa s more a f f ected by pu b lic spe a king

.
A sudden thought struck me : thi s m an would like

to know you I would give him my a ddre ss in
London I borrowed a piece of paper an d h anded
.
him my a ddre ss W hen he looked a t it he star ted

.
a s if I h a d sent a bullet into him c a ught my h a nd

, ,
an d sa id
‘ Oh it is your hu sb and ! Mr Carlyle
h a s b een my te a cher an d m aster ! I h a ve owed
, ,
everything to him for yea rs an d years I felt it a

credit to you really to have h a d a h a nd in
out thi s m a n w as prouder of tha t hea rt tri
,
-
your geniu s th an a n y a mount of reviewers ’
or ari stocra tic invit ation s to dinner ”
It is b eca u se the spirit which breathes in t

.
word s of thi s young workm an h a s been the guidi

moral force of numb ers of men a n d women in
sta tion s of life during the l a st six ty ye a r
,
ha ve devoted so much sp a ce to Ca rlyle It .
the gre a te st importance to litera ture tha t the

who se eloquent pre a ching of ju stice sincerity , ,
reveren ce h as turned the hea rt s of thou sand

1 1 8
h is fellowmen towa rd s nob ility a n d simplicity of

life should not him self have been out of ha rmony
,
with all tha t he t a ught The world says .

“
,
”
Thackeray s gifted daughter h as pointed its

’ “
moral fi nger of l a te at the old m an in h is great

,
old age a ccu sing him self in the fa ce of all an d

, ,
confessing the overpowering irrita tion s which the

su ff ering of a lifetime h a d l a id upon him a n d upon
her he loved Tha t old ca u stic m an of deepe st

.
feeling with an ill temper an d a tender heart an d

,
-
a ra cking im a gin a tion spe a king from the gra ve

, ,
a n d be a ring unto it th a t cro ss of p assion a te remor se
which few a mong u s d are to fa ce seem s to some of ,
u s now a figure nobler a n d truer a te a cher grea ter ,
f ar tha n in the d a ys when a ll h is pa in a n d love an d

remorse were still hidden from u s a ll 1
.
”
Of the R em ini scence s which excited so much

critici sm on a ccount of their reference s to person s
sti ll living C a rlyle wrote on the l a st pa ge I “
thi s book b efore my own

,
still m a inly me a n to l urn
departure but feel that I sh all a lwa ys h a ve a kind

of gru dge to do it a n d an indolent excu se N ot
,
.
,
y e t w a it a n y d a y th a t c a n be done ! a n d th a t it ’
is po ssible the thing m ay b e left behind me legible

,
s s —
to intere ted urvivors f n e a s only I will hope '
n
’
, ,
an d with w o tn y curio srity not u n worthy In which

,
event I solemnly fo bid them e a ch an d all to

,
r , ,
p u l l is/z thi s bit of writing as i t sta n ds lzer e a n d
M Th k er y R it hie H p
,
1
M g zi
’
rs ac a -
c , ar er s a a ne
I 1 9
S i x ty Ye a r s of
wa rn them tha t w it/zou t fi t ea iti g no p a t of it ’
n r
should be p rinted ( nor so f ar a s I c a n order sl l l za
ever b e ) an d th a t the fit editing of perh a ps

,
‘ ’
nine tenth s of it wi ll a fter I am gone h a ve become

-
, ,
” 1
impossible .
The only editing which Mr Froude deemed fit “ ”
w as the omi ssion of thi s p a r a gra ph from his edition

of the work A n d yet to rea d with the worthy
.
,
curio sity of which he spea k s of h is love for

”
,
fa ther a n d wife an d of his kindly solicitude for

b rothers an d si sters whom he constantly a ssi sted
,
, ,
is to m a ke h im nea rer an d de arer to tho se who

ca re to remember th a t he w as a fter al l but hum an .
Ca rlyle spoke with too little kindne ss it mu st be

owned of W ord sworth an d C oleridge an d La mb
,
b ecause he saw only the palpable weakne sses of

, , , ,
their ch a ra cters an d w as b linded by forb idding,
e xte m al s to the sterling worth of the se great

men ; but he loved Emerson a n d Tenny son a n d , ,
R u skin a n d he profoundly revered Goethe who

, , ,
a fter a ll w a s the only one of h is co ntempora rie s

,
who could ta ke rank a nywhere ne a r him Carlyle2

.
recogni sed th a t Goethe w as incomp a rably h is

1 R emini en e b y Thom C rlyle d Edition
”
Edited by C E Norton
sc c s, as a . an .
W hen G eorge E liot re d C rlyle eulogy on Emer on

. .
2 ’
in introdu ing e y to the Briti h u b li wrote

a a s s
h is c , sh e
I h ve hed m ny te r over it thi world worth bid p

c ssa s s
a s : s is a a
in while one thu vener te love nother

a s a
”
in g m an c an s a an d a
C ro L ife of G eor e Eliot

.
’ ”
ss s g .
S i x ty Ye a rs of
quer sthe E arth an d m ake s her m a n s ? Vener ’ ” “
a ble to me he continue s is the hard H and ;

” “
, ,
crooked co ar se ; wherein notwith standing lie s a

,
cunning virtue inde f ea sibly roy al a s of the S ceptre

, ,
of thi s Pla net Venerable too is the rugged fa ce

.
, , ,
a ll we a ther t anned be so ile d with its rude in te lli

-
, ,
gence ; for it is the f a ce of a M an living m anlike .
O but the more venera ble for thy rudeness an d

, ,
even bec au se we mu st pity a s well as love thee !

H a rdly entre ated Brother ! For u s was thy ba ck
so b ent for u s were thy str a ight limb s a n d finger s
,
so deformed ; thou wert our C on script on whom
the lot fell an d fighting our ba ttle s wert so

,
m arred .
”
It is impossible to exaggera te the eff ect upon

the younger mind s of h is age of Carlyle s stirring ’
word s inciting to worthy an d ever worthier e f fort :

,
Do the duty which lie s nea re st to thee

thou knowe st to b e a duty In all situ ation s
,
of the pit of Tophet wherein a living m a n ,
stood there is a ctu ally a pri e of quite in fi

,
z
value placed within h is rea ch n a mely a duty ,
him to do ; thi s highe st of Go spels form s

b asi s a n d worth of all other go spel s
Brother he say s el sewhere thou h ast po ssi
” “
bility in thee for much the po ssib ility of writing

, ,
on the etern al skie s the record of a heroic life I s .
not every m an Go d be thanked a potenti al hero ?

, ,
The measure of a n ation s gre atne ss of its worth ’

,
'
I Z Z
Victori n Lite ra tu re a
under the sk y to Go d an d to m an is not the ,
qu antity of b ullion it h as rea li sed but the qu antity ,
of heroi sm s it h as a chieved of noble pietie s a n d ,
vali ant wi sdom s th at were in it tha t still a re ,
in it ”
Little le ss valua ble than Sartor R e sartus is

.
Pa st an d Pre sent which w as publi shed in ,

”
1 84 3 The reverence a n d delicacy with which it

.
touche s the mon a stici sm of a bygone a ge are a s

rem arka ble a s the prophetic vi sion with which it
dea ls with the soci a l problem s of our la tter da y -
life S ta te a ided emigra tion c o opera tion an d

.
-
,
-
n a tion al educa tion are some of the m a ny change s

,
a dvoca ted here a n d el se where Not till the

“
Latter day Pamphlet s ( 1 8 50 ) did Carlyle be
-
”
come an eloquent a dvoca te of force a s a guide “
in politic s thereby a lien a ting J ohn S tu art Mill

,
a n d m a ny of his old friend s H is la ngu a ge .
then seemed to degenera te into mere shrieking

a n d scolding The world mu st be governed he
.
,
decla red by men of heroic mould who know wh a t

Let
, ,
is good for the inferior n a t u re s a round them .
such inferior n a ture s if need be be scourged into , ,
silence Parli a ment s he spoke of contem ptuou sly

.
as
“
ta lking shops a n d h is symp athie s went out
,
”
heartily to Governor Eyre a t the time of the

Jam aica riots a n d to the S outhern S tates at the
,
time of the A meric a n C ivil W a r A n a dmira tion .
for heaven sent heroe s h a d alwa y s been strong

“ -
”
1 2
3
in Carlyle al though it certa inly h a d not its a fter
,
meaning when he wrote in early life Not brute ,

“
force but only persu a sion an d fa ith are the kings

,
.
‘
of thi s world In Heroe s a n d Hero worship a
” 5 -
”
,
course of lecture s delivered in 1 84 0 he h a d w axed

eloquent over M a homet Luther an d N apoleon
,
b
, , ,
a n d three ye a rs e a rlier in 1 8 3 he h d pu li hed

7 a s
in his French R evolution a brillia nt eulogy

, ,
of Mirab ea u H is vindication of C romwell w a s

brought about perhaps m ainly by h is apprecia tion
.
of the Protector s high h a nded re solutene ss a n d

’
-
Life of Frederick II of Pru ssia was the

,
“
h is ”
a polo gy for a m an who w a s the very em b odiment

.
of de spotic ideal s .
But quite a p art from Carlyle s worth a s a mora l ’
teacher or as a controversi a li st h is pla ce in litera ,
ture is very high H is short biogra phy of Schiller

.
wa s a n epoch m aking book bec a u se of the in fl u

-
,
ence it h a s exerci sed upon the study of Germ a n

litera ture b ut it b e ars little evidence of the geniu s
of its a uthor an d in con sequence of the a bu n d
of S chiller corre spondence su b sequently
, ,
a nce
b rought to light it has b een s uperseded by the bio

graphie s of Pa lle sk ie a n d D un tzer Ca rlyle s Life
,
’ “
of J ohn S terlin g is h o w e v e r a work of gre a t power

.
Lycida s which like that grea t

, , ,
a kind of pro se
“ ”
, ,
elegy h as re scued from oblivion a m an in whom

the world would soon ha ve ceased to b e intere sted
,
C arlyle a ga in w as an e ssayi st of striking individu

, ,
1 24
The scientific hi story of the French R evolution
h as yet to be written ; an d even to a ppreci a te
Carlyle s pro se e pic a de q u a tely we should know
’
something of M ign e t Thiers Mor se S te phen s a n d

, , ,
von S ybe l but neither the a ccumula tion of fre sh

,
fa ct s nor a philo sophical deduction from such

,
fact s can imp air the value of Carlyle s work Th a t

,
’
.
,
in spite of a ll h is fire a n d passion Ca rlyle could ,
delinea te cha ra cter with mo st j udic ial fairne ss m ay

b e demon stra ted by turning to Mr J ohn Morley s
,
’
e ssa ys on R o b e spierre a n d the other revolutioni sts ,
a n d ob serving how h is c alm an d unprejudiced
intellect h a s pronounced judgments in every w ay

endorsing Carlyle s ’
.
C arlyle s C romwell h a s le ss a t tra ction for us

’ “ ”
to day th an the French R evolution ; but the ”
service to hi storic al study w a s even grea ter .
Opinion s will a lways di ff er a s to the wi sdom of

the Protector s policy an d the righteou sne ss of h is
’
deed s but since the pu b lica tion of the se letters an d

,
speeche s edited with the c a re of an a ntiqua ri an

“
,
a n d the geniu s of a poet C romwell s sincerity an d

1 ” ’
,
genuine piety h a ve been unimpugned There a re .
others be side Mr Froude who e steem the H is “
tory of Frederick II Ca rlyle s grea te st work .

” ’
.
The humour of the book is won derful for Carlyle ,
is the grea te st humori st since S terne a n d no ,
where is thi s humour more con spicuou s than in

1 Green S hort Hi tory of the Engli h Peo ple
’
s s s .
”
1 26
Victori a n Lite r ture a
“
Frederick .
”
The splendid portra it s of all the
mo st importa nt figure s in the eighteenth century
fix them selve s indelibly in the m emory a n d it is ,
even sa id tha t Germ an soldiers study the art of

war from the de scri ption s of Frederick s c a m pa ign s
’
Neverthele ss the b ook h a s much in it th a t is u m

.
sa ti sfying to Engli shmen Frederick an d h is fa ther

.
could not e a sily excite the hero worshipping in -
c lin a tio n s of a free people an d even C a rlyle beca me

,
disillu sioned a s he proceeded with h is ta sk an d ,
finally a dmitted th a t Frederick was not worth the

trouble he h a d given to him He commenced it .
as a
“
Hi story of Frederick the Grea t an d con ,
”
cluded it as a Hi story of Frederick ca lled the

“
,
Gre a t
”
.
C ar lyle is rely the gre ate st figure in our

su
modern litera ture He wrote no poetry worth

.
consideration it is true H is verse w ould long

, .
since h a ve been forgotten h a d it not been for
h is eff ectivene ss a s a pro se writer But although .
we are a ccu stomed to the claim for poetry tha t

it rank s higher than pro se it mu st be conceded ,
tha t in Victoria n litera ture thi s is not the case ,
an d th at Ca rlyle s enormou s person a lity h is

’
,
cap acity for influencin g others for good an d ill ,
have ma de him the grea te st moral a n d intellectu a l

force of h is age To him we owe the in dif f er
.
ence to mere political shibboleth s the lull in ,
1 27
Victori n Liter tu re
a a
p arty warf a re which is the note of our age H

, .
ga ve no definite a n swer to a n y que stion but h

,
gave u s the im petu s which led others to se e

for solution s H is litera ry influence on Froud
a n d Mill Mr R u skin an d Mr L ecky a n d num b er
.
, ,
of others wa s tremendou s The pla ce which wa

occupied b y S wift in the eighteenth century is hel
.
by Ca rlyle in the nineteenth a n d though even

line tha t he h a s written should ce a se to b e rea d
,
he will still b e re membered a s the grea te st o

litera ry figure s in an age of gre at men of letters .
1 28
He h as told u s in h is a utob iography Praete rita , ,
of h is ea rly life under a tender mother s ca re ’

,
of h is boyi sh a f f ection for Byron an d S cott ,
an d of the youthful impul se to a rt study ex
cited by the pre sent o f R o ge rs s Italy with ’ “

,
”
Turner s illu stra tion s In 1 83 7 he w as entered

’
.
a s a gentlem a n commoner a t C hri st Church ,
Oxford g aining two ye ars l a ter the Newdiga te

, , ,
pri z e for Engli sh poetry h is subject being S a l sette

,
a n d Ele ph a nt a In 1 84 3 he produced the first

”
.
volume of Modern Pa inters : their S uperiority in

the A rt of Land scape Pa inting to a ll the A ncient
M a sters By a Gra du a te of Oxford The work
. .
”
origin ated he say s in indign ation a t the sh all ow

, ,
“
a n d fa l se critici sm of the periodic a l s of the day
on the work of the grea t living arti st to whom it

p rincip a lly refer s The ”
a rti st in que stion w a s
J o seph M allo rd W illiam Turner upon whom

.
R u skin h as pronounced somewh a t contra dictory

j udgment s at di ff erent period s in h is ca reer
Modern P a inter s soon extended b eyond the
.
“ ”
mere e ssay a t first intended a n d in its fina l form ,
of five h and some volume s it was not only a philo ,
so phic a l tre a ti se on l a nd sc a pe pa inting but an ex ,
h au stiv e di sserta tion on m a ny ph a se s of life fro m

one whom M a ini decla red to p o sse ss the mo st
zz
a n a lytic bra in in Euro p e

”
The S even Lamps of

.
A nother import ant work

is a b rilliant a ttempt a t re
,
A r chitect ure
”
1 3 0
Victori a n Litera tu re
form in dome stic an d ch urch a rchitecture The .
“
la mp s repre sent the ch ara cteri stics which good
”
architecture should po sse ss The first is the La mp

of S a cri fi ce W h at of bea uty a n d wh at of riche s
.
we m ay po sse ss let a portion be dedi ca ted to Go d

, .
It wa s in thi s spirit tha t our ca thedrals were built ”
The second the L amp of Truth is a ple a for

.
, ,
hone sty in a rchitecture no imitation wood or ,
m a rble but solid wood a n d solid stone

,
Exa ctly .
a s a wom a n of feeling he sa ys would not wea r ”

, ,
fa l se j ewel s so would a builder of honour di sdain

,
fa l se orna ment s The u sing of them is ju st a s

.
do wnright a n d inexcu sa ble a lie The third is ”
the La m p of Power
.
Until th at street a rchi

:
“
tecture of ours is bettered until we give it some ,
si e a n d boldne ss until we give our window s rece ss

z ,
a n d our w a ll s thickne ss I know not how we c a n ,
bl a me o u r a rc h ite c ts for their feeblene ss in more

