1
A Two-Stage Scheduler of Distributed Energy
Resources
Alberto Borghetti, Mauro Bosetti, Samuele Grillo, Andrea Morini, Mario Paolone, Federico Silvestro
 of an ERS that implements specific optimization functions:
Abstract — The paper presents a two-stage scheduler for the
optimal scheduling of distributed energy resources (DER)
connected to a distribution network. The proposed approach
integrates a centralized day-ahead scheduler with an intra-day
one. On the one hand, the day-ahead scheduler calculates the
active power set points during the following day taking into
account both technical and economic objectives and constraints.
On the other hand, the intra-day scheduler takes into account the
results of the day-ahead one and updates every 15 minutes the
DERs set points for the optimization of the network voltage
profiles.
The paper describes the implementation of the proposed two-
stage scheduler algorithm into a computer code based on a
JavaScript link between Matlab and EMTP-RV simulation
environments and presents the results obtained for the case of a
network configuration adapted from the IEEE 34-node test
distribution feeder.
Index Terms — Distributed generation, active distribution
networks, economic dispatching, optimal power-flow.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE coordinated operation and management of distribution
networks in presence of high penetration of Distributed
Energy Resources (DER), can be approached in several ways,
varying from a fully decentralized approach to a centralized
one. Both approaches have peculiar characteristics and may be
more or less appropriate depending on the specific situations
[1-4].
Assuming that all the DERs are owned by the same
distribution system operator (DSO), the implementation of a
coordinated integration of different DER [5-8] suggests the
adoption of a centralized approach. Such an approach,
suitably integrated with local control systems to ensure system
security during fast transient dynamics (e.g. due to random
load or configuration changes), is aimed to optimize the
system operation during its slow modifications (e.g. due to
daily, weekly and seasonal load variations). The optimization
process is realized by means of an automatic Energy Resource
Scheduler (ERS).
The following considerations further support the adoption
A. Borghetti, M. Bosetti and M. Paolone are with the Department of
Electrical Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy.
{alberto.borghetti;mauro.bosetti;mario.paolone}@mail.ing.unibo.it.
S. Grillo, A. Morini, and F. Silvestro are with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, University of Genova, Italy. Email:
amorini;fsilvestro}@epsl.die.unige.it.
978-1-4244-2190-9/07/$25.00 ©2007 IEEE
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ƒ problems related to high variations in the steady state
voltage profile of the network are often an obstacle for the
integration of distributed generation (DG);
ƒ the centralized ERS allows also for an higher DG
penetration, in terms of number and size of accepted
DERs, by providing generation adjustment actions during
critical contingencies, particularly in islanded conditions;
ƒ the nowadays availability of commercial and dedicated
measurement/communication instrumentation provides
adequate support for achieving monitoring and improved
state estimation of distribution networks;
ƒ the need of transmission networks expansion may be
significantly reduced by improved control actions that
optimize the power flows in distribution systems in
presence of DERs.
It is not possible, however, to directly transfer centralized
transmission network operation concepts to distribution
systems because of their specific characteristics. In particular,
i) typical distribution network topology (radial or weakly
meshed) and the reduced number of real-time
measurements, require the adoption of state estimation
techniques significantly different from those implemented
in transmission Energy Management Systems (EMS);
ii) the contemporary presence in active distribution networks
of renewable energy resources (RER) and loads
characterized by reduced smoothing effect in time
variation, makes the management of energy balance more
complex;
iii) the typical ratio between line resistances and reactance, in
particular for the case of low voltage networks, is higher
than that of transmission networks.
This paper describes an automatic ERS of the DERs set
points in order to achieve economic, reliability and power
quality objectives. The proposed algorithm is composed by
two stages: a day-ahead economic scheduler that calculates
the active power set points during the following day in order
to minimize the overall costs, and an intra-day scheduler that,
on the basis of measurements and short-term load and RERs
production forecasts, updates the DERs set points for the
optimization of the network voltage profile every 15 minutes.
The need for 24-hour horizon function is justified by the
Email: requirement for an optimal use of the available energy storage
facilities and by inter-temporal operation constraints.
{sgrillo;
In particular, the paper proposes an integration of the above
mentioned day-ahead scheduler and intra-day one. The
2168 PowerTech 2007
 2