'
importa nt wor The fourth is the La mp of

Bea uty a n d in thi s cha pter he m a intain s th a t a ll
,
“
the mo st lovely form s an d thought s a re directly ”
ta ken from n a tura l objects The fifth is the Lamp

of Life
.
To tho se who love a rchitecture he

.
“
,
”
say s the life a n d a ccent of the ha nd a re every

“
thing The sixth is the Lam p o f Memory : A ll

,
”
.
publi c edifice s should be record s of n a tion a l life ,
al l ordin ary dwellin g hou se s endeared to their -
owner s by sa cred an d sweet a ssocia tion s There .
is infinite sa nctity in a good m a n s hou se ! The ’ ”
1 3 1
S i x ty Ye a rs of
s eventh is a the L mp of Obedience
an d here he
plea d s elo quently for the enf orcement of an e stab

,
lish e d typ e of a rchitecture— the G othic in h is ,
judgment lending it self mo st rea dily to a ll services

, ,
vulgar or noble The S tone s of Venice ( 8 5 1

.
“ ”
1
in three volume s give s in further detail ,
R u skin s view s of the l a w s of a rchitecture The

’
.
pre R aph a elite movement of Mil l ai s R o ssetti an d

-
, ,
Holm a n Hunt e arly enli sted h is symp a thy an d in ,
Pre R a ph a eliti sm ( 1 8 5 1 ) he decl ared tha t they

-
h ad worthily followed the a dvice given in Modern

P a inters to go to na ture in a ll singlene ss of
,
“
hea rt a n d walk with her la boriou sly a n d tru st

in gly h a ving no other thought b ut how be st to
,
penetra te her me a ning ; rejecting nothing select ,
ing nothing an d scorning nothing From th a t ”
time until h is S la de lecture s a t O xford in 1 8 83

.
,
1 8 84 R u skin wrote severa l book s on p ainting

a n d a rchitecture a l l of them in a sty le which
,
a ttra ct s even tho se who a re least in sym pa thy

with h is o pinion s .
But a s Goethe decl ared of him self th at po sterity

would honour him not for h is poetry but for h is , ,
di scoverie s in science so R u skin perhap s m ore , ,
ju stly in si st s tha t it is a s an economi st tha t he is

mo st de serving of remem b ra nce The four e ssays
,
on the first principle s of politica l economy entitled

Unto thi s Last
,
“
he declare s to be the
” “
true st righte st worded a n d mo st ser viceable

,
-
,
1 3 2
six letters to working men which were i ssued -
,
in monthly p art s an d rendered a ddition ally

intere sting b y the qu antity of a uto b iogr aphica l
,
a nec dote s so freely inter sper sed in their p a ge s .
The title is derived a s R u skin h as expla ined from

the Latin f or s the best p a rt of three good Engli sh
, ,
word s— force fortitude an d fortune ; the root of

the a djective el a v zger a b eing either ela v a a club
, ,
, ,
cl a v is a key or ela v s a n a il a n d ger o to c a rry

u
Fors the Club b earer therefore represents the

, , ,
.
, ,
strength of Hercul e s or of Deed the K ey b earer -

,
the strength of Ulysse s or of Pa tience ; an d the

N a il bearer the strength of Lycurgu s or of L aw
-
, .
To ca rry out h is princi ple s pra ctically R u skin

e stab li shed for a short time a tea shop in the
,
M aryleb one R oa d where nothin g b ut the be st te a

,
w as sold a t a fa ir price a n d he founded the S t ,
G eorge s Gu ild with a view of showing the ra tion a l “

’
organi sation of country life independent of th a t of

citie s or in other word s the re stora tion of the ,
pe a santry to the soil of Engla nd One of the .
condition s of membership w a s th a t every member

should give one tenth of h is property to the guild
-
for ca rrying out its work R u skin led the w ay h is .

,
pro perty being then e stim ated a t He

h a s told u s in Fors th a t out of the left
him b y h is p a rent s he h as spent 75 1 5 Much
of thi s mu st h ave gone to the R u skin Mu seum at
S hef fi eld .
Victo ri n Litera tu re a
It is however in following Carlyle a s a b racing

, , ,
invigora ting influence th at R u skin h as mo st claim

on the gra titude of the pre sent genera tion If .
Carlyle ta ught u s to be content with thi s mi ser “
a ble a ctu al with such environment as m ay ha ve

”
,
f a llen to our lot h is di sciple h as given the impul se

,
which h as led to the be autifying of tha t environ

ment The more refined t aste in dre ss furniture
.
, ,
an d in dwel ling hou se s which h a s ch a ra cteri zed

-
the l a ter Victori an era an d side by side therewith

, , ,
a gre a ter simplicity of life on the part of the
more cultured rich are in a n e specia l degree due

,
to the influence of R u skin W h a t is chiefly .

“
needed in England a t the pre sent day he says ”
is to show the qu a ntity of ple asure th a t m a y b e

, ,
“
obtained by a con si stent well a dmini stered com ,

-
pe te n c e m ode st confe ssed an d l aborious

, , We , .
need ex am ple s of peo ple who le aving Hea ven to ,
decide whether they are to ri se in the world decide ,
for them selve s tha t they will be h a ppy in it a n d ,
h ave re solved to seek not gre a ter wealth but -

,
sim pler ple a sure s ; not higher fortune but deeper ,
felicity ; m a king the fir st of po sse ssion s self po s ,

-
se ssion ; an d honourin g them selve s in the h a rm
le ss pride an d ca lm pu suit s of peace In the

r .
”
“
C rown of W ild Olive Time a n d Tide an d “
” ”
S e same an d L ilie s he empha si ze s thi s tea ching

, ,
”
with h is cu stom a ry elo q uence Of the se books b y

,
S e same an d L ilie s ”
.
,
f ar the mo st import ant is “

,
1 35
which was written he say s while my energie s
, ,
“
were still unbroken a n d my temp er unfretted

a n d if re a d in connection with
‘ Unto thi s La st ,
cont a in s the chief truth s I h a ve ende avoured

through all my life to di spl a y an d w hich under , ,
the warnings I h ave received to prep are for its

clo se I a m chiefly th a nkful to h ave le a rnt an d
,
t aught It trea t s of the m aje sty of the influence

” “
of good b ook s an d of good women if we know

.
how to rea d them a n d how to honour How to ”
re a d book s he show s b y an aly ing the well known

.
z -
p a ssa ge from Milton s Lycida s on The Pilot

’ ” “
of the Galile an La ke an d expla ining the dee p

,
”
me a ning of its every word How to honour

women how women m ay b ecome worthy of hon
.
our he shows by t aking u s to S h ak spere an d

,
to S cott who se Porti as a n d R o salind s Ca therine

S eyto n s a n d Di a n a V ernon s are ever re a dy a t
, ,
critica l moment s to b e a help an d a guidance to

men ; an d fin al ly he a ppea l s to the grea t Floren
tine a n d show s u s Be a trice le ading D ante through
,
the sta rry sphere s of he a ven u p to the very throne

of light an d of truth But the b ook is full of
.
hea lthy an d hel pful p a ssages a n d is like so much , ,
th a t its a uthor h as written a moral in spiration for,
a ll who re a d it I a m a gre a t m an R u skin once ”

.
,
sa id w ith a con sciou sne ss of geniu s which remind s

,
u s th a t Hora ce an d Milto n Sh ak spere an d G oethe
were e qu a lly out spoken Po sterity we m ay well

,
.
,
1 3 6
years of age The li st of cl assical authors with
.
who se works he was familiar at thirteen is truly

a pp a lling . Thi s in it self would h ave been a
sm a ll m a tter h a d not h is cold stern fa th e r dis ,
c o u rage d al l im agin ative re a ding Poetry in par .
tic ular he was t a ught to look upon as mere v anity ,
an d there a re few pa ssa ge s in Mill s

“
A u to bio
’
graphy more intere sting th an the story how in

”
e arly m a nhood W ord sworth s poetry ca me to him ’
like verita ble b alm in Gilea d for spiritu al

“
,
”
refre shment a n d hea ling In 1 8 2 3 he obta ined a

.
clerk ship in the India Hou se from which he with ,
drew with a mple compen sa tion when the Indian

, ,
G overnment w a s tra n sferred to the Cro wn in 1 8 5 8

Mea nwhile he h ad b een a n indu striou s con tributor
.
to the W estm in ster R ev iew a n d other periodicals ,
a n d regul a rly a ttended the deb a te s of the S pecul a
tive S ociety which met a t Gro te s hou se S carcely ’
an y scene in litera ture is b etter known th a n the

.
de struction of the m anu script of Ca rlyle s French ’ “
R evolution which he h a d lent to Mill Mill lent

”
.
it to M rs Ta ylor the l a dy who afterward s became

,
h is wife a n d it w a s in a dverte n tly de stroyed

, The .
speechle ss agony of Mill when he went to inform
h is friend the self comm and with which C a rlyle

,
-
an d h is wife conce a led their own mi sery in e n
d e a v o u rin g to modera te his self repro a che s -
the se a n d m any other deta il s ha ve been m a de

fa mili a r to u s b y m any pen s Mill gave Carlyle .
1 3 8
Victo ri a n Litera tu re
wh at monetary compen sation he could an d ,
a cted as he a lw ay s a cted in life with all po ssible

, ,
noblene ss M rs Ta ylor who wa s the real culprit

.
,
on thi s occa sion w a s the wife of a whole sa le

druggi st in M ark La ne W hen Mill m a de her
,
a cqu a inta nce h is fa ther remon stra ted but he re

, ,
plied th a t he h ad no other feelings toward s

her tha n he would h ave toward s a n equ a lly
a ble m an . The equivoca l friend ship which wa s ,
‘
the ta lk of all M ill s circle of a cqu a int a nce s l a sted
’
,
for twenty ye a rs when Mr Ta ylor died an d M ill

, ,
m arried h is widow It is impo ssible to rega rd the

.
enthu si asm of Mill for thi s l a dy without feeling

how much there was in it of the humorou s how ,
much al so of the pathetic Th at Mill h ad a mo st .
ex aggera ted opinion of her intellectu a l a tta inment s

there can be no doubt He decla red her to b e .
the a uthor of a ll th at was be st in h is writing s .
Much of h is Politica l Economy he sa id w a s

“ ”
her work an d al so the Liberty a n d the S ub

, ,
“ ” “
,
je c ti o n of W omen H is l a ngu a ge with reg a rd to

.
”
her was always extrava ga nt a n d Grote sa id th a t

only J ohn Mill s reputa tion could survive such
,
’
.
di splays Mill s brother George decl ared th at

’
sh e wa s nothing like wh a t J ohn thought her an d ,

”
there is much evidence to show tha t sh e w a s but

a we a k reflection of her hu sb and S till it is im .
,
po ssible not to symp athi z e with such a n illu sion .
M rs Mill died in 1 8 5 8 a n d w a s buried a t A vignon

, ,
1 39
S i x ty Ye a rs of
in France where Mill him self spent m any of the
,
la ter yea rs of h is life a n d where he died in 1 8 73 , .
It w a s a t A vignon tha t the C rown Prince ss of

Pru ssi a a n d the Prince ss A lice of He sse propo sed
to vi sit him when he with due courte sy declined
,
'
, ,
to se e them .
Mill s work s which ar e very exten sive deal

’
, ,
with philo sophica l psychological econ omical an d

b
, , ,
p olitica l p ro lem s H is L ogic w a

. s p ubli shed “ ”
in 1 84 3 h is E ssay s on Un settled Que stion s in

,
“
Politica l Economy in 1 844 h is Principles of ” “
Politica l Economy in 1 84 8 an d h is Liberty in

,
” “ ”
,
1 858 . In 1 865 he publi shed h is Examin a tion of “
S ir W illi a m H a milton s Philo so phy Four volume s’

.
of Di sse rt ation s a n d Di scu ssion s a ppeared be

“
tween 1 85 9 a n d 1 867 an d C on sidera tion s on ,

“
R epre senta tive G overnment in 1 8 61 In 1 865 ”

.
he entered P arlia ment a s Member for W e st

min ster lo sing h is se a t however in 1 868 It
would b e h a rd to spe a k too highly of Mill A s
, , , .
a m an he w as a ll kindline ss a n d con sidera te

thoughtfulne ss for others an d h is idea l of life
Ca rlyle s L etter s C a roline
,
w a s a very high one

’
.
,
Fox s Memoirs an d m a ny other source s of in

’
,
form a tion m ake thi s cle a r On the litera ry side

, .
he will be v arl o u sly e stim ated a s we survey him ,
from one or other a spect of h is m any sided c areer -
A s a stimul a tor of pu b lic opinion the work he did

.
w a s enormou s Thi s is not the pl ace to di scu ss

.
an ce on the se subj ect s we mu st tu rn to Her b e rt
S pencer
But first let me point to the num b er of political
.
economi st s who h a ve followed Mill in the di scu s

sion of the rel a tion of society to the we a lth it “ ”
produce s Mill s Poli tical Economy wa s more

.
’ “
of a sy stem atic summ a ry of the preva iling doctrine s

th an a n origin al work It long formed how .
,
ever the b a si s o f ordin ary Engli sh knowledge

,
on the subject an d by its a dhe sion to the W age s

,
Fund a n d other erroneou s theorie s it did not ,
a little h a rm a s well a s good to Economic S cience .
Mill s mo st enthu si a stic di sci ple in economic s

’
,
1 833 - 1 884 H e nry Fa w c ett went f ar beyond h is m aster in h is

,
a ccept a nce of the m a in doctrine s of the R ic a rdo
school M a ny of the po sition s m a intained in h is

Politica l Economy were ab andoned by Mill
.
“ ” ”
before h is death particul arly the W age s Fund

,
theory ; a n d in h is A utobiography he tra ced “ ”
h is own progre ss to views which as he sa id , ,
would cla ss him under the genera l de signa tion

of S oci ali st He decla red him self in fa vour of
.
”
“
the common ownershi p in the raw m a teri al of
the glob e an d a n equ al p a rticip a tion of all in the
,
benefit s of combined l a bour 1

.
”
Professor Fa wcett who publi shed h is M a nu a l ,

“
of Politica l Economy in 863 continued to 1 ,
1
Autob iogr phy by J ohn S tu rt Mill
u
a pp 3 a 2 2:
1 4 2
the l ast to h old to the old views an d e speci a lly
to f a vour a s little as po ssible the intervention
,
of the S tate A s member of Parliament first

.
,
for Brighton a n d afterward s for H a ckney he ,
did grea t service by h is critici sm s of Indian

finance For more than four year s ( 1 880 1 884)
.
-
he held the po sition of Po stm aster Genera l ,
a n d introduced m a ny v a lu a ble reform s into the
depa rtment under h is a dmini stra tion Other

economi st s of im porta nce Joh n E lliot t Cairn es 1 824 1 875
.
a n d W il l ia m S t a nl e y J ev o n s h a ve di ff ered from
,
Mill in m any theoretic princi ple s ; but the faire st

survey of the l a ter develo pment s of Mill s economic s
’
is given by H e nry S idgw i ck K n igh tbridge Pro 1 83 8

,
f e sso r of Mora l Philo so phy a t C a mbridge a n d by ,
A lf red M a rsh a ll ( born In h is Princi ple s “
of Politica l Economy ( 8 83 ) S idgwick a ttempts

”
1
,
with grea t cle arne ss to critici se the conflicting

,
views of the older economi sts in the light of the

modern an d more sociali st view s He al so a t .
tempt s in h is Method s of Ethics ( 1 8 74 ) a com

“ ”
p romi s e between the Utilit a ri a n a n d the Intuitioni st

school s a n d he doe s thi s a l so in h is
, Element s of
Politics ”
a com prehen sive survey of politi
ca l science . M r M a r sh a ll who hold s the C h air

,
of Politica l Economy at Ca mbridge h a s written ,
Economics of Indu stry ”

an d Principle s “
of Economics ”
A writer who did much
to make foreign economi st s known in England an d ,
1 43
S i x ty Ye a rs of
who seemed a t one time de stined to be the a ble
lea der of a new school w a s Th om as E dw ar d Clifi e ,
'
827 1 882 L eslie who se

-
E ssays a re full of terse a n d sug
“ ”
Cli f f e L e slie died however

,
ge stiv e critici sm
’
.
, ,
without writing a n y work of fi rst ra te im porta nce -

.
He did something however following the line of

writers like R ich ard J one s ( 1 79
, ,
to bring 0
a c a demic theory to the te st of a ctu a l fa ct s .
During the l a st twenty ye a rs of the century ,
economic study h a s ta ken increasingly the direction

of el abora te inve stigation of the circum stance s of
indu strial life On the one h and a school of
.
,
economic hi stori a n s — A rnold Toynbee with a , ,
brilli ant aperf u on The Indu stri a l R evolution “

,
”
Thorold R ogers in h is monumenta l Hi story of “
A gri culture a n d Price s Dr C unningh a m in the ”

, ,
Growth of Engli sh Hi story an d C ommerce a n d

”
,
Profe ssor W J A shley in Economic Hi story an d

. .
Theory h ave gre atly extended our knowledge of

,
”
p ast indu stry On the other we h ave the colo ssal

work underta ken at h is own expen se b y Mr C ha rle s
.
,
Booth as i sted b y grou p of ealou s student s in

s a z —
cluding H Llewellyn S mith D F S chlo ss a n d
,
. . .
, ,
Mi ss C la ra C ollet now all filling o ffi ci al po st s a t

the L abor Department of the Bo ard of Trade ;
,
an d Mi ss Be atrice Potter ( now M rs S idney W eb b )

—a complete survey of L ondon life statistica l , ,
economic indu stri al an d socia l The nine

volume s of thi s Life an d Labor of the People
.
, ,
“ ”
,
1 44
S i x ty Ye a rs of
of synthetic philo sophy in a do zen bulky volume s
, ,
whi ch h as secured him a very large following not

only in Engl and but throughout the C ontinent
,
an d A merica H is De scriptive S ociology is

“ ”
.
the production of m a ny writers who ha ve worked ,
under h is direction collecting fa ct s from travellers

,
a n d scienti st s a ll over the world .
To have pl a ced P sychology an d Ethics on a

scienti fi c b asi s in h a rmony with the di scoverie s of
the century is a truly grea t a chievement M any .
years h a ve now p assed a way since Herbert Spencer

cl aimed the whole dom ain of knowledge as h is own ,
an d undertook to revi se in a ccordance with the

,
l ate st light s the whole sphere of philo sophy

W h a t mu st h a ve seemed intolerab le pre sum ption
, .
in 1 860 b eca me in 1 8 96 a completed ta sk In .
unive rsa lity of knowledge he rival s A ri stotle an d

B acon at a time when the sphere of lea rning
is immen sely la rger th a n in their epoch s It is .
not within the province of thi s sur v ey of literature

to go through the twelve la rge volume s of h is work s
in detail W e would rather point out that to the
.
,
unphilo sophica l re ader who would willingly know

,
something of S pence r s litera ry power s the S tudy

’
,
of S ociology which he wrote for the Intern a

” “
tio n al S cienti fi c S erie s

,
an d the tre a ti se on Edu

”
c a tion are b ook s which all who re a d mu st enjoy

,
To him with Mill belongs the glory of re storing

, ,
to Great Brit ain the old suprem acy in philosophy

1
46
given to her b y B a con continued b y Locke Hume
an d Berkeley b ut tempora rily interrupted by K a nt
, , ,
an d Hegel .
A nother writer who h a s a ttem pted to combine

p sychology with physiology is A l exan der B ain 1 81 8
who w a s for m any yea rs Profe ssor of L ogic in the
,
University of A b erdeen an d twice L ord R ector , .
B ain a ssi sted Mil l in the prepa ration of h is

Logic an d h as him self written a treati se on tha t
,
”
science a l so lengthy work s on The S en se s an d

“
,
the Intellect an d The Emotion s an d the W ill

,
” “
.
”
Perhaps h is work on Ment al an d Mora l S cience

“
is h is b e st known contribution to student litera ture

-
.
A lthough he is the a uthor of book s on gra m

m ar a n d com po sition Profe ssor B a in s style is
’
,
a lwa y s oppre ssively he a vy a n d un a ttra ctive As .
S pencer a n d B ain combined p sychology with

p hy s iology so ,
it w as the e f f ort of Boole an d De
Morga n to extend the scope of logic by an in
g e n io u s a pplic a tion of m a them a tic s .
The lea der for m any year s of the Hegelia n

school of philo sophy a t O xford which h as long ,
held the field aga in st Mill on the one h and an d

S pencer on the other wa s T h om as Hill Gr ee n who 1 83 8 1 882
, ,
-
wa s a ppointed W hyte Profe ssor of Mora l Ph ilo sophy

in 1 8 7 7 an d who pub li shed the same ye ar a serie s
,
of a rticles in the Co tempor a ry R ev iew on Mr

n
“
He b ert Spencer an d Mr G H Lewes : their A p

,
r . .
plication of the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought .

”
1 47
S i x ty Ye a rs of
He wa s prep aring for publica tion h is Prolegomen a “
to Ethic s a t the time of h is dea th an d the work

”
w a s fin ally edited b y Profe ssor A C Bra dley who

,
. .
,
h a s him self written a tre a ti se on logic a n d who se ,
Hegelia n work entitled Ethica l S tudie s is of

, ,
”
the highe st intere st Green wa s a mora l fo ce in

. r
Oxford quite a p a rt from h is philo sophica l specula

,
tion a s the following extra ct from one of h is lect ure s

,
will indicate I confe ss to h 0 ping for a time

‘
when the phra se the educa tion of a gentleman ’
will h ave lo st its me aning b ecau se the sort of edu

, ,
ca tion which alone m a ke s the gentlem an in a n y true

s en se will be within the re a ch of a ll A s it w a s
the a spira tion of Mo se s th at all the Lord s people
.
should be pro phet s so with a ll seriou sne ss a n d

,
reverence we m ay hope an d pray for a condition

of Engli sh society in which a ll hone st citi en s will z
recogni ze them selve s a n d be recogni ed b y e ach z
o ther a s gentlemen
”
Ge orge H enry L ew e s who se n a me is fre q uently

.
1 81 7 1 878
-
joined with th at of Spencer b y h is associ a tion of

,
biology with ethics a n d psychology w as the so n of

C h a rle s L ee L ewe s the a ctor a n d w a s one of the
,
, ,
mo st versatile writers of our time s H is first .
import ant work w a s the Biogra phical Hi story of

“
Philo sophy origin ally publi shed in 1 84 5 in

”
K night s S hilling L ibra ry but a mplified without

,
’
,
improvement into two sub stanti a l volume s in

Lew e s s di sta ste for the ordin ary meta
’
1 8 67.
1 4 8
S ix ty ‘
Y e a rs of
The ea rlie st writer of the e ra to popul ari se
1 78 1 - 1 868 science w as S ir D a v id B re w st er an eminent ,
physici st in who se E din bu rg/z Cy elopa dia Carlyle

commenced h is litera ry c a reer H is Life of
,
“
.
Newton , M artyrs of S cience an d More

” “
,
“
W orld s th an One are still widely rea d

”
M ich ae l .
1 791 - 1 867 Far ad a y a nother fa mou s phy sici st is still better
remem b ered by our own genera tion princip ally

, ,
for h is popular lecture s a t the R oyal In stitution ,
where he w as superintendent of the l aboratory for

forty eight year s He was a bla cksmith s so n an d
-
’
w as origin a lly a pprenticed to a b ookbinder

.
,
A fter .
h is di scovery of m agneto electricity he h a d he -

, ,
told Tynd al l a h a rd struggle to decide whether he

,
should m a ke wea lth or science the pur suit of h is
life Tynd all calculate s th at Fara day could ea sily

.
h a ve rea li sed but he decla red for

science an d died a poor m an
Joh n T yn dall who once said that it was h is great

.
1 820 - 1 893 ,
a mbition to pl a y the p a rt of S chiller to thi s Goethe ,
succeeded F a r a d a y a t the R oy al In stitution an d ,
wrote a bout him eloquently in h is Fara day a s a

Di scoverer Tyndall wa s born at L e ighlin
.
”
Bridge C arlow Irela nd in 1 8 20 H is fa ther was

, , ,
.
a member of the Iri sh consta bul a ry H is service s .
to m any branche s of science were great ; b ut he

concern s u s here not so much by h is tre ati se s on
electricity sound light an d hea t or by h is dis ,
L ecture s on
, , ,
c o v e rie s in di a m a gneti sm as by h is ,
Victo ri n Liter tu re
a a
S cience f o r Un sc ie n tifi c
People which Huxley , ,
sa id
, w a s the mo st scientific book he h a d ever
read an d which h as yet the tran scendent merit of
,
giving enjoyment as well as in struction even to the ,
rea ders of three volume novels In 1 856 Tynda ll

-
.
m a de a journey to S w it erland in comp any with z ,
Profe ssor Huxley a n d the friend s a fterw ards wrote

,
a tre a ti se On the S tructure an d Motion of

“
Gla ciers Geologica l tre ati se s m ay be said to

”
.
h ave given the fulle st pl ay to the litera ry side

of science The work of R ob ert Bentley an d
S ir J o seph Hooker in bota ny of Mich a el Fo ster
.
, ,
S t George M iv art an d Franci s M a itl a nd B alfour in

b iology is it m ay be equal or superior to that
,
, , ,
of the bulk of the writers who se a chievements

we h a ve chronicled ; but it is not a p art of
litera ture Burdon S anderson B alfour S tewart
an d a ho st of other men h a ve done inca lcula b le
.
, ,
service in the Victori a n e ra — service it is to ,
be feared which scarcely obtain s a s generou s re

,
cognition a s the cheap generali sa tion s of sm aller

men but scientific text b ook s however im portant
1
-
, ,
are sca rcely within the scope of the se ch a pters .
Geology on the other h and is as it were a con

, , , ,
glomerate of the science s an d lend s it self readily ,
to the mo st eloquent lite a y expre ssion Few r r .
writers ha ve been more widely rea d th an H ugh

M ill er a Crom ar ty stone m ason who se first 1 802 1 856
,
-
,
-
enthu siasm for study of the rocks a ro se from

1 5 1
following h is trade but who se life w a s m a inly
,
devoted to journ ali sm a n d to editing T ire W itn ess

, .
H is“
Old R e d S a nd stone Footprint s of the ,
” “
C re ator The Te stimony of the R ock s

“
” ”
,
an d
were e ff ective in kindling a taste for n atura l

science .
The speci a l study which Miller ga ve to the R e d

S a nd stone rock s w a s extended b y Sir R o der ick
1 792 1 871 I m pe y M ur chi son to the S iluri a n S y stem a n d h is
-
,
work entitled S iluri a h a s p a ssed through m any

“
edition s S cotl and seem s to ha ve been the nursery

of geologi st s for Miller a n d Murchi son Lyell
.
were all b orn north of

, ,
a n d the brothers G eikie ,
1 797 1 875 the Tweed

- S ir Ch ar l e s Ly ell w a s born a t K in
.
n o rdy in Forfa rshire a n d educ a ted a t Midhurst

, , ,
a n d a t Exeter C ollege Oxford C a lled to the ba r

he went the W e stern Circuit for two ye a rs b ut
.
, ,
, ,
when a ttending some of Dr Buckland s lecture s ’

,
he beca me a ttached to geology H is Princi ple s .

“
of Geology first publi shed in 1 83 0 cau sed a

,
”
,
revolution in the science Never before h ad .
there been pre sented such a connected illu stra tion

of the influence s which h a d ca u sed the e arth s ’
ch a nge s in the unre sting di stribution of l and

a n d w a ter a re a s Much of Lyell s grea t work
.
’
rea d s like a fairy t ale ; much might h a ve been

thought the fruit of an im agin ative ra ther th an of
a scientific mind Lyell s sm aller b ook the
.
’
,
“
S tudent s Element s of Geology was injured in
’
,
1 5 2
S i x ty Ye a rs of
A bb ey , mid the mourning of m any n ation s clo sed
a ,
the ca reer of one who se life work h a d often been -
greeted with scorn Our century is D arwin s

.
“ ’
century sa id a le a ding Germ a n newspaper (A llge

,
”
m ein e Z eitu ng) a t h is de a th a n d the st a tement is ,
no exaggeration Tho se who witne ssed the long

.
stre a m of prel a te s a n d noble s who filed through
the A b b ey a t h is funeral the then A rchb i sho p of

C a nterb ury ( Dr T a it ) a n d the present Prime
,
Mini ster ( Lord Sali sbury) a mong the num b er

could not b ut reca ll the reception of the gre a t
,
inve stiga tor s theory twenty ye ars b efore Bi shop

’
.
W ilberforce in p a rticula r denounced it in the

Q u a r ter ly R ev iew a s a flim sy specul a tion
“
.
”
D arwin s a ntecedent s were of a n a ture such as

’
,
on the principle of heredity a grea t m an should ,
po ssess H is p atern a l grandfa ther Erasmu s D ar

.
,
win was a poet who se Botanic Garden m ay

, ,
“ ”
still be rea d with intere st H is m atern a l grand

fa ther w as J o sia h W edgwood the fa mou s potter
.
D arwin was the so n of a doctor of S hrewsb ury an d

, .
was educ a ted at the Gra mm a r S chool of th a t ci ty

a n d a t C hri st s C ollege C a mbridge Here his
’
, .
n atural hi story studie s were symp athetica lly directed

by Profe ssor H en slo w the bot ani st b y who se t e
, ,
commend ation he wa s selected to a ccom pany the

B eagle on its expedition to survey the S outh A meri
c an co ast The re sult s o f h is tra vel s were em
b odied in his first important work J ourn als of
.
“
,
1 54
Victoria n Liter tu re a
R e sea rche s during a Voyage round the W orld ,
which w as publis hed in 1 83 9 an d wa s republi shed ,
under the title of A N a tura li st s Voyage round

“ ’
the W orld In the sa me ye ar he m a rried h is

”
cou sin Mi ss W edgwood an d after a few yea rs of

London life took up his residence in a pleasant
, , ,
country hou se a t Down near Beckenham in K ent

, ,
.
Here he pursued h is rem ark able inve stiga tion s

until his dea th surrounded by h is a ccom pli shed
,
children an d finding a s he told a friend h is

highe st emotion al grati fi ca tion in the j oy s of fa mily
, , ,
life an d a love of anim ate n a ture Two of his .
son s G eorge Howa rd D a rwin a n d Fra nci s D a rwin

, ,
h ave done good work in science the one in geology ,
a n d a stronomy the other in bot a ny

,
D ar win him .
self wrote a l so on the S tructure an d Di stribution

of Coral R eefs revolutioni sing the popular
,
”
view concerning these rem a rkable phenomena .
Di scovering tha t reef building polyp s ca nnot live

-
a t depth s of more th a n twenty fa thom s he found ,
it nece ssary to expla in the pre sence of rock s

b uilt b y them which rise from more than 20 0 feet 0
below the surfa ce of the se a Thi s he did on the .
hypothesi s of a gradu a l sub sidence of the se a fl o o r -
whil st the polyp s are a t work Thi s view h a s since .
been generally a ccepted by geologi st s a lthough

somewh a t modified b y Dr J ohn Murr a y s ob serva
,
’
tion in the Cha l le ger expedition th at the reef s

n ,
are not alwa y s of solid cora l an d th a t they m ay in ,
I SS
S i x ty Ye a rs of
m a ny ca se s a h ve b een formed on the cone s of
extin ct volca noe s .
D arwin h ad pondered for m any yea rs over the

theory which w a s to m ake him fa mou s b efore he
decided to b ring h is co nclu sion s b efore the public
A fter con sidera b le ob serva tion of every form of
.
a nim a l a n d veget a ble li f e a n d experiment s in

selective b reeding he concluded tha t the specie s
of pl a nt s a n d a nim a l s now on the e a rth were

not cre a ted in their pre sent form but h a d been
evolved by unb roken de scent with modifica tion
,
of structure from cruder form s the rem ain s of

,
m any of which a re con sta ntly di scovered in

the older rock s He di scovered in 1 85 8 th a t
.
A lf r ed R u sse l W all ac e h ad independently

a rrived at the same conclu sion s an d so it ,
w as a greed th a t their view s should be j ointly l a id
b efore the Linnaean S ociety In 1 859 the Origin

.
of S pecie s wa s publi shed a n d it w as followed by

”
.
,
a number of work s be a ring u pon the sa me subject ,
the mo st nota ble of a ll being the De scent of “
M an .
”
D arwin s work on E ar th W orm s perhap s
’
,
”
the mo st purely litera ry of all h is writing s a ppe a red ,
the yea r before h is de a th It is not the province

.
of a sketch of Victori a n litera ture to di scu ss the

m any impor tant bea ring s of the D arwinia n hypo
the si s R eceived with unbounded contem pt b y
.
literary men so eminent a s Carlyle an d R u skin it

w a s a ccepted only with q u a lific a tion by men of
,
1 5 6
S i x ty Ye a rs of
In spector of Fi sherie s The b lue rib b on of .
“
science the Pre sidency of the R oy a l S ociety w a s

, ,
conferred on him in 1 883 Huxley wrote much .
on biological problem s an d by the public ation ,
of h is Physiography gav e a new n ame to the

“ ”
science which h a s extended the scope of the old
Phy sic al Geogra phy b ut his chief interest for u s:
here is in h is Lay S ermon s “

A ddre sse s an d
” “
C ri ti q ue s an d A ddre sse s
,
R eview s h is ,
” “
an d ,
”
A merica n A ddre sse s

“
a ll of which m ay ”
h is
take rank a mong the fi ne st pro se of our age
,
A s anintere sting contrast to the work of D arwin

a n d Huxley a n d a l l th a t it h a s implied to modern
,
literature one m ay refer once a gain to the move

,
ment in spired by Cardin al Newm an H is mo st .
prominent associa te s for m any years neither of ,
whom however left the Church of Engla nd for

the C hurch of R ome were Pu sey an d K e b le
, ,
.
,
1 800- 1 882 E dw ar d B ouv erie Pu sey w as pra ctical ly the

founder of the m o dern High C hurch movement
in the A nglican community A writer of Tract s “
for the Time s he w a s a fter N ewm an h a d gone

.
” “
, ,
over to R ome the recogni z ed he a d of the move

”
ment an d his follower s were fre q uently called

,
,
“
Pu seyite s A demora li za tion of the p a rty
N ewma n s secession b ut
.
seemed inevita ble on

’
the pu blica tion of Dr Pu sey s Letter to K e b le

,
’ “ ”
gave it fresh life I n 1 866 h is E irenicon a .