integration is provided by including the network constrains, as unit belonging to h can be then defined as P jh ª¬ Pj1 " PjR º¼ .
t

well as voltage profile optimization, in the day-ahead

scheduler. Moreover, the objective function of the intra-day Being NP the set of non-programmable (np) generation units
scheduler includes a penalization of deviations from the day- and E rj the level of the energy stored at time r by the j-th
ahead solution. storage unit, the technical constrains are expressed as follows:
The outline of the paper is the following: Section II - balance of electrical load Ploade
illustrates the optimization problems relevant to the day-ahead N
scheduler and the intra-day one as well as the implementation
of the scheduler by means of a developed interface between
¦Pj 1
j
r r
Ploade
 ¦ Pnpr k
kNP
r 1,!, R (2)

the Matlab optimization software and the network model - integral constrains for storage units
implemented in the EMTP-RV environment [9-11]; Section Erj Erj 1 't ˜ Pjr1 r 2,!, R j S 1,!, S  L
III shows the results obtained for the case study referring to
the IEEE 34-bus distribution system [12] and Section IV ERj 1 ERj 't ˜ PjR (3)
concludes the paper. E1
j E. 0
j

II. FORMULATION OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS RELEVANT - constraints due to power limits P min and P max , and energy
TO THE DAY-AHEAD SCHEDULER AND INTRA-DAY ONE limit Emax
The basic idea is that the DSO tends to optimize its Pjmin d Pjr d Pjmax r , j
(4)
resources on both economical and technical requirements; the Ej d Ej max
j S  1,! , S  L
DSO has two opportunities to supply customers: to get energy
from HV grid at market prices or to produce by its own - balance of thermal load Ploadth
generation. N C

¦ Pjr  ¦ aj Pjr  bj  t Pload

r
r 1,!, R (5)
The developed and implemented algorithm aims at better j S L1 j 1
th

exploiting the generation units on the basis of their

availability, production costs and operation constraints. In
what follows, both day-ahead scheduler and intra-day one are
described in details.
A. Day-ahead scheduler
The day-ahead dispatcher calculates the optimal set-points
for each DER in terms of required energy (power for the
assigned time interval) production. It performs the set point
optimization by using the following available information: (a)
electrical and thermal load forecasts, (b) forecasts of RERs
production, (c) energy costs, (d) upper and lower limits for
generating units and (e) initial status of available storage units.
The procedure considers both thermal and electric DERs
and both dispatchable and not-dispatchable DERs. The
optimization problem is defined as the sum of costs of each
generation units (both electric and thermal) for all the time
intervals.
The optimization problem can be defined as follows:
§ R N · square norm of both the voltage deviations, with respect the
min
r
¨ ¦¦ c j , r ˜ 't ˜ Pjr ¸ (1)
Pj
©r 1 j 1 ¹
where the horizon time T is sub-divided into R intervals and
the individual interval is defined as 't = T/R, N are the
programmable generating units, Pjr is the output power for
the j-th unit at instant r, cj,r is the cost of the j-th unit at time r
in €/kWh.
¦ a P  b j  represents the coupling function
C r
where j 1 j j
between electrical power and thermal production for CHP
units. The thermal load balance constraint assumes particular
importance for the case of CHP units that usually follow the
thermal load requests.
B. Intra-day scheduler
The developed intra-day scheduler acts each 15-minutes
time intervals. It collects: (i) information of the network state
in terms of DER set points and voltage profile and (ii) short
term forecasts of both RES mean production and load
requests. Then it calculates the three-phase power flows and,
if some technical constraints are violated or if the voltages
values are too far from the rated value Vset, it starts an
optimization procedure that modifies the active and reactive
outputs P and Q of the N selected DERs that participate to the
network voltage control.
The optimization objective is the minimization of: (i) the
rated value Vset, in the M selected network buses and (ii) the
deviations of each j-th DER active power output, with respect
the corresponding value Pj,set, defined by the day-ahead
scheduler. This last objective is taken into account by means
of a specific coefficient D as expressed by the following
objective function.
­M N 2½
Assuming the presence of S electric production units, C min ®¦ Vi  Vset   ¦ D 2 Pj  Pj , set ¾
P1 ... PN , Q1 ...QN
2
 (6) 
combined heat and power (CHP) units and L storage units, we ¯i 1 j 1 ¿
consider a vector of index h following the order The relationship between DER outputs and voltage
deviations is not linear. The problem is addressed by using a
h ^C , ( S  C ), L, ( N  S  L)` , where (N–S–L) are the
constrained linear least-squares programming solver included
thermal production outputs. The vector of outputs of the j-th in an iterative procedure.