“
,
”
1 5 8
Victo ri a n Lite ra tu re
propo sal for the reunion of Chri stendom drew
a reply from C a rdin al N ewm an with whom how
,
, ,
ever he m aint ained the profoundest friendship to

the end J oh n K ebl e who w as b orn at Fa irford 1 792 1 866
,
-
.
, ,
in Glouce ster shire was a m a n of f ar higher gifts

,
.
Educa ted a t C orpu s C hri sti C ollege O xford he , ,
obta ined a fellowship a t Oriel For some ye ars

he wa s Profe ssor of Poetry a t O xford a po sition
.
for which he h a d qu alified him self by the publi

ca tion o f the Chri stian Y ear a volume of
“
,
religiou s poem s for every S unday an d church

fe stival m any of which h ave been a dmitt ed into
,
the hymnology of all the C hri stian sect s Perh ap s

truer poetry is to be found in h is Lyra Inno
.
c e n tiu m a se r ie s of poem s on children for there

”
, ,
the hum an element is more m arked K eble a l so

wrote a Life of Bi shop W ilson a n d pub li shed
.
“ ”
,
severa l volume s of sermon s .
The movement of Li b eral theology to which ,
men like K eble ga ve the n a me of n ation a l “
apo sta sy w as he a ded in its e arlier development s

”
by A rchbi shop W hately an d Dr A rnold of R ugb y

,
a n d more recently by the R e v Frederick Deni son .
M aurice an d Dean S t anley R ich a rd W h at el y 1 787 1 863 -
who w as a t Oriel with K e b le h a d publi shed h is

.
,
once popula r L ogic a n d R hetoric before

,
“ ” “ ”
the commencement of the reign of Victoria a n d

in 1 8 3 1 ha d been m ade A r chb i shop of Du blin
,
1
59
a po sition which he held till h is dea th in 1 863 , ,
winning a ll hea rt s by h is kindne ss an d liberality

by h is generou s tolerance an d eal for progress
,
Logic is chiefly of importance for the

.
H is “ ”
impetu s it gave to the study of th at science .
H is “
C hri sti a n Evidence s ga ined in its day a
”
1 795 1 842 wider a udience

-
T h om as A rn o l d w a s born a t
.
E a st C owe s in the I sle of W ight an d wa s edu

, ,
c a t e d a t W inche ster a n d with K eble a t C orpu s

,
C hri sti C ollege Oxford A fter ordin a tion he re

moved to La leh am o n Th ame s whe e he prepared
.
,
- -
,
r
young men for the universitie s W hen in 1 8 7 2
the hea d m a stership of R ugby b eca me va c a nt

.
, ,
A rnold w a s elected on the strength of a r e c o m

m e n da tio n by Dr H a wkin s to the e ff ect th a t he,
“
would ch ange the fa ce of educa tion all thr ough
the public school s of Engla n d The prophecy .
”
w a s fulfilled . He wa s the fi st to int oduce r r
modern la ngu age s an d modern hi story a n d m athe

m a tic s into the regul a r school course A t the .
sa me time he a lwa y s in si sted on the v a lue of the
cla ssic s a s a b a si s of educa tion a n d him self pre ,
p a red a n edition of Thucydide “

s a n d wrote a ,
”
Hi story of R ome in its earlier period s which is

”
,
a t le a st eminently intere sting H is service s to h is

‘
.
country a s an educa tion a l reformer were even

gre a ter on the moral side Dr A rnold was a .
p urifying influence to men of the higher cl a sse s
to a degree which is inexplica b le to the pre sent

,
1 60
ture s on the E a stern C hurch an d L ec tu res on ” “
the J ewi sh Church are the be st kno wn A s De an

,
”
, .
of W e stmin ster Dr S t a nley bec a me a n a ctive le a der
of the Bro ad C hurch movement A lthough not a .
contributor to E ssa y s a n d R eviews h is servi c e s ”
to the movement were incalcul a ble He invited .
M a x M iille r to lecture in the A bbey befriended ,
P ere Hya cinthe an d g a ve symp a thy to Bi shop

H is speeche s in the L ower Hou se of
,
C olen so .
C onvoca tion p a rticul a rly one in which he pro

,
po sed the sup pre ssion of the A th a n asi an C reed

in the service s of the C hurch m a de him m a ny ,
enemie s ; but few ecclesia stic s h a ve been so beloved

by b oth sovereign a n d people One reca lls the .
ple a sant a ctive little m an so proud of h is A bbey

, ,
C hurch with a deep sigh th a t he should be no

more H is life wa s written b y h is succe ssor Dean
,
,
.
Bra dley
Of the contri b utors to E ssays a n d R eview s
.
“
,
the m anife sto of the Bro a d C hurch p a rty which ,
a p pe a red in 1 86 Frederick Temple mu st be

0,
mentioned beca u se h is contribution The Educ a

, ,
“
tion of the W orld led to a frantic e ff ort to prevent

,
”
h is receiving the bi shopric of Exeter a n e ff ort ,
which w a s un succe ssful In 1 8 85 Dr Tem ple was

m a de Bi shop of L ondon an d in 1 8 96 A rchbi shop
.
of Ca nterbury Other di stingui shed writers in

E ssay s a n d R eview s were Dr J owett an d Mr
.
“ ”
1 81 7 1 893 M a rk
- Patti son B enjam in Jow et t m aster of
.
,
1 62
Victori a n Litera ture
B alliol who wrote the essay on The Interpreta
,
tion of S cripture a chieved h is greate st succe sse s

”
by h is brilliant tran sla tion s of Pla to Thucydides

,
, ,
an d The Politic s of A ri stotle

“ ”
H is Pl ato
drew from J ohn Bright who was little inclined to
.
a ppreci a te the gre a t thoughts of the A theni an

p hilo so pher a n, ex pre ssion of a dmir a tion for the
cla ssic Engli sh of the O xford professor Jo w e tt s ’
life w as written by Evelyn A b bott a n d L ewi s

.
Ca mp b ell .M ark Pa tt ison who se contribution 1 81 3 1 884 ,

-
to Essay s an d R eview s wa s on The Tenden

“ ” “
cie s of R eligiou s Thought in Engl and a ssi sted ,

”
Newm an a n d Pu sey in the ea rly da y s of the Trac

ta ri a n movement but finally went over to the
Lib erali sm which they so much dreaded In 1 861
,
he w as elected R ector of Lincoln College Oxford

.
, .
Pa tti son wa s a profound schol a r Few men have

led live s so ab sorbed in b ook s The re sults of h is
.
lea rning are a pp arent in h is intere sting Life of

.
I saa c C asaub on which he h ad hoped to follow

,
”
by a life of S ca liger
But men like J owett an d P a tti son ha ve b een the
.
arm ch a ir re pre sent a tive s of a movement which

-
found one of its mo st a ctive su pporters in John

Fr ed eri ck Den ison M a uri ce M a urice w a s the so n 1 805 1 87 2
.
-
of a Unita ri an mini ster a n d was born at Norm a n

stone nea r Lowe stoft
,
For a time he w a s editor

the A t/en a m but joined the A nglican
.
,
of z u ,
C hurch in 83 1 1an d a ccepted a cura cy

,
near
1 63
S i x ty Ye a rs of
Le a mington A trea ti se entitled S ub scription
.
“
no Bond age which defined h is po sition in the

,
”
C hurch excited much a ttention as did a l so h is

, ,
tra ct s on the K ingdom of C hri st In c o njun c

“
.
”
tion with K ing sley an d Hughe s he publi shed pam

p e ts c a lled
hl Politics for the People a n d organ ”
,
i sed the C hri sti a n soci ali st an d c o opera tive move -
ment of 1 850 Like K ing sley M aurice m ay be

lab elled a Bro ad C hurchm a n not so much on
.
,
doctrin al ground s a s for the brea dth of h is

symp a thie s It was soci a l ra ther th a n theologica l
.
problem s to which he a tta ched importance

K ing sley indeed de scri b ed him self to corre spond
.
, ,
ent s as a Bro a d C hurchm an a High C hurchm an , ,
an d a n Eva ngelica l as the mood seemed to t a ke

,
him B i shop C olen so is a good type of the more

Joh n W illiam Col en so first
.
1 81 4 1 883 militan t theologi a n s

- .
ca me before the public as the a uthor of m ath em ati

c a l text b ook s
-
A t thi s time he w as vica r of Forn
.
c e tt S t M a ry in Norfolk but in 1 8 5 3 he w as m a de
, ,
Bi shop of N a ta l In S outh A frica he w as a ealou s

. z
a dvoca te of the right s of the n a tive s a g a in st the
Oppre ssion of the Boers a n d Ca pe Town o f fi ci a l s

but in a mea sure h is influence w as weakened by
the pu blic ation of h is work on Biblica l critici sm
The Pentateuch an d Book of J o shu a C ritic ally
,
Exa m i ned which was condemned by b oth Hou se s

,
”
of C onvoca tion a s heretica l W hen Colen so ca me .
to Engl a nd in 1 8 74 he was inhibited from prea ch

1 64
remarkab le career of only thirty seven years h a s -
b een m ade known to u s by the beautiful life which

wa s written b y Mr S to pf o rd Brooke S t opf ord .
A u gu st u s B ro ok e w a s born in Dublin an d educa ted

a t Trinity C ollege . A t first he w as a C hurch of
Engla nd clergym a n an d a Queen s Cha pl ain but ’
,
sec eded in 1 8 80 on a ccount of h is in ability to
b elieve in m any supern atural phase s of C hri stian

teaching H is Primer of Engli sh Litera ture
.
“
,
”
“
Hi story of E a rly Engli sh Poetry Theology in ” “
the Engli sh Poet s an d Life of Milton h a ve the

,
”
,
ring of the genuine a n d indeed of the grea t critic

, , , ,
.
Out side the pa le of the A nglica n community

but powerful fa ctors in that same Broad C hurch
,
movement which h as been cha rged with stretch

ing the old formula to meet the new facts one ”
reca ll s the n ame s of Lynch an d M artinea u

,
1 81 8- 1 871 T h omas T ok e Ly n ch wa s born a t Dunmow in ,
E ssex an d held for m any ye ar s the mini stry of

,
a sm a ll C ongreg a tion al C hurch . first in Grafton

,
S treet an d a fterwa rd s in the H a mp ste a d R o ad

London He died in comparative ob scurity ;
,
b ut the poem s in his R ivulet once c o n

.
“ ”
,
de m n e d a s heretica l h a ve found their wa y into

,
mo st hymnologie s
James M artin eau was born a t N orwich a n d
.
was origin a lly educ a ted for the profe ssion of civil
engineer b ut turned to theologica l studies an d
, ,
w as for some time the mini ster of a Pre sbyteria n
1 66
Victori n Lite r tu r e
a a
C hurch in Dub lin Then during a re sidence in

Liverpool he beca me a su pporter of the philosophy
.
,
of Benth a m an d the elder Mill but fin ally a b a n ,
do n e d th a t po sition for K a nti a n meta phy sic s

Thenceforth he w a s to be a great power on b eh alf
.
of the Thei stic a n d Unita ri an po sition an d he ,
tu rned vigorou sly upon the m a teri ali stic beliefs

which he h ad abandoned an d w a s it m ay b e , ,
a dded s omewh a t too h a r sh to h is si ster H a rriet

,
when la ter in life sh e a do pted them H is E n “
d ea v o u r a fter the C hri sti a n L ife

, , .
an d Hours ” “
of Thought on Sa cred Thing s are two of h is ”
be st known work s a lthough a more philo sophica l

,
intere st atta che s to h is S tudy of S pinoza an d“
h is Type s of Ethic al Theory

“ ”
.
1 h a ve dwelt a t some length on the work of the

High C hurch an d Bro a d C hurch p artie s during the
reign b eca u se with the se bodie s it h a s been a
,
period of grea t litera ry a chievement a n d it can ,
sca rcely be cl aimed th a t E v a ge lica n ism however n ,
ea rne st e alou s an d numerica lly powerful h a s

,
z , ,
a dded much of enduring worth to religiou s lite a r
ture R ich ard W illia m Ch ur ch Dea n of S t Pa ul s 1 81 5 1 890

.
,
’
,
-
who wrote so eloquently on D ante a n d S t A n selm

belonged to the Libera l High C hurch school a s
,
did a l so H enry Parry Liddo n a ca non of the same 1 829 1 890 -
ca thedra l who se B am pton lecture s O n the Divin

,
ity of J e su s C hri st m a rked him out a s one of the

,
most eloquent of modern pre a chers O ne of the .
1 67
S i x ty Ye a rs of
gre ate st schola rs in the Engli sh C hurch Jose ph ,
1 828- 1 889 B a rbe r Ligh t f o ot Bi sho p of Durh am who replied

to the author of S upern a tura l R eligion b elonged
, ,
“ ”
to the same p arty Midwa y b etween the Broa d

.
C hurch an d the Eva ngelica l school s we find

Fr e derick W illiam Farrar De an of Canterbury , ,
who a s hea d m aster of M a rlborough C ollege

,
-
,
wrote stories of boy life He succeeded .
K ing sley a s a Ca non of W e stmin ster a n d excited ,
much a ttention by h is sermon s on the doctrine

of etern al puni shment H is live s of C hri st
a n d of S t P a ul h a ve b een widely re a d Joh n
.
Bi shop of L iverpool h a s been

.
1 81 6 Ch arl es R y l e , ,
perha ps the mo st fa mou s litera ry exponent of

the Evangelical po sition S h a ll we know one “
Bi b le In spira tion were

.
a nother in He a ven
” ”
an d
ch ara cteri stic b ooks from h is pen John S aul .
1 81 6- 1 885 H o w son De a n of Che ster who in conjunction

, , ,
with the R e v W J C o n ybe are wrote a n a ble

work on The Life an d Epi stle s of S t Pa ul
. .
,
.
“ ”
w a s a l so a L ow C hurchm a n
,
The mo st di stingui shed N o n c o n f o rrn ist mini ster

of the Victori a n period a n d the m a n who se se r ,
mon s found mo st rea ders w a s Ch arle s H addon ,
1 83 4- 1 892 S purgeon with whom eloquence a n d e a rne stne ss

,
were combined with the po sse ssion of a simple

Engli sh style which he derived from a study
In J ohn Plough
,
of the Puritan fathers .
m an s Talk
’ ”
( 1 8 68
) S purgeon put f orth
1 68
1 83 5 Cair d is m a ster of B alliol a n d he h as written
Philosophy of K a nt E ssay s o n Literature
,
” “
an d Philo sophy an d The Evolution of “
W illia m K in gdon Clifl o r d b elonged

,
‘
1 845 1 879 R eligion
-
”
to the oppo site ca mp He o b ta ined a n early

.
reput ation a s a m athem a tici a n a n d beca me

profe ssor of a pplied m athem a tic s in University
C ollege L ondon in 1 8 7 1
,
H is p owerful con
, .
tribu tio n s to the litera ry side of science were

conta ined in S eeing a n d “
Thinking a n d ”
Lectures an d Essays the latter volume bein g

“ ”
edited a fter h is de ath b y h is f iend s Mr L e slie

,
S tephen an d S ir Frederick Pollock .
The three mo st not able b ook s th a t we h a ve

seen from the a nti theologic a l side -
a p a rt from
M a tthew A rnold s Litera ture a n d Dogm a a re

,
’ “
,
The C reed of C hri stendom Pha se s of Faith ,

” “
,
”
an d S upern a tura l R eligion

“
a lthough to the se
m ay perh a p s be a dded tra n sl a tion s of the L ive s of

,
C hri st of S tra u ss a n d of R en a n
, ,
The Creed of .
C hri stendom w a s the work of W illi am R at h bon e

1 80 9 1 88 1 Gr eg who wrote a l so
-
,
Enigm a s of Life ”
R ock s A hea d Ph a se s of Fa ith