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 3

In particular, at each algorithm iteration k, the matrix of the for their automatic set-point updates and power flow output
so-called sensitivity coefficients is calculated by means of a calculations.
power flow calculation. Each element of the matrix, namely
Ki,jp and Ki,jq, represents the linear relationship between the
voltage variation at bus i due to a small variation of the j-th
controlled-DER active or reactive outputs.
The constrained linear least-squares problem is formulated
as
2
min Cx  d (7)
x

The results of the power flow calculation at previous k-1

iteration, allows to determine both deviations of the M
voltages 'Vi =Vik-1-Vset and of the DER active power outputs
'Pj =Pjk-1-Pj,set. Therefore, we can write
ª K1,1P
... K1,PN Q
K1,1 ... K1,QN º ª 'P1 º ª 'V 1 º
« »« » « »
« # ... # # ... # » « ... » « ... » Fig. 1. Structure of the intra-day scheduler.
« »
« K MP ,1 ... K MP , N K MQ ,1 ... K MQ , N » « 'PN » « 'V M » (8)
Cx  d « »« » 
«D ... 0 0 ... 0 » « 'Q1 » « D ˜ 'P » III. APPLICATION EXAMPLE
« 0 « 1 »
% 0 0 ... 0 » « ... » « ... » An extensive analysis has been carried out to investigate
« »« »
¬« 0 ... D 0 ... 0 ¼» ¬« 'QN ¼» ««D ˜ 'P »» the proposed optimization strategies. In particular, we show
¬ N ¼
here the results obtained for the case of a test network adapted
where ǻP1. … ǻPN and ǻQ1. … ǻQN are the optimal on the basis of the 34-nodes IEEE radial distribution test
variations of active and reactive power operating levels at feeder [12]. The network structure is illustrated in Fig. 2 and
iteration k. its data and implementation details in the EMTP-RV code are
The problem is completed by the linear constraints given reported in the Appendix.
Tr_1
by the generators capability limits and the security reserves LF
1 2

LF1
requirements. Concerning the power flow calculations, the 800
L Load_800
connection to the feeding network is considered as the slack
+
CP

bus. The limits on the P and Q variations of the controlled 802 Tr_2
+

1 2
G Gen_802
DERs take into account not only the unit production
CP

806
capabilities but also the convergence requirements of the
+
CP

iterative process. If the optimal variations are sufficiently 810

808
Load_810 L
CP +

small, the iterative process will converge to the optimal

+
CP

solution of (6). The iterative procedure is terminated when the 812

+

difference between the objective function values calculated at

CP

814
two consecutive iterations is lower than a predefined small
V_reg_1
threshold.
850
The optimization problems are solved by computer
+

programs implemented in the Matlab environment and,

CP

818 820 822

816
concerning the power flow calculation of the intra-day CP + CP + CP +
L Load_822
+
CP

scheduler, are carried out by within the EMTP-RV 828 824

Tr_3
1 2
G Gen_818
environment [9-11]. The algorithm of the intra-day scheduler
CP +
+
+

CP

826
CP

has been implemented by means of an interface between 830

Tr_4
1 2
G Wind
Matlab and EMTP-RV. Such an interface, whose structure is Load_826
+

L
CP

852 858 864

illustrated in Fig. 1, is realized by means of the JavaScript 854 832
L Load_864
CP + CP + CP +
+

modelling programming environment that is part of the

CP

V_reg_2
+

856
EMTP-RV. For that purpose the Matlab code, aimed at
CP

842 844 846 848

834
Tr_5
solving the constrained minimization problem described by CP + CP + CP + CP +
L
+

1 2
L G
CP

(7) and (8), has been compiled as a COM (Component Object Load_856 Gen_856 860 Tr_6
1 2
Load_848

Model) object and included as ActiveX (Active eXtension) G

+
CP

PV
838 862
control inside the developed JavaScript code. Moreover, Load_838 L
CP +
836
CP +
+

specific JavaScript procedures have been also developed in

CP

840
order (i) to simplify the development of the EMTP-RV models L Load_840
relevant to new network configurations and (ii) to provide an Fig. 2 Test network implemented in EMTP-RV, based on the IEEE 34-node
easy and direct access to all the EMTP-RV network-models test distribution feeder.

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 4

Three different dispatchable electric power production
units are considered to be connected to the network in
correspondence of nodes 802, 818 and 856 (see Fig. 2). The
system also includes a boiler. The relevant power limits and
costs are reported in Table I. Two not-dispatchable electric
power production units are also connected to the network,
namely a photovoltaic (PV) array for a total peak power equal
to 50 kW connected to the node 844 and a 750 kW wind
generator connected to the node 826.
Table I. Model parameters of the considered dispatchable DERs.
Dispatchable Symbol
DER
CHP gas-
during the day; such a result, illustrated also by Fig. 3b) also
shows the thermal load profile and the boiler output, is due to
the constrained thermal production. The thermal balance has
been defined as an inequality constraint in order to avoid the
conflict between the electrical power production and the pure
thermal load following.
In Fig. 4, the market price and production costs are plotted
in order to show the algorithm procedure. Basically the
algorithm tends to have the production units working only
during high peak market prices and to lower their production
during base low prices; except for the cogeneration plant
Rated output Pmin Cost
where it has to fulfill also the thermal constraint.
(kW) (kW) (€/kWh) 0.16
market clearing price
1800 (electric) 720 (el.)

Market price and DERs costs (€/kWh)

Gen_818 0.0890 0.14 diesel
turbine 2819 (thermal) 1342 (th.)
CHP
Boiler 2000 0.03856 0.12
gas turbine
Diesel Gen_856 2000 800 0.1000
0.1
Gas turbine Gen_802 4000 1600 0.0810
0.08
A. Day-ahead scheduler solution
0.06
Fig. 3 illustrates a typical day-ahead scheduling solution
over a one-day horizon with 15-minute time intervals. The 0.04

considered thermal and electrical load profiles have been 0.02

derived from historical data, whereas the market prices have
0
been taken from the Italian spot market. Typical PV and wind 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93
production profiles are also considered. 15-minutes periods
9000 Fig. 4 Day-ahead scheduling solution: considered market prices and electrical
load
8000 gas turbine production costs.
CHP
B. Intra-day scheduler solution
DERs electrical outputs (kW)

7000 diesel
grid
6000 renewable
In order to provide an example of the effectiveness of the
5000 intra-day scheduler action, we have first considered an high
4000 load period of the one-day horizon already considered in the
3000 previous section, namely the 39-th time period. Fig. 5 shows
2000
the voltage amplitudes at the various network buses for
1000
different operating conditions of dispatchable DERs of the
considered period, namely, (i) without available dispatchable
0
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 DERs, (ii) with only Gen-856, and (iii) with all the DERs
15-minutes periods available. The voltage profiles in the presence of dispatchable
a)
DERs, namely the operating conditions (ii) and (iii), are
3000
obtained for two different Į-coefficient values of objective
2500
function (6), i.e. 0 and 50.
thermal load
boiler
Table II reports the load requests and the actual renewable
DERs thermal outputs (kW)

2000
CHP thermal
production levels in the considered period, with the
corresponding power factor pf values.
1500
Table II. Loads and RERs production levels, with the relevant power factor pf,
1000
in the 39-th period.