“ ” “ ”
an d
1 805 1 897 w a s the work of Fr a n cis W illi am N e w m an a

-
,
younger brother of C ardina l Newm an but a t the ,
Oppo site pole of religiou s conviction He h as .
written m any book s the mo st succe ssful being one

,
on The S Ou l
“
A nother on
”
Thei sm “
’
1 70
Victori n Liter tu re
a a
in spired by the same thei stic but

w as ,
non Chri stia n impul se

-
Phase s of Fa ith ( 1 8
.
“
w a s h is mo st succe ssful work The a uthor of .
“
Su pern a tura l R eligion is W a lter R ich a rd
C a ssel s who h a s a l so publi shed a reply to
Bi shop Lightfoot s stricture s u pon h is larger
, .
work— a work now a ll but forgotten but which ,
crea ted a con sidera ble sen sation at the time of its
a ppe a ra nce .
The age h as been p articula rly in its la ter de

,
v el o pm e n ts a n a ge of good critic s of liter a ture

, .
C ritici sm unh a p pily ra rely l a st s much be yond its

own dec ade Even Mr M atthew A rnold live s
now only b y h is poetry a n d the m any good
.
things tha t he said a bout book s a re being steadily

forgotten A rnold w as a gre a t critic a n d so a l so
.
,
w a s W al te r Pa t e r who se Ma riu s the Epicurea n 1 839 1 894

“ ”
-
,
an d
“
Im agin a ry Port ra it s should ha ve ranked ”
him with writers of im agin ation were it not th at

critici sm was h is domin ant fa culty Pa ter h as .
been de scribed a s the mo st rhythmica l of“
Engli sh pro se writers a n d h is R ena i ssa nce

,
“
S tudie s in A rt a n d Poetry a n d h is A ppre c i

,
“
a tio n s
”
give him a very high pl a ce a mong the
writers of our time .
Philip Gil be rt H a m ert on wa s a nother gre a t 1 834 1 894

- -
critic who wrote at le ast one work of im agin a tion

,
.
“
M a rm o m e is a very pretty story of life in
”
France W ith every a spect of French life Mr

.
1 7 1
S i x ty Ye a rs of
H amerton wa s well a cqu a inted as he li ed in ,
v
tha t countr y for very m any yea rs He wrote regu .
la rly upon a rt topic s a n d edited a n art m a gaz ine

T ue P o r tf ol io ; but it is b y h is volume of e ssa y s
, ,
entitled The Intellectu a l Life tha t he will be

“ ”
mo st kindly remembered f o r ma ny a yea r to come .
C e rta in writers whom I mu st mention a re en

titled to a pla ce both as critic s a n d as poet s .
Mr W E Henley Mr F W H Myers
. .
, . . .
,
W illi a m Bell S cott a n d W illi a m A llingh a m for

,
exa m ple W illiam E rn est H enl ey h a s written

plays in conjunction with R L S teven son an d
.
. .
,
h is Book of Verse s a n d
“
S ong of the S word “
entitle him to very high ra nk a mong the poet s

of the day But he is a l so a critic of exception a l
.
v igour a n d force an d since M a tthe w A rnold there

,
h a s been no volume of critici sm so full of dis

crimin a tion a n d sound j udgment as Views an d “
R eview s 1 1 1 hea lth h as compelled Mr Henley

”
.
to waste much of h is undoubted talent He is .
a t pre sent editing fine libra ry edition s of Burn s
an d Byr on Fre deric W illiam H enry M y ers

.
wrote S aint P aul a poem of con siderable

“
,
”
reput ation but h is critica l e ssa ys are more widely

,
known They were publi shed in two volume s

.
,
Classical an d Modern a n d are full of delight

” ”
ful idea s delightfully expre ssed H is b iogr aphy of

,
W ord sworth is a d a intily fa nciful memoir a bound ,
1 7 2
S i x ty Ye a rs of
things about books W ith h is Life of S helley

.
“
one ob serve s a cert a in deterioration ; Profe ssor

Dowden with all h is profound love of litera ture
h as sca rcely the qua litie s which would fi nd a ttrac
, ,
tion in the curiou sly impul sive ch ara cter of the

poet S helley Dowden was h appier when writing
.
a bout S outhey a n d he is still more a t home with

,
grea t imperson al literary figure s like Sha kspere

a n d Goethe .
R ich ar d Garn et t , better known to the world

-
to day a s Dr Ga rnett—has a lso written on S helley

-
n o t merely with symp a thy b ut with p a rti sa n ship

,
Dr Garnett who is honourab ly associ ated with

.
the Briti sh Mu seum Libra ry is a most acute Critic

,
, ,
a biogr a pher of C a rlyle a n d Emer son a tr a n sla tor ,
from the Greek an d Germ an an d like Profe ssor , ,
Dowden a poet
, .
Ge orge S a in t sbury , who is Profe ssor of Engli sh

Litera ture a t the University of Edinburgh h a s been ,
a n indu striou s critic for m a ny ye a rs a n d ,
ledge of French litera ture in pa rticula r is

H is a cqu a inta nce with Engli sh litera tu
seventeenth century
vitia ted h is style It is not.
phraseology of the seventeenth

b ooks Thi s defect of style is regrettably notice
.
a ble in two volume s of litera ry hi story which Pro
1 74
Victo ri a n Liter tu r e a
f esso r S a int sbu ry h a s publi shed , one dea ling with

the seventeenth a n d the other with the nineteenth
century It is in certa in b rief biogra phie s of S ir
.
W a lter S cott an d others th a t Profe ssor S a int sbury

is mo st excellent ; but h is wide knowledge a n d h is
genuine grasp of the mo st salient ch ara cteri stics of
good liter a ture are indi sputa ble qu a litie s which
ra nk him h igh a mong the b o okmen of his d ay .
E dm un d Go sse is not le ss di stingui shed than the 1 849

writers I h a ve n amed He would be widely
.
known as a writer of cha rming verse were he not

a ctively enga ged in litera ry criticism The so n of
.
a fa mou s n a tu ra li st Mr Go sse is the author of

m any a dmirab ly written book s about the literature
,
of the pa st a n d the pre sent W ha t Ca rlyle so

la rgely did for Germ an litera ture b y introducing
.
it to Engli sh rea ders Mr Go sse ha s done for

S ca ndin a vi a n litera ture In conjunction with Mr
.
W illia m A rcher — a dra m atic critic of singul a r

in sight — h e h as tra n slated Ibsen who se influence ,
h a s been a s m arked during the pa st ten ye a rs as

the influence of Germ a n w iter s w as m a rked during
r
the previou s thirty Mr Go sse s best biography ’
Life of Gray
.
is h is “
.
A critic of rem arkable le a rning is L eslie S teph en 1 832

who se Hours in a Library a n d Hi story of
,
” “
Engli sh Thought in the Eighteenth C entury are

I 7S
S i x ty Ye a rs of
bo o k swhich h ave profoundly impre ssed the age
Mr Le slie S tephen h as written a l a rge number of
.
b iographies all of them chara cteri sed by singular

,
a ccura cy by rem a rka ble gra ce s of style an d by

, ,
gen u ine in sight He w as the first editor of the

.
D iction a ry of N a tio n a l B iogr aplcy a work which

h a s proved inva lu a b le to student s of our la ter
,
literature .
A n dr e w the las t of the critics I h a ve

L an g is
n amed a n d not the le ast active He h as shone in
,
.
ma ny branche s of litera ry work H is B allad s “
a n d Lyr ic s of Old F r a nce

.
B alla de s in Blue
,
” “
C hin a an d numerou s other verse s h a ve g a ined

”
, ,
him con sidera ble reputa tion a s a poet H is tran s .
la tio n s of Homer a n d Theocritu s are by m a ny

counted the fine st tra n sla tion s tha t our litera ture
h as seen S ome h a ve contended th a t h is mu sic a l
.
pro se rendering of the Odyssey is incompara bly

superior to all the e ff ort s of Pope of C owper an d , ,
of the m any other poet s who h ave a ttempted to

render Homer in ver se Mr Lang is an a uthority
.
on folk lore he h as joined i ssue with Profe ssor

-
M ax M iille r on m any point s which are of keen

intere st to tho se who are a ttra cted towa rd s the
science of l a ngu a ge an d the study of com
p ara tiv e religion A s a writer of f a iry ta le s -
editor of b ook s of fa iry storie s

,
and as the -
Mr Lang h a s endea red him self to thou sand s

,
1 7 6
biogra phers Profe ssor K night of S t A ndrew s h as
.
devoted him self for m any yea rs to W ord sworth ,
an d h a s written h is biography be side s editing

h is collected work s The l ate J a me s Dyke s
.
Ca m pbell ( 1 8 3 5 8 94) wrote a biogr aphy of

-
1
C oleridge di stingui shed by rem a rk a ble thorough

ne ss Profe ssor W J Co urth o pe h as prove d
. . .
him self Pope s best biogra pher an d editor a n d is

’
,
gi v ing u s a good Hi story of Engli sh Poetry

“
,
”
which a t pre sent rea che s only to the R eform a tion .
Mr Churton C ollin s one of the mo st thorough of

,
our critic s h as written on S wift a s h a s a l so S ir

Henry C ra ik an d S wift s l ife in Irela nd h a s b een
, ,
’
gra cefully sketched by Mr R ich a rd A she K ing a

noveli st who se L ove the Debt an d The W ea r
,
” “
ing of the Green h ave comm anded a l arge a udi

”
ence S wift h a s b een a fa vourite su bject with the

.
biographers A life of him w a s the ta sk upon which

1 81 2 1 876 J oh n Fo r st e r w a s enga ged a t the time of his de a th
.
Forster was an untiring b iographer a n d he bene

.
fi te d litera ture a s well b y his de a th as by his l ife in

,
tha t he bequea thed h is fine library of book s an d

m anu scri pt s to the n a tion J ohn Forster wrote a
Life of W alter S avage Landor another of Gold
.
smith ,
an d a nother of C h a rle s Dicken s ,
w hiéh it w a s urged th a t he h a d introduced

much of h is own person al ity Perhaps F orst
be st work was h is Life of Sir J ohn Eliot
.
“ ”
,
exp an sion of a biography of th a t p a triot which

1
7 8
a a
h ad contributed to h is S ta te smen of the C ommon

we alth .
”
Biography is the gre a t medium o f in struction

a n d in spira tion of th a t little band of Po sitive
p hilo s o pher s who a cce pt their go spel from
A ugu ste C omte who se Ph iIOS Oph ie Po sitive“ ”
,
they h a ve tran sla ted into Engli sh S tudy the .

“
‘Philo sophie Po sitive for yourself say s George

’
Henry Lewe s who with George Eli ot h a d much

,
, , ,
enthu sia sm for the new cult ; study it p atiently “

,
give it the time a n d thought you would not grudge

to a new science or a new l angu age ; an d then ,
whether you accept or rej ect the sy stem you will ,
find your mental hori zon irrevoca bly enlarged .
But six stout volume s ! excl aim s the he sita tin g ’
a spir a nt W ell ye s ; six volume s requiring to be

: ,
medita ted a s well a s read I a dmit tha t they give .
pa u se in thi s bu sy bu stling life of ours ; but if

’
you reflect how willingly six sep a ra te volume s of

p hi l o so p hy would be re a d in the cour s e of the ye ar
the underta king seem s le ss formidable No one .
who con siders the immen se importance of a

doctrine which will give unity to hi s l ife would ,
he sitate to pay a higher price th a n tha t of a year s ’
study . A mong the mo st gifted of the Po sitivi sts

is Fr e deric Ha rrison who se Order an d Progress 1 83 1
, ,
an d C hoice of Book s are well known ,

”
A mong .
his com pa nion s in litera ry a n d religiou s wa rfa re
1 79
S i x ty Ye a rs of
1 h ave been Jam es Cot te r M ori son who wrote
83 1 - 1 888 ,
biographie s of S t Bern ar d of C la irva ux an d M ac

a u lay
,
“
The S erv ice of M an which was a con
tribu tio n to religiou s pro pag and a ; a n d R ich a rd
C ongreve ( born who w a s a pupil of Dr

A rnold a t R ugby a n d who h a s written m any
,
thoughtful politica l tra ct s .
A n a ttem pt to po pul a ri se C omte by a n a bridg

ment of h is grea t work w a s m a de by Harriet
1 802 1 876 M artin e au
-
, wh o w a s b orn a t Norwich an d was ,
one of the mo st versatile of Victoria n writers .
None of her work h a s stood the te st of time

b
,
p erh a p s eca u se sh e h a d so little of re a l geniu s ,
a lthough po sse ssed undoubtedly of gre a t in te lle c
tu al endowment s Not the le ss re a dily should

.
we recogni se th a t sh e exerci sed con sidera ble in

fl ue n c e upon her own genera tion S h e wrote
m any storie s dea ling with soci a l su bject s a n d
.
ta le s illu stra tive of Political Economy which d is ,
p e r se d m a ny a popul a r illu sion

. In a vi sit to
A merica sh e le a rned to sym pa thi se with the
Northern S ta te s a n d perha ps no writer of the
,
day did so much in Engl a nd to excite symp a thy

with the ca u se which ultima tely proved victoriou s .
Mi ss M artin eau s Biogr a phica l S ketches were

’ “ ”
origin a lly publi shed in the D a ily N ew s a journ a l

.
,
to which sh e w a s for m a ny yea r s a regula r con

tri b utor a n d for which sh e wrote her own obitu a ry
,
notice Her hi storical work is mere compil ation

.
,
1 80
Universities during the seventie s a n d eightie s He .
h a s written live s of Volt a ire R ou sse a u a n d Diderot

, , ,
which throw much light on the period prior to

the French R evolution an d give a bunda nt evi
,
dence th a t ha d he not devoted him self to politic s

he would h ave been a b le to produce a hi story of
,
the French R evolution of ine stim able va lue On

the other h and h is Li f e of C obden was a fa ilure
.
from a literary standpoint T he e ssay O n Co m

.
promi se is a mo st intere sting developm ent of

”
the fundamenta l idea of Milton s A reop agitic a ’ “ ”
an d is pro b a bly the mo st exh a u stive tre a tment of

,
the q ue stion — how f ar we a re ju stified in keeping

back the expre ssion of our Opinion s in deference to
the v iews an d cu stom s of our fellow men -
.
A nother good biogr apher who g a ve up to Pa r

lia m e n t time which might h a ve been better em
ployed from the point of view of a lover of letters
, ,
is Sir Ge orge Ott o T r ev e l y an who se life of h is

uncle Lord M a caul ay is a delightful biography
,
, , ,
full of entertainment for the mo st frivolou s of

rea ders N ot le ss entertaining is S ir George
T rev e lya n s E a rly Hi story of C h a rle s J a me s Fox
.
’ “ ”
a book which m ake s one wi sh th a t the
writer h ad devoted him self to tha t e poch of our

hi story a n d h a d done for the period of the Georges
,
wh a t his uncle h ad done for their immediate

pred ece ssors .
Victo ri n Lite r tu re a a
1
Lo rd u wrote poetry a s R ich ard 1 809 1 885
H o gh t on -
Monckton Milne s an d h is line s a re still f e r
quently quoted But h is b iography of K eat s

,
Life Letters a n d Literary R em ain s of J ohn

.
, ,
K ea t s a lthough not now in a n y publi sher s

’
li st is cert a in to be long remembered L ord

, .
Houghton s life w a s written by h is friend S ir

’
,
W emy ss R eid a uthor a l so of a Monogra ph on

H is so n a fter serving a s Lord
,
C h arlotte Bront e ”
Lieutenant of Ireland beca me E arl of Crewe h is

.
,
d aughte Florence Henniker keeps a live the

r, ,
litera ry tra dition of the family an d is known as a

writer of sho t storie s L ord Houghton h a d a
,
r .
genuine love of letters a n d of the society of litera ry

men S o a l so h a d H enry Cr abb R obins on who se 1 775 1 867
.
,
-
dia ry edited by Dr S a dler ( 1 8 69) bring s one in

touch with all the litera ry men a n d women of the
p eriod A t h is.hou s e in R u ssell S qu a re R obin son
ga ve bre akfast s to which it beca me a di stinction
to b e invited S am u el R ogers s breakfa st s ha ve
,
’
.
been de scribed in m a ny memoirs R ogers wrote

all h is p oem s long ye a r s before the Queen b eg a n
.
to reign b ut he li ed for a nother thirty yea rs with

,
v
the reputa tion of a good conversa tion ali st a n d

story teller H is Ta ble Ta lk w as publi shed in
”
-
.
1 85 6 a n d it is f ull of good storie s

, Two va lu .
a ble book s concerning R oger s h a ve been written
by Mr Peter W illi am C layden E a rly Life of ,

“
1 83
Samuel R ogers , an d
“
R ogers an d H is Co n
tem porarie s .
”
An important biogra phy was written b y Jam es

1 81 0- 1 88 1 S p e dding who se whole life w a s devoted to a
,
study of B a con an d to a thorough de struction of

,
M aca ulay s critici sm u pon the grea t philo so pher

’
The L etters an d the L ife of Franci s B a con

.
“
,
including a ll h is Occa sion a l W ork s newly col ,
l e c te d a n d se t forth with a omment a ry Bio

C ,
graphic a l a n d Hi storica l w a s publi shed in seven ,

”
volume s between 1 8 5 7 an d 1 8 74 .
Two of the mo st notable politic al philo sopher s

of the e ra were G eorge C o rn ew all L ewi s a n d
1 80 6 1 863 B a gehot
- S ir Ge orge L ew i s held im port a nt
.
po st s in the G overnment s of his day being at ,
one time Home S ecreta ry a n d a t a nother S ecre

ta ry of S ta te for W ar He wrote A Dial ogue .
“
on the Be st Form of Government a n d m any ”
1 826 1 877 other tre a ti se s

- W al t er B age h ot was one of the
.
grea te st authoritie s of h is day on b anking a n d

fi n ance He wrote Physics an d Politics
.
“
,
Economic S tudie s a n d several other work s

“ ”
which h ave little rel a tion to literature ; b ut

,
h is Literary S tudie s indicated a critical ac ”
qu a inta nce with the be st books A brilli ant

pu b lici st of our day who combine s like B agehot
.
, , ,
a love of a ff a ir s with keen liter a ry in stinct s is ,
1 84
S i x ty Ye a rs o f
e poch who se b ook m ke liter ture
s a a It is sm all .
di spa ragement to the m aj ority of our gre a t travel

lers tha t they h ave not been men of letters th a t
their book s a lthough service ab le to their genera
,
tion a re of little moment con sidered from the

,
st a nd point of a rt . A lthough Mr H M S t a nley . .