Power Powe
500
Symbol level Pf Symbol r level pf
(kW) (kW)
0
Load_800 3002.8 0.9 Load_848 200 0.95
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93
15-minutes periods Load_810 1290.7 0.9 Load_856 2000 0.95
b) Load_822 610 0.9 Load_864 141 0.9
Fig. 3 Day-ahead scheduling solution: a) electrical load balance and b) thermal Load_826 580 0.95 RERs
load balance. Load_838 120 0.9 PV 15.98 1
Load_840 160 0.95 Wind 300 0.9
Fig. 3a) shows the electrical load profile, the RERs
production and the electrical output of dispatchable DERs.
The electrical output of the CHP gas-turbine is rather constant

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 5

1.01 deviation values are slightly worse than those obtained for the
case of Į=0 (in particular limited to few tens of volts), whilst,
1
as shown by Figs. 7a, the DERs active power output absolute
0.99 deviations can be very different from those provided by the
Voltage (p.u.)

0.98
day-ahead scheduler.
55
with all DERs (Į=0)

Mean absolute voltage deviations (V)

0.97 with all DERs (Į=50) 50
with only Gen-856 (Į=0)
with only Gen-856 (Į=50) 45
0.96
without dispatchable DERs 40

0.95 35

30
0.94
25
800

802

808

810

816

818

822

824

826

834

836

838

840

844

848

854

856

858

864
20
Bus
Fig. 5 Intraday scheduling solution: phase-a voltage profiles at various 15

network buses for different operating conditions of dispatchable DERs at 10

period 39 (namely, without available dispatchable DERs, with only Gen-856 5 phase a - Į=1 phase b - Į=1 phase c - Į=1
phase a - Į=0 phase b - Į=0 phase c - Į=0
and with all the DERs available) for two different Į-coefficient values of 0
scheduler objective function (0 and 50). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
hours
For the case of Į=0, only the voltage deviations are Fig. 6 Intraday scheduling solution: mean absolute phase voltage deviations
minimized; for the case of Į equal to a large number (namely for two different Į-coefficient values: Į = 0 and Į = 1. The voltage deviations
values refer to the phase-to-ground voltage maximum value.
50), the output of each DER j is equal to the corresponding
value Pj,set defined by the day-ahead scheduler. The Pset values
2500
in the considered period are 1800 kW (Gen-818), 1647 kW
(Gen-856), and 4000 kW (Gen-802).
DERs output deviations (kW)

2000
The results of Fig. 5 refer to phase-a of the system and, in GEN-802
GEN-856
view of the unbalanced line configuration of the considered GEN-818
1500
34-nodes IEEE radial distribution test feeder, Tables IV and V
show the values of the mean absolute deviation voltages for 1000
all the three phases and the DERs output deviations with
respect to the Pset values in correspondence of the considered 500
DERs operating conditions.
Table IV. Mean absolute deviation value of the voltages for all the three 0
phases and for the considered DERs operating conditions. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
hours
a)
DERs operating
voltage mean absolute deviation (V) 40
condition GEN-856
GEN-818
phase a phase b phase c 35
DERs output deviations (kW)

GEN-802
without DERs 874 844 852 30
Gen-856, Į=50 339 315 319
Gen-856, Į=0 185 164 167 25

all DERs, Į=50 42 30 33 20

all DERs, Į=0 40 29 32
15
Table V. DERs output deviations with respect to the Pset values, for the
10
considered DERs operating conditions.
5
DERs operating DERs output deviations
condition (kW) 0
Gen-818 Gen-856 Gen-802 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
hours
Gen-856, Į=50 - 0.8 - b)
Gen-856, Į=0 - 353 - Fig. 7 Intraday scheduling solution: DERs active power output deviations with
all DERs, Į=50 0 0 0 respect Pset for two different Į-coefficient values: a) Į = 0, b) Į = 1.
all DERs, Į=0 0 353 0
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In order to provide the overall behavior of the intra-day The two stage scheduler described in the paper appears to
scheduler, it has been applied for the first 15-minutes interval be a useful tool for the correct management of distribution
of each of the 24 hours, considered in the day-ahead network with high penetration of DERs. The preliminary
optimization. In particular, Fig. 6 shows the mean absolute simulation tests have shown indeed that it is able to tackle
phase voltage deviations and Fig. 7 the DERs output absolute both economical and technical objectives with computational
deviations. The results presented in these figures refer to two time compatible for online applications.
different values of the Į-coefficient, namely 0 and 1. Fig. 6 The network representation within the EMTP-RV
shows that even for the case of Į=1, the mean absolute voltage