,
Dr Na n sen an d other a dventurou s spirit s of our

,
time m ay be quite a s important in the genera l

,
drift of the world s doings a s a n y of the litera ry

’
men who se n a me s a re conta ined in thi s volume ,
their book s h a ve no pl ace wh a tever in litera ture .
It is noteworthy however tha t books written by

, ,
tra vellers h a ve been during the past ten year s

,
or more by f ar the mo st popul ar form of rea ding

, ,
a pa rt from fiction Intere st in hi storica l study

.
an d specul a tive writing seem s to h a ve declined ;
intere st in travel is as m arked as ever .
The journa li sm of the reign h as b een so inti

m a tely associ ated with litera ture th a t were my
S pa ce more a mple I should h a ve cho sen to devote
a ch a pter to th a t subject a lone M a ny of the men

.
I h a ve mentioned perh aps mo st of them h ave a t

one time or a nother contrib uted to the j ourn al s or
, ,
m a gazine s of the day Even the noveli sts have

.
peculi a r intere st in journ ali sm ,
yea rs a s la rge a proportion of th

rewa rd h a s come from wh a t is
publication in thi s or tha t m aga zine
1 86
Victori n Lite r tu re a a
as from book pu b lica tion A pa rt from fiction .

,
a cce ss to m a g az ine s an d new sp a per s h as become ,
if it h as not a lway s been a n e a sy a n d plea sant w a y ,
of m aking one self he a rd u pon the subject nea re st

to one s hea rt Litera ry journa li sts who h a ve
’
.
,
a fterwa rd s republi shed their contribution s in

volume form include S ydney S mith a n d J ohn
W il son a t the beginning of the reign ; as
a l so Douglas J errold M a rk Lemon Edm und
Ya tes Charles Ma ckay a n d George A ugustu s
, ,
, ,
S a la
. S y dn ey Sm it h left nothing th a t we ca n 1 77 1 1 845 -
re a d to day He live s a s a plea sant memory W e

-
. .
know th a t he mu st h ave been a libera l minded as -

,
he w a s certainly a very witty clergym an He wrote .
on The B a llot in 1 8 3 7 an d on The Church

“ ” “
Bills in 1 83 8 an d he went on writing ealou sly

”
,
z
until h is dea th The W it a n d W i sdom of Sydney

“
John W ilson h as 1 785 1 854

.
S mith w a s publi shed in 1 8 61

”
-
.
a more purely litera ry record A s editor of B l ck . a
w ood s M aga zine he m a de th a t publica tion a power

’
,
in the land H is R ecreation s of C hri stopher

.
“
North appeared in 1 84 M a ny of h is e ssay s

”
2 .
an d sketche s m a y still be re a d with re a l ple a sure ,
a n d indeed h is influence will be ve y much a live r
for m any a yea r to come Do uglas J err o l d is al so .
well known to day by h is Bla ck eyed Su san

- -
”
an d M rs Ca udle s C urta in L ecture s

“
H is so n
’ ”
Blanch a rd J errold ( 8 2 6
,
.
wrote h is life
1 .
M ark Le m on w a s one of the first editors of P a n el: 1 8094 870

1 87
newsp aper H is hundred s of articles a n d m any
.
novel s are all well nigh forgotten but h is n a me will ,
a lwa y s receive honoura ble mention in the hi story
1 83 1 1 894 of j ourn a li sm
-
E dm un d Y a t e s who founded T he
.
,
W o r ld new spa per in 1 8 74 will be remembered by ,
h is well written A utobiogra phy — one of the

be st book s of the kind ever i ssued Ya te s wrote .
m any novel s but they h a ve all p a ssed out of

,
1 81 4 1 889 memory
-
. Ch ar l e s M a c k a y wa s a n a ctive journ a l
ist for a number of ye a rs He wrote novel s poem s
a n d critici sm s an d a n enterta ining a uto b iogra phy
.
, ,
entitled Forty Y ea rs R ecollection s of Life Litera

,
“ ’
,
ture an d Public A ff airs Dr M a ckay was fa ther ”
of Eric M a ck ay a uthor of Love Letters of a

.
,
Violini st an d stepfather of Miss Marie Corelli

,
1 828 1 895 the noveli st

-
Ge orge A ugu st u s S al a who wrote
.
,
so continuou sly for the D a ily T el egr ap h a n d other
j ourn als w as a l so a uthor of m any books a s well

a s the in e vit a ble a uto b iogra phy The Land of
,
“
.
the Golden Fleece A merica R evi sited

” “
an d
”
Living L ondon are well known R ich ard

, ,
.
1 848 1 887 J e fi erie s publi shed h is Ga mekeeper a t Home

-
'
“
in the P a ll M a ll Ga zette W ood M agic ( 1 8 8 1 ) .
“
Bevi s”
an d The S tory of My Hea rt
“
a re h is be st b ook s .
The se n ames sugge st a hundred others .
mo st honoured j ourn a li st of t o da y is Fr e d
Gr e en w oo d who h a s edited The “
1 830 ,
1 88
S i x ty Ye a rs of
M arie B ash k irtse f f s Di ary tra n sl ated by ’
,
M a thilde Blind reflect o n e side of thi s litera ry

,
t a ste ; while the thou sa nd a n d one memoirs con

cerning N apoleon I repre sent s another The . .
mo st popula r serie s of politica l memoirs in

Engli sh we owed to Char l es Cav en dish Fu lk e
1 794 1 865 Gre v il l e who bec a me C lerk to the P r ivy C ouncil
-
,
in 1 8 2 1 a n d held th at po st until 8 60 A fter

,
1 .
h is de a th h is di a ry w a s edited by Mr Henry
R eeve The first serie s of the Greville Me “
.
moirs de a ling with the reign of George IV a n d

”
.
W illia m IV a p pe a red in 1 8 75 a n d crea ted im

.
,
men se excitement 1
The la ter volume s excited
.
le ss intere st .
T he Life of the l
te Prince C on sort ( 1 8 74) by a
S ir Th e o dore M ar tin n a tura lly conta ined no ,
indi scretion s a lt h ough it did much to enh ance ,
if tha t were po ssible kindly memorie s of the ,
Q ueen s hu ’
sb a nd S ir Theodore M a rtin m.a de
1
A ontem por ry epigr m thu e x pre ed the gener l
c a a s ss
feelin
a
For fi fty ye r he li tened the door

g
at
And he rd ome nd l b ut invented more

a s s ,
t te men queen kin

a s sc a a
Thi he wrote down

, .
an d s a s, a n d
A e r before q uite ommon thin

s s , gs,
a us as c
pp
Mo t now de d yet ome few till rem in
gs .
s s
To whom the e emoir ive needle in

s a re a a
s M s g a ss
For thou h they l h only G reville

pa
’ ’
g au g a n d sa y T is
They i h Memoir the —
, ,
”
w s him and h is s at D l .
1
90
Victo ri n Lite r tu re a a
h is first fame under the p seudonym of Bon

Gaultier H is Book of B all a d s written in con
.
“
,
”
junction with Profe ssor A yto u n h a d much su c ,
ce ss S ir Theodore M artin a l so wrote A yto u n s ’
The Life of L o d
.
“
Memoir an d
“
r
Lyndhurst He h a s tran sl a ted the Ode s

of Horace The Vita Nuova of D a nte Goethe s
,
“
,
’
“
Fa u st a n d Heine s Poem s an d B a ll a d s
”
In ’ “ ”
S ketch of the Life of

.
,
1885 he publi shed a “
Princess A lice .
”
It di ficult to know where to pl ce

is f u a S ir A rth r 1 81 7
-
1 875
H el ps who wrote pl ay s novel s hi storie s an d
, , , ,
e ssay s He wa s an overra ted writer in h is time

. .
He is perha ps underra ted now T w o serie s of .
“
Friends in C ouncil a ppe a red the first in 84 7 ”
, 1 ,
the second in 1 8 5 9 They dea lt with a ll m a nner

.
of a b stra ct subject s such a s war de spoti sm

,
“
,
” “
,
”
a n d so on a n d were very p opula r A nother

,
.
volume C omp a nion s of my S olitude

,
“
wa s ,
”
equ a lly succe ssful Help s w as ra sh enough to

.
enter into competition with Pre scott in trea ting

of the S pani sh C onque st of A m erica ; b ut the
p icture s que book s of the e a rlier writer ar e still
with u s while H elps s Life of Pi za rro ( 1 8 69) ’ “ ”
an d Life of C orte s ( 1 8 7 ) are al mo st forgotten 1 .
Tha t al so is the fa te of h is rom a nce R e alm a h ,
1 8 68 a n d of h is tr a gedie s therine Dougl

(
“
) C a as ,
an d Henry
“
S ir A rthur Helps w a s C lerk to
1 9 1
the Privy C ouncil a n d he edi ted the Principal
,
“
S peeche s a n d A ddre sse s of the l a te Prince C o n

sort
”
S ir A rthur Help s a l so edited for Qu e e n Vict oria

her L e ave s from a J ourn a l of our Life in the
“
Highla nd s ”
The Q ueen h a s a l so pu b
l ish e d The Ea rly D ays of H is R oya l Highne ss
“
the Prince C on sort ( 1 an d

”
More Le a ve s from “
the J ourn al of our Life in the Highland s

Her M aje sty h as been credited with a genuine
ta ste for letters a n d a love for good poetry an d
good fi ction W ith some S how of a uthority it
,
h as been sta ted th a t her fa vourite noveli st s a re

S ir W a lter S cott Mi ss A u sten a n d Mi ss Bront e ;
while it is q uite evident to the least inqui sitive th at
, ,
m any literary theologi an s ha ve h ad some mea sure

of her reg ard H a ppily the times h a ve long
.
p assed when litera ture needed the p atron age of

the powerful T o d a y it c an honourab ly sta nd
.
a lone . But it is ple asing to remember tha t the

sovereign who se sixty yea rs of rule m a ke so re
m arkable a record in litera ture as in m a ny other ,
aspects of the world s progre ss h a s t a ken a sym

’
,
p athetic in te re st in the book s a n d bookmen of th e

epoch .
The Queen will h ave seen reputation s bl aze

forth a n d flicker out ign ominiou sly sh e will ha ve
1 9 2
INDE !
mem b
B OT T
er Edwin
of,
Bro d C
Di tin
hur h ui hed
rty A L .
i C h rlotte
s
M ri g s A l l th e Yea r R ou n d , 69 .
O
‘
Throu
Ph ilo c h ristu s
h N
‘One i
tu e to Tu
‘
k
Pride er
a
’
)
(
o t
Pur
an d o ul
uer r torie
c
x ile
pa
s
; .
c
E M ss
.
M s p p a
a .
.
.
s
a
s,
a
b b
’
an d his
C ri t erh the e t evi in B ylon Hou e Be utiful
m us his g a r s s, E s
’ ’
h s
denr ye of the develo ment of ‘Alton LCoy keil A hley
’
a s s a s a
p p ,
’
,
c
p h is an d r s , 73 .
velyn Re de on A meri R evi ited

’
pa t . 5 1 6 . c , 53 .
’
88
Bede R eview Amiel J our l
E ,
1 63 . ca s , 1 .
And S h ll Trel wney Die

’
89
’ ’
, 5 49 a , 0 . s na , 1 .
38
D u hter The n el in the Hou e The
’
an d 5 s, 1 8 . a a , .
A
ture of H rry R i hmond ‘AAnnimlo lS I xntelli
’ ’
on Briten ine
’
al s 71 g s 31
a
‘ g , , .
,
’
, .
s a c g a a 99
-
, , .
nn herwoo
’
G rey
61 57 a g’ c 1 .
A S
.
,
’
4 7, 4 8
Pr e Hi tory AAnn
,
and
‘ l
nthony of the
Ho P
e ri
ic h s, s a s
d , 72
a
’
s
.
,
’
63 .
W H
tru ggl e ,
‘
A nthro
S t Anti quity of
olo
’
38y The .
p g
p , 63 .
99 .
O
L on Anti theolo i l b oo k The three
M an ,
The Tower of
’
. . ld ,
1 53 .
d Rookwood mo t not b le g ca s
-
.
A olo i p Vit
’
h is s a , 1 70 .
A re i t i on
’
a S u a,
of He tor s, 67 .
A r her W illi m 75
M rs
’
H o w gl e n , 63 .
p
pp
g
c a
a ro
s,
’
1 71 .
1 10 .
derA dventure
the G re t in Wonder Aril tion
( )
totle c
tr n 74 1
rs , . c , a , .
’ ’
a , 33 . s s a s
A rnold Dr Hi to y of R ome
s a ,
1 63 .
G r nt An lo S x on
’
64 .
,
. s r ,
inAll a
Word worth
g a
-
.
oeti if fi r t re o
A M a tth e w , a n d
’
, 99 . rn o ld , s ,
C ondition of b y S winb urne L iter 8

’
, 39 . h is p c g ts s c g
M en,
ture Do m G od the
’
an d s n ise d ,
1 7; a
li m Writer of Bi b le
’
an d g a an d
I ri h oem reli iou thou ht Profe or

’
a .
; in fl u e n c e o n c o n te m po ra ry
; edited F
an d
z ofi mPoetrydefinition y inriti i ritim

s
r aser s
p ’
s an d
M aga
ba l
ine ,
c s
g s
;
’
g , 18;
E ssa s G
ss
of c c s
; ;
I n de x
edu
known tion
b ycal wor k
oetry a b
h is p
e t or the
l S
W ill
ien e , Ment
tyle 19; s and
M
’
; al an d
Em edo
S tr yed R eveller
lep on Etn Poem
c
‘Thes BB lfour
ll de Fr n i
Blue M Chin
tl
,
nd
1 9, 2 0 ,
a
5
’
;
1 71
’
a
a
,
c
a
c
c s ai
s
a
,
’
1
,
47
1
.
1 .
6
dmir tion B ll d Ly i of O Fr n e
7 30 , 1
a s, a a s in a,
’
for Em ly Bro t
20 T h yrsis, 21 a a a a s an d r cs ld a c ,
Arnold S ir ‘ dwin Li ht of B ll d for the Time 7

i u é,
‘
Ai Li ht of the W orld B llot The
’
, E .
g a a s s, 2 .
’ ’
on Henry Kin ley 5 B nim J ohn i h el

’
s a an d g ,
a , , 87 1 .
At Ru by Dr B r he ter Tower
an d M
Arnold Thom
26 gs 6
, . a , c a , 34 .
Hmethod
wkin reThuommend tion B rh m Ri h rd H rri
’
, as. g ; a c s s, 58 .
b L fi
’
; h is
a
ydides c
old y e end r t e red In

a a a c a a s.
,
tory of Rome fir t urif s
un oinul r in ’
novel
c
a
C ou in Ni hol
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NEW N O VE L B Y JO S EPH HO C K ING .
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W eehl T im es
feel
y
ert in th t were we til ondemned to to b ed
.
nine we
the b ird hould
We
,
lee c
with the b o under

wh t h en d A it tory of
s
s
t o see
our i low s
a
ke with
a
p
a
a pp
,
e
o k
s l c
p l
ca p a l s
,
go
an d w a
i ts c l a ss .
”
at
T he S ta r .
L on do n 1 0 Hen r ietta S tr eet, Co v e n t Ga r den , W C . .