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 6

environment allows one to incorporate distributed resources
different from those present in the considered test system,
such as on-load tap changer and power electronic components
(SVC, DFACTS, etc.).
Further developments of the scheduler, however, will also
investigate the opportunity to introduce the load flow
equations into a non-linear mathematical programming model
in order to improve computational performance and to obtain
a more compact code.
V. APPENDIX
The IEEE 34-node test feeder is composed by branches
characterized by different conductor configurations. In order
to simplify the simulation results, the following assumptions
have been made: (i) all the branches of the network are
composed by overhead lines which conductor configuration is
the “ID #500” reported in the figure 1 of [12], where the phase
sequence a, b and c refers to the line conductors from left to
right; (ii) the network loads are assumed located in
correspondence of the line terminations and (iii) the DERs are
assumed connected to the network via distribution power
transformers (see Fig. 2). All the transformers are represented
by means of a 50 Hz standard model and the relevant
parameters are reported in Table A1.
Table A1 Data of the DERs power transformers.
[5] R. Lasseter, A. Akhil, C. Marnay, J. Stevens, J. Dagle, R. Guttromson,
A. S. Meliopoulous, R. Yinger, J. Eto, “White Paper on Integration of
Distributed Energy Resources—The MicroGrid Concept”. Available at:
http://certs.lbl.gov/pdf/50829-app.pdf, 2002.
[6] European Research Project MicroGrids. Available at:
http://microgrids.power.ece.ntua.gr/.
[7] A.Bertani, A.Borghetti, C.Bossi, L.De Biase, O.Lamquet, S.Massucco,
A.Morini, C.A.Nucci, M.Paolone, E.Quaia, F.Silvestro, “Management of
Low Voltage Grids with High Penetration of Distributed Generation:
concepts, implementations and experiments”, Proc. of CIGRE general
session, Paris, 2006.
[8] A. Borghetti, M. Bosetti, C. Bossi, S. Massucco, E. Micolano, A.
Morini, C.A. Nucci, M. Paolone, F. Silvestro, “An Energy Resource
Scheduler Implemented in the Automatic Management System of a
Microgrid Test Facility”, Proc. Int. Conf. on Clean Electrical Power,
Capri, Italy, 21-23 May 2007.
[9] J. Mahseredjian, S. Lefebvre and X.-D. Do, “A new method for time-
domain modelling of nonlinear circuits in large linear networks”, Proc.
of 11th Power Systems Computation Conference PSCC, August 1993.
[10] J. Mahseredjian, L. Dubé, L. Gérin-Lajoie, “New Advances in the
Simulation of Transients with EMTP: Computation and Visualization
Techniques”, Proc. of 7th International Conference on Modeling and
Simulation of Electric Machines, Converters and Systems, Montreal,
August 2002.
[11] J. Mahseredjian, S. Dennetière, L. Dubé, B. Khodabakhchian “On a new
approach for the simulation of transients in power systems” Proc. of the
International Conference on Power Systems Transients IPST’2005,
Montreal, June 2005.
[12] IEEE Distribution Planning Working Group, “Radial Distribution Test
Feeders”, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems Vol. 6, No. 3, August 1991, pp
975-985.

Rated
Short circuit
Rated power dividing
Transformer name voltage
(MVA) ratio
(%)
(kV/kV)
Tr_1 25 150/24.9 9
V_reg_1; V_reg_2 15 24.9/24.9 8
Tr_2; Tr_3;Tr_5 10 24.9/6 6
Tr_4 2 24.9/0.69 6
Tr_6 5 24.9/0.69 6

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thankfully acknowledge C. Bossi and A.
Bertani for their precious collaboration and Prof. S. Massucco
and Prof. C.A. Nucci for their helpful comments. A
preliminary version of the scheduler has been developed in the
framework of the Italian Electrical Power System Research
Program.

VII. REFERENCES
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