fll r JA M
’
ES B OW D E N S A ’
n n ou ncem en t s .
T HE LA U R E L L IB R A R Y V — OLUM E I .
S E NDCO E m r ro n N OW R EA DY .
Cr ow n 8v o , c otl h elega n t, gilt top, 23 .
L i t a n ie s 0 L1 e
B y K th l a ee n W a t so n
O C NN R M P in T h W hl S
Mr T P . .
’
O O , . .
, e ee
y un
( A B o k o f h W ee k “
o t e
n y wom
Fa n
r h intu er few word c
the inifted
fi ni
a
e tittin
le of wn wi
the h
wh
a the
le r ree olve
of her so
g , s
g do t s to
c us
like
se x c an s you
wonde h
ful ve o
i
itome
ff
a
ofof
,
wh worlthi
and rem
of rk
orrowb le b o hk ve
s
a an de a
t a a ll
at s a
o
a
ac
o is
ever re d .
a .
A s r an ep a d s as l a
dre m A work of
think re h r
The wover
rd whi hg one
with like
th
at
t to
tunc lin
ful
a er
f
m,
li ity c s
g ,
a nd
whi h b el n more t y h n ro e —
a
c
, an d
o
g s
.
to po e r t
o
a
s
to
flo w
p s
”
a
L zv c r,o ool P ost

’
e e c
The fi ve hor oi n t rie whi h m ke thi e x ell n

. .
lb yttlre b onkof therwriter

i e o m rk b leb for
,
e v
a redi tin
s
tion ofti n
t,
life
e of p
tyle
a
h r
g
a int
ant
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s
c
c
o
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s
up
,
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e
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e
n
t
ori into lity theherr refler tion i t n t l to y in

’
a so s O s r a an d c a ac , an d th e
M
g a
to the
Of
wi l find h ten le ure eve y one of th m —

w ay
l
cu t
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as
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e ad
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r d
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r as
en s.
i ili
in
y ea .
r
ss W a so
e
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ea
”
e
e l
Of
T he M
a s
s s
r
or n in
b t
a
p g
re thi fi ket h hum n itively eli t
. .
ur er fuln in rilyuriou min

l is
l b l e n erne t d
“
So a s rs t s c , so a ,
so se n s c a e , so
s c ce ss
e ad im ine
e c e ssa
o f act a s
g
ow c
b
it s
ei t
d
uto
to
c
onlyofoutre r —u l orr oul b e di tilled rue r or of i n b i r hi a

s
l b lievin
s
g in g
th Of o
a
dn ss a n d
so t
g ap
te
a
ca
d
, e
d
ss, th a
g
t he
at
s ec p a ss o
and g et
”
l T h e Dai
y M a il
rit in mo mi b le r e thi olle tion of fi ve b e uti

. .
ful dth u h wot thrie willever eb l tok lover

,
W
o
g
te n
sa ds
dditi
o ofn
st
s,
l h lite
ad
rm ture
of
l
ra
b i
a pp a
p os
a ll
,
s c
s
c
go o d ra .
a
It
go o
a ds t o i t s
d one
’
—
r as
L l oy d 3 M
.
’
p
a c
’
w sba
j
er .
oo th e a o a c a e n
g a
L on don 1 0 H e n r ie tta Str eet, Co v en t Ga r den , l VC . .

M r JA M ES B OW D EN S ’
A n n ou n cem en t s .
T HE L A U R E L L IB R A R Y -
V OLU M E ll .
Cr o w n 8 11 0 , c otl h elega n t, gilt to

p , 2 s.
T he Widow Wom an
A CO R NIS H TA L E .
B y Ch ar l es Le e .
OP I N I ON S OF T H E PR E S S .
eo
“ u
le h
who
S
h eli
c
ve ht
not ully
a
re dn
d tur
one l
forlove
g tory
ore of
f
yethi
r th
will t even
mita
tht id
t a s is s a s a Old
quite
p
fe
p
unrom nti eno h the
lin of r titude a to b euthor
a
en ibwho
cle u
gloliede with
a
b ook uwith s
a sc
s .
a s
W e c s
ad
the
a it is
deli htful tudy —

a e g g a to a has su p p us s c h a
g s
”
M anc heste r Cou r ier
L fi b
.
A deli htful little work ee know the e her folk y

.
hetrokert of dro lery the b ility The to r hw rthem to the life in few b h M
“
r s
g . s s
s
a
ene
, an d
s
h as
itu tion
l
mo t vividly ter
b ro” ket
a
ht hin
out dmir
the
. b
erv le the
din
d a
c a ac s c
g is a
a
a
rig
,
t
humour s an d s
enuine t m — fi ug an d
sc a s are s a
, p g
1 5 of a S he e ld I n de e n den t.
g p s a p
A n entert inin tory A lever humorou thorou hly

.
enjoy b e b ook — s and

“ s
a g . c , g
”
a l S cotsm a n
A f in tin b ook rom b e innin to end it de i htf ly

. .
F
frequ hint vihumorou
s an d orou the vitheetten t ofhe Coforniun ho lifehi ti ted h hilo
a sc a
g
g
s
.
r tero hy
g
.
n s
g
s
g
an d
is
c a ac
lg ul
a re
not a
Nothin without an d
deli h of
iou lyu b tlety
a da s
ohnmu i
s
they
; an d
s
o rt ori
hi in l
been
,
s
are a s a
a c s
s n
g as ’
s p s ca
a re
p
g a
s
”
p ,
ritten of l te
g
with the ke ne t l ure intere t —

w nother
so
a tory
,
from
an d a the
c
utho
s
wi l
W 1 t ty
b
an d
e s
as J T re h ill s
a
D u n dee A dv
r s
’
c
pe n
u
i
er t se r .
s
l
p h as
e s p e as s
The tory im le homely in n ture told with humour

.
b ndon th t m ke the book mo t deli htf l re din G an d it s is

“ s s a a
, p ,
”
an d a a a a s s
g u a g .
- lasgow
The
hu b
kle o k the one
b e t to
of
o re
q u d h
litie vin
13 the
liter b le
ture ed
one q u lity
in ined am to kin , a
g ss a of a g
i n he e tired d y —
y ou c
t s
c .
a s.
s
B lac h
a
a nd
s 1n
W h ite .
a , is cl sa ,
y
n n ou n cem en t s .
A B OO K OF YA C HTIN G S T O R IE S
FOR H OL ID A Y R E A D IN G .
Cr o w n 8 v a, c otl h, pr ice 3 s 6d . .
e a er B o at
By Pa lin u ru s .
OP I N I ON S OF T H E P R E S S
L ively t le of y htin dventure The P er B will
.
‘
bvoye eleon nther ownom nionounton wellrui—e G we wi h her ro erou
“ ’
a s ac g a . ap o at
a sa c a an c s an d
a p p y ,
s a p sp s
”
a
g a cc as la sgo w H e r a ld
Bri ht mu in There ome h rmin de ri tion

. .
inhe the b o k whi h in every re e t eminently

an d a
re d b le m k in no is
“
g s
g . s c a
g sc p
vy dem nd on the re der kee in in oo humour is

c s c
o , p a a , a
g”
a s a an d p h im d
a , g g .
T he Spor tsm a n
Bri htly written torie of the The to ie h ve
.
b ri htne fre hne whi h nnot f i l to ive le u e

“ s s se a .
g s r s a a
an d
”
s ss c ca a
g ss g p as r .
M hester Cou r ie r
b
a nc
nr vedly re omm nd thi k to one on holid y

.
u
a s r
ff
e toni
W
in e
t b uu
ine worrie
e se r
e e t whi of l r y on the f e of j ded worker —

c a ga ity oot
s I t thec
s me ss
e s
s an d c
oo
s
an
y
. h as
”
a
sa
as
c as a p sa t sp a ac a a . N
. . B .
The
ofwithout uthor w ite
whi h hethrill ofevidently
awith t
m enterth i
one ture q uene
nnot
r
re d
son u bje
torie t s r g an d p c s ss a s c
of hti — th
c
eae x itement ”
h t one
is
of the
D u n dee A dv
re ’
te t h rm c
a
i
er t se r
as
t
, an d
a is
ca
g
a
a
h is
s c
s
a
s
y ac n
g
A h rmin volume in re e t A more eli htf l tory
. .
or b etter told th n The Voy e of the lo ette there o d not b e a ll d

sp c s.
c a
g g u s ,
envy ho e who h ve not re d it The b ook f l of life F r ul

a c
,
a
g .
W e t s a a is ul and
—S h fi
.
”
ld T elegr aph
b b b b
o
g
ri ht re zy e wi hed of the e t
. e e .
On e
volume—of li ht hort torie o ered to the
A s g an d e as can
ff
s .
pu b l 1 c for lo time s
t
s s a n
s g s
g
’ ’
pas . L loy d s N ew s
pp a er .
L o n don 1 0 H en r ietta S tr eet, Cov en t Ga r den , W C . .

M r JA M E S B OW D E N S A ’
n n ou n cem en ts .
N ew W R
O K B Y T HE R V F ED R I E . R E CK L A N G B R IDG E .
Cr o w n 8v a, c otl h gilt, 3s 6d . .
T h e D re am s of D a ni a
B y Fre de r ic k Lan gbridge ,
A u th r
o k by the A n ge l
o f S ent b ac s, &c .
W i th Four F u ll Page I llu str ation s b y J

-
Ye t . B . a s .
le
“
M
ure I t r
L an gbridge s
r novel
htly is one
often
’
whi
c
mu hinwillr b e
ro
a reu dinwiththe unmi
t lk x ed
of
Imuri hh eym ntthy Iri ho editor
p as
s p a sa
.
s
is sp ig
a n d s d
an d
ts
te I
a
i t i
s a s
s
l
tureo
pa
of theti
g, e p d c g
.
I i
c as
h reit iv
tor
g es us
a
in i with
kne
the
c
and s r o
s
row
intere
pa
t of the N
re
. a rr
an d g o
dera tedas
from b y
a p c
b e innin
an
to
M r L a n gbridge in
r s
a
c
Bri
a m nner
e
s c
a th
one t hold
of the
ss
r ielet hntr hould

ac s
so p a sa
s
c a ac
s
ter inb e hee entrtilyfi wel
s
a
r c
a
c
g
c
tion omed novel
,
g
an d a
”
en d
—
at
d
c on
g
B r itish W eehly
t
soeis
a he lthy.
.
and
Cr o w n 8 71 0 , A rt L in e n , 3s 6d . .
Or ge a s an d M ira d on
W it h o th e r Pie c e s
B y Fre de r ic k W e dm o re
A th r f R en n i ti n E n gli h E pi de
u o o u c a o s,
”
s so s, &c .
“
T he
Mr W
b e utiful tory of
a
e dm o re s
’
s i do e i ly ty
ss
i
ofof hum n emotion ower ofItex reh inr ed withtr ndel tinth ofthefeelinoi n n y
Orgea s l an d
an d
M ra
a s a
n,
’
is sp c a l p ca
p p g g p g a c
vivi in
d
is
e x
a
treme reti en e
there not in hort of divin tion —
it s
h s
i rimin
.
tion c ofc
a
tou
is
hc a
g
an d dI n ”
sc a
T he A then a m n
p s
c .
g, an d
it
g . .
L on don 1 0 H en r ietta S tr eet, Co v en t Ga r den , W C . .

n n ou n c em en t s .
S E C O ND ED ITI O N N OW R EA D Y .
Fcap .
41 0, a rt ca n v a s,
gilt , 3 s . 6d .
T h e H o u se o f D re a m s
A n A llegory
By an A non
ym ous A u th o r .
The Hou e of Dre

A Pil rim in the n e n
m b elo to the
riv l
s me l
e t ul li
rity h
of nt
th t
a s
’
n
g s sa c a ss a s M rs O p a
’
s
A b ook of i n l ite ry be uty of rofound

U
trikin f n y t he
’
s e a nd m ay
g ,
a
gr a po p a a
l
ten erne de ly rever n throu hout the work of who g
s a c s a ra a
g .
, p
fin in e rth he ven like the i n token of the Cro

ds
d ss , a n d
a and
T h e B r itish W eehly
ep
a a
e t
s
g
g an d
; a m an
ss.
”
A very b e utiful lle o y The uthor ee everen e

.
e x lted h t y never i f l e work n ot f il to in i e

“ ’
a a g r . a s d p r c an d
h is
re der with reveren e for ide l und e med of in worldly hilo
a p an as r ng a s , and ca n a sp r
s o hy —
th e
p
a
”
G
T h e P a ll M a ll
c
a z ette.
a s r a
p
A n lle ory worthy to r k on the re te t hievement of

.
thout from
for oftheliter tu e The re t o el love ho e hine am g
an
a g g a s ac s
at m
e l ndid e The Hou e of Dre m g f an d
a
a r .
g s
p o
p s s
‘
b ohilek whi h r li iou te her will fi nd it b und ntly worth their
’
s sp e p ag s. s a s is a
to tudy — s ac s a
o c e
g a
”
W s Ch r istia n W or ld
I t in truth ro e oem one of the mo t b e utiful deli ht

. .
ful we h ve eve re d No hin ould b e b etter th n h t the an d

“
is a p s p , s a
g
leof derTheofH uCehurof Dre h mhould b re herrytheit wiureh themtenintoerthetmoworldhereof

t c t
a r a .
g a a
a s a ll c es s at p and d a sp
d ily re lity — an d ca
’
o s a s, t
”
a a M hodist T im es
et
A vi ion of e x tr ordin y for e i i fi n e I t e m to

. .
th thou htful re der wi l likely to ri e from eru l of

“
a ar an d s
s c
gn ca c . s e s
thof b ook without feelin him elf he tened in irin ert in

us at no
g a l be s a p sa
is
e full of hi h e tion of ho
s ar so sp
g , g are c a
oetry —
it s pa ssag s s, a n d o f
I t is .
g su
gg s , pa t
”
p T h e L iter a ry W or ld
. .
L on don 1 0 H en r ietta S tr eet, Cov en t Ga r de n , W C . .

n nou n cem en t s .
W e
p ut fi rst of th e bo o k s f or g r s il h ‘
W en H e a rts a re
Y o un g by D e s C r o m tya ar
”
T he Chr is tia n W or ld on
“
T he
G i f t B oo k
.
Se aso n
’ ”
s s.
Cr ow n 8v o, c otl h ex tr a , il
g ,t 2s . 6d
When H e a rts a re Y ou n g
B y D e a s Cro m ar ty
W ith E i ght I ll u str ation s by W i ll M organ .
OP I N I ON S OF T H E P R E S S .
T he M a n chester Gu a r dia n sa y s
“ I t is delig htf u l to r ead On e ha s com e ac ross .

f ew r ece nt bo ots tha t leav e
”
a
pl ea sa n ter im
p
’
r ess ion on th e r ea de r s m em or
y .
T he S ta r sa y s
There true in
frin e of the Hi hl n i ht into the e
The irl
is nt h r ter of lowe
ie t e to the life s
g p a sa c a ac th e r
g g a ds . .
g M ag
g i s ru .
On e ts
g ra t
gf l fu or the w holesom en ess of this gen tle story
”
.
L loy d s N ew s sa y s
T h is i s one of the plea sa n tes t v olu m es w e h a v e Piel ed up f o r a long t im e

.I t is a ten de r , bea u tif u l lov e story , v ery f r esh a n d w h oles om e , w ith a
”
ea lth
w
q ine de scr i tiv e w r it in
p g .
T he M ethodist T im es sa y s
De C rom rty
wri er ( B rrie
“
as a
an d M
. ome
l re )
c i n a g d se c
s
T he r e i s the f r eshness
oo ond to th e re es
g
the m ou n ta in
at
t s a ac a n .
f
o
br ee z es a bou t the bo oh w h ich giv es z est to th e r ea din

gof it
”
.
T he M a nc hester Co ur ier sa y s
T hose
h o pic h
w
p
u the boob w ill fi n d dfi c u lt
y tn lay ing it dow n bef or e the
la st page is r eac hed .
T he [Method s t R ecor der sa y s
tr u l
On e
an
of the o h rmi torie of
I dy ll
m st c
thin
a
T
n
g s
ev e r
s t h e s as
w r ote
”
e on . T h is is as
y as an
y g en n s on
y .
L on don : to H en r ietta S tr eet, Cov en t Ga r den , W C . .

NEW B OO K B Y C UT C L IFFE H Y NE .
Cr ow n 8v o , l / gilt, 6s
c ot J , .
‘
T he Pa r a di se Co a l B o a t
’
B y C u t clifi e H yn e ,
A uthor
The e i e for Di mond of R c p a s, &c
Hyne our re t A lo Indi n rom n er ( R udy d

.
'
In M
Ki li ) e m to h ve found w r hy mr e G im
r C u t c lifle g a n
g
-
a a c ar
owerful t le Hyne Alikeinfr m l lite ert yolume oliti

ng
l oint of vi w t ad an d
s e s a a o co r
p .
p
M
omm nwe
r C u t c li fi e
lth —
a
'
s.
de erv well of
h a s, the o
h is
a
a
t
s
ar
v
an d p
,
s
ca p
ed
e
Hyne know the the e my i e li e He l

”
c o a . T he S ta r .
know
him in
M
tr se t Co t of Afri
te
r
er b
the
etwe n L W
ndonwhether
s we
hield voy s
in
the
as
L witho
se a , a n d
c a, a n d
s a s d of
a re
sea f .
ag g
a so
Co t we fe l th t we omeh w in the ro er tmo here Con

a am p s am e o an d S s, o r o ff a
g s
as
tori lw y e x ellent —
e a re s a
a o sp
, p p .
st ru c t i v e l
”
y h is s e s a re a a s c . T he S cotsm a n .
A N EW VO LUME OF SER MONS .
J ust P u blished, cr o w n 8v o, bucbr a m , 3s 6d . .
T h e S o rrow o f Go d
A n d Oth e r S erm on s
By R ev
J ohn Oa tes
the ontent of The orrow of God we h ve nothin b ut
. .
‘
Fo r
rbe iwidely
e weir uloulte wi h iritunothi more th th t b o k mi h
“ ’
c s S a
g
p a s , an d
quent b re fe thture ofymwh thy c l in i

el
c ht
c
q l
uent ra e
e x ul
d
d
re ure
i . with s
Sp
the
f or
a
n
s
g
g , a
g
an
c t
a th e
,
o
it s co n
g t
se
notn eble erm nre t robTh

t in gu ish in g t e
ad
without
a
re e
erx of
who ers tion

v
s
lue frl e
pa
htion of
utter
a i s,
and o
a
gg
p
a
ss o n ,
, a
a re
co l c
d is
ac
a s
lem of reli
o
i
qu inted with b ook we h ve been b le to oti e
c
a
on the g n wi
s.
a la
l e no
p ime in ettin
b rie y
os
a
o f o ur
g o
ad
a
s
l
n
os
c
a
t
all t o o
a es
g
fl ”
g
.
“
There m ny no b le
T h e S u n day S chool Chr on icle
bommend
e e the uthor hel utter
to feel
a re e
urer in theb e
etter
a rmon
th t we
.
he rtily an c s s se s . I t is
c
c au s
b ook h is
a
.
”
ps u s
T he N
-
ew A ge
p
.
an d a so a
L on don 1 0 H en r ietta S tr eet, Cov en t Ga r den , W C .

M r ES B OIVD E Z VS A
JA M
’
n n ou n ce m en ts .
F E DI I N
OUR T H l h T O . L ong 8v o , c ot , l s .
M an n e rs f o r M e n
B y M a dge f “
T
”
o ru t h
( M rs H um
ph r y ) .
A lw
y in mo t e x ellent t te well
Cert inly the world would b e ve y mu h le n er l e to ive in
a s s toni chin ly om lete
as as as a s s
g c p .
if men did re d r ti e her mir b le re t t l

a r c p a sa
a p ac
ll an d ad
”
a a p ac s a
p cep s .
-
S a tu r day
R ev iew .
“ h rmin ly written ode of true m nner —

I t is a c a
g
-
c a s L eeds M e r cu r
y
Very w l ome wi l b e thi lit le b ook written n i b ly
. .
b ri htly — l and
“ t
e c s , se s
”
g .
p D a ily T eleg r a h .
xMHum
ellent
rshr
ro b u b took will
ommon bpe worth
en e more
tem
y
’
s th
red n
b y w i
enuine ht in
oodne old a it s e
g g
of he rt h teri ti of ever thin write — Q

E s c s
c ,
s
, pe g g ss
is a ra c s c sh e T he
a ,
a c
y g s . y cen .
A very d inty
To youn in
a sh y
tru ative e itomeandof th
m an
t we sou
thi t tful volume hould b e inv lu b le ht c to
s
b e ac
p a ll a
g .
”
g s a a .
NE W B OO K B Y M R S H UMPH R Y .
L ong 8v a, cloth, r o un d c or n er s , I s.
M a n n e rs f o r W o m e n
By th f d C p ni
th e A u h
or o b , an a om a on to , t e a ove .
Thi
irl wom work
n of
s n ew intended
the re ent to mirror the
u b o
je it l tre
is
t home
d will life
in of
lude s c a an d a
Theed Girl
g
in in
and
o
ntertiety —C r
inin C l — n ment — rri e
a
Re t ur nt Club Corre onden e

S c
p
a
s
ds
da y
an d
. T he
al s
s
E
c s
g g a e
a e
M a
c
a
g
Dre — other D u hter — urnin —Home Life

W d E s a a sp c
gs a
g s s
ss M s an d a
g s M o
g , &c .
L on don I O H en r ietta S tr eet, Cov en t Ga r den , W C .

M r JA M ES B OW D EN ’
S A n n ou n cem e n ts .
NE W NOVE L B Y S H A N F BU L LO C K . .
Cr o w n 8v o, c otl h gilt, 3s 6d . .
T he Ch a rm e r
A S E A S ID E C O MED Y
B y S h an F B ll u oc k,
Au hor of The A wkw rd S qu d By T h R iver &
.
”
t a a s, ra sn a , c.
W ith Illu str ation s b y B erth a N e w co m b e .
M A nthony Ho pe t h i b e t h g iven nothing more d li iou

infunhumourrklinThe eontof neou the b ooktheri rile—le ofwetheturnl them —with
as
r a s s us e c s
thee htndy b e
as Spa
h
.
whither Bu
g
l
p ag s
a n d sp
k le d urelyw ter
a
m on
re s as
pp
pp
as
sa t a up
usa
i
wer wnlo ethwhile
d lig ure
f
we ofl I
u
l p ri h
h life
ct
ac
lof
u I hri h eo le
while
— the eo le whom
we love
s
—
M
een
r
an d
l oc
s
a
p
s
p
us . S
p p
no o
d
a rti le
a
c
n v
to
on
b
Bull k e afound
M
isin
r
The C h rmer — rom illu tr ted
work in oc
a g
and
at, an d
h is
a
g
a
at
T h e You ng M
.
’
F
an.
an
h as b
s a
C r o w n 8v a, c ot l h gilt, 6s .
M eth odi st I d ylls

B y H a rr y L in dsa y
orthy of writer who yet him elf to de i ethodi t
.
life A b Ak very
.
W
whi hh l
in f l l ri
velyht reli
ro
an
e iou
h
y
b
t ook
r
e p —
ive
u
in i ht into
an d
§
has
g
se t
g s
s
. M
p
et
ct M
h odzst T im es
'
s
the tr e rom n e the A ril n hine of ethodi t life ho e

“ oo c it s o p s c ap e s
g s an s g
th t the volume fi nd
u
into every ethodi t home p M W

a c , su s , s ” . e p
a m ay it s w ay M s .
”
A mo dmi b le ttem to throw into erm nent form ome

M et hodis t R ecor de r .
ortr it of the old v ni hin ethodi t tudy in

“ st a ra a pt p a s
ethodi m L ind y work b e ordi lly he

an d
rtily M ‘
p a s a s
g s s. A s a s
M
mendedx trem
M
’
s r sa s c an c a an d a com
—
,
“ E ly intere tin torie dmir b ly told —

. T he S u n
e
.
s
g s s a a . T he S cotsm a n .
L on don I o H en r ietta S tr eet, Co v en t Ga r den , W C . .

NE W B OO K B Y R E V F B ME Y E R
. . . .
W o rk -
a -
da y S e r m o n s
By R ev . F . B . M e ye r, R A .
in the C hri ti n mini try held in u h honour

orReved by eB rne eyerCh who
Few in a m es
i ti n men enormou womenuofevery e t to h ts
of a s are s c as is
ac c
th e
d
hur wih l Hen e .
theF
nn un
.
a
ement .
of M
new
st
v ien
lume e ou
of
,
ide
r s
e mon owna
b y has an
an d
s a d c
s c
ts
t
his
a
hi m
c
b e .
e uli rly wel

hi m nyb ofork whiho he enintended
l ome c
p
not for the
the
c more
few a
b ut for
a
for the
the f t
o
work th tc
c
, a n d all
a o
so
S r
ac
s
t s is a
our
o
ement on ol
c
tion is
eyer a
-
, ,
here u iven
da y
on the
a
the
g very
in im fi ne
,
te oldi of
tion
w
whihou
h ht
e x i
s
tu on iritu
— hould e x i t
c
l thin
go
ag
h is
an d c
t g
s
s
a
p
M
sp
r M
a
h as
g s
between the thin of the work life the hi her life

an d p t
g s
a a ss c a
-
a - da y
c
an d
s s or
g
s
.
s
B KL T BY RICHARD
NEW OO E LE G A L L IE N N E
L ong 8v o, pr ice One S hilling .
If I Were God
B y R ic h ard L e G a llie n n e .
The
e uli nnoun
rly a ement of new b ook
c —
h r e
teri e tii llyde
a of ri new
tion bbook
y of
the an d s
p c a a
a uthor of TheProBook
p c a
e
“
Bi
n lie of willr bi e
lsure eivedThe
L e G all ie n n e sq u e a n d c
with
N a c ss
- li
veryon eof er L iter ry s,
a ac
”
s
R
c
e
gi
sc p
a a
u u rel intere
M an ,
t h tever b e the o inion Fa
entert ined b y individ
” ”
a nd s c s, c ag and
u al
s a
der
th t nointere a b out
b o k tby hime x e yet
s a
s
G .
lliennee
W
red M own
whi view
h
a
r Le here m ay
rou a
eddenyi ’
s
p s
s, t
a
is no n
g
a
toex tbemely
e even more
t io n a l
univer
o
tion
lly t
s
lkeddi b
an du uion I t
h as
c l p venture
re tly d r n
allikely
a pp a
b ut sc ss .
c h as
H is
not
a st
a s
is
e x cep
b e utiful reverent ttem t de l

sa
with the a
terri b le a o t is a
g a a i g
-
.
ro b r
lem
from triki
p of the
v lue bontrire en e b of a
mor
ution to l the p hy
hilo
s
oi
and
l
hy cevil
of b
life ut it q uite in urt
a
a p
an d p
to
s ca
a
, a pa
larly
im
it s
s
inin
a
e utiful
lovely
ng an d ie
f e
as a c
n of
i lit
of rthery wor
a
om k fu
li l
hed of the
oet
p e xc
p
e a
s p
,
,
l
is a s g
q u isite
m an of letter a
g
s .
g s an d a c es acc p s p an d
L on don 1 0 H enr ietta S tr eet, Co v en t Gar den , W C .

M r JA M ES B OW D EN S ’
A n n ou n c e m en t s .
B Y THE LA TE W M . B R IGHT Y R A ND S .
Fcap 8v o, bu chr a m 3 4 0 pp” 3 s 6d

.
, . .
I . L az y L e sso n s
an d E ssays on Co n du c t .
Fcap 8v o, bu c hr a m ,
. 1
9 2
pp , 2s . 6d .
I I L illipu t . L e ctu re s .
W it h I ntroduction s b y R B ri m ley John son

.
b for Children b y the l te W illi

.
The e twond in ttheu tive

s
l ure o
te kof the nur
s r
e y c
he b e n m
lled
o s a a
be inl me z ineen form

B righ t y R
irely unnewer work lthou h ome ortion
“ ”
a s, a a s r , as has e ca ,
the utho n merou n me

m ay c a ss d as t s, a
g s
p s ap
The two
p ea re d
b ook h ve b een edited b y B imley ohn on who
’
a
g a d a r s u s p e n -
a s .
u lie b io r hi l riti l introdu tion M R J

s a r . r s ,
s
pp s a ap an d c
g ca ca c .
NEW N O VE L B Y E PHIPP S T R A IN . .
Cr o w n 8v o, l h gilt, 3 s 6d
c ot . .
A D e se r te r f r o m Phi li st i a
By E . Ph ipps T r a in
t h r f A S i l Highw y n
A u o o
“
oc a a ma , e tc .
the Thi o ls b
ityook
is
of whi h with ordin
C lled B k or B ne of
a y lu k hould
c b id
,
Y f
orkir to riv
From
l ar c ,
s a a
fither t life
to l t it enthr llinene ly intere in de lin it doe with M ”
p p u ar a ac “
r ar s N ew .
as is
of re n er who
a
d rlin st an d as
s g g , a
g ,
s,
her ubbliy outit iiveer re rely

of known der h veeetheinto
be h in d t h e
w rld of whi h little da is t h e
’
at
sc s a
g c a g
c,
tri l tem
it s
ti n the
s a s a a
p g p p o c
thlwu y ndto we rone miline f e inn xietie

is
o sa an d
order of
s
th tho
d
t
car e
they
s
ho
.
e b u
R
entert
s ine
an d
a
in it
theira
a
s
a s an d
s w s
pt a
s
o
ss
s,
is
ubli b en r wn with u h kill vividne m ay a

a a s a a s
g ac ,
a
p c, e d a s c s an d ss .
L on do n Io H enr ietta Str eet, Co v en t Ga r den , W C . .

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I N T R OD UCT OR Y

A SK E D by a k in dly publi sher to a dd one more

a t the opportunity thu s a ﬁ o rd e d me of ga ther

ing up a few im pre ssion s of plea sant re a ding

its own b ooks or r ather e a ch generation for the

next succeeding The boo k s of an older period

wi ll not ﬁt thi s It is true of course an d as a

result the popula r fa vourite of t o d ay is well nigh -

forgotten to morrow In rea ding the critica l

journa l s of thirty yea rs ago it is ma de quite

critica l judgment s of t o d ay we m ay not live to se e

aspire s to furni sh the young student in h a ndy form

with a s large a number of fa ct s a b out book s a s c an

be concentrated in so sm all a volume Tha t thi s .

h a s been done under the gui se of a con secutive

merely for the convenience of the writer .

I h a ve ende a voured to say as little a s po ssible

to ria n s an d critic s the m a tter is of le ss im port a nce .

To say th a t Mr S amuel R aw son Ga rdiner h a s

b u tio n to b iogra phica l litera ture will excite no ,

a nta goni sm But to attempt to assign Mr W B

ford a po sition a mong the pro se writers of the

to le ave to the critic s who write in the litera ry

to ignore a ll living writers I h a ve ignored a s

It wa s my intention a t ﬁrst to devote a ch apter

tha t ta sk a n Engli shm a n who ha s pa id but one

tion He c an write of A meric an literature only a s

seen through Engli sh eye s Th a t is to see much

of it it is true Fe w A merican s re ali se the enor

mou s inﬂuence which the litera ture of their own

re ad poet in England during the sixty ye a rs h a s

h as b een Uncle Tom s C a bin A mong p eople

Irv ing not the le ast popul a r of e ssayi st s an d ,

Emerson the mo st invigora ting moral inﬂuence .

In my youth The W ide W ide W orld an d “

storie s of Bret H arte W illi a m Dea n Howell s

Jame s an d Ma ry W ilkin s are t o day A part from

Dicken s nea rly a ll our laughter h as come from

M ark Twain a n d A rtemu s W a rd .

In hi story we in Engl and h ave rea d Pre scott

an d Motley ; in poetry we h a ve re a d W a lt W hit

m an W illi a m C ullen Bry a nt J ohn Greenleaf

who endea red him self to u s alike as a poet a ,

critic a n d in h is own person when he repre sented

Lastly I recall the delight with which as a boy I

rea d the A utocrat of the Bre akfast Ta ble an d

the j oy with which a s a m an I vi sited the a uthor ,

Dr Oliver W endell Holme s in h is plea sa nt study ,

in Bea con S treet Bo ston These a n d m any other

writers h a ve m ade A merica a n d the A merican s

much wild an d fooli sh t alk in the j ournal s of the

I h ave to th ank Mr W illiam M ackenzie the ,

well kno wn publi sher of Glasgow for kindly letting

the litera ry section which he a n d h is editor Mr

time to a b ook entitled The Victori an Em pire

I ha ve a l so to th a nk my friend s Dr R ob ert son

N icoll an d Mr L F A u stin for kindly rea ding

my proof sheets M r Edward Clo dd for va lu able

old student d a y s for rea ding the ch a pter which

trea t s brieﬂy of sociology a n d economics .

A compil a tion of thi s kind can sca rcely hope to

c e iv e correction s for the next edition .

S eptem ber 27, 1 897 .