EE 117 – ELECTIVE 2 – POWER PROTECTION 2

COMPILED QUESTIONS

BSEE 4A

ENGR. AIREEN M. BABAGAY

Professor/Instructor
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

1. What is the function of a transformer?

a. Transformer is used to step down or up the AC voltages and currents
b. Transformer is used to step down or up the DC voltages and currents
c. Transformer converts DC to AC voltages
d. Transformer converts AC to DC voltages

2. What is the working principle of a Transformer?

a. Transformer works on the principle of self-induction
b. Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction
c. Transformer works on the principle of ampere law
d. Transformer works on the principle of coulomb law

3. Transformer ratings are given in _____________

a. kVA
b. HP
c. kVAR
d. kW

4. Power transformers other than distribution transformers are generally designed to have
maximum efficiency around ______
a. 10% overload
b. Near full-load
c. Half-load
d. No-load

5. Which winding in a transformer has a greater number of turns

a. Constant voltage winding
b. Low voltage winding
c. Secondary winding
d. High voltage winding

6. A peripheral equipment that may be an integral part of the extrusion process to improve
or optimize the extrusion process efficiency and ease of operation.
a. Oil pumps
b. Gas cushion
c. Auxiliary equipment
d. None of these

7. Primarily serves as insulator and coolant of transformer.

a. Water
b. Oil
c. Silica
d. Carbon

8. The detection of faults in auxiliary equipment is necessary to

a. Prevent ultimate failure of the main transformer windings
b. Indicate proper operation of oil pumps
c. Allow expansion and contraction of oil
d. Provide in the breathing vent to absorb the moisture content

9. __________will result in deterioration of insulation and subsequent failure.

a. Short circuit
b. Excessive overloading
 c. The presence of oil
d. The pressure between 0.5 and 0.8 atm

10. Insulation failure may develop because of the following EXCEPT

a. The insulation of the laminations and core bolts may be of poor quality or has
been damaged accidentally during erection.
b. The insulation between the windings, between winding and the core, and the
conductor insulation may be of poor quality; may have been damaged
mechanically; may be brittle because of ageing or over-loading.
c. Badly made joints or connections.
d. The presence of oxygen or moisture, since the operating pressure varies
within the tank.

11. Any transformer needs to be protected from __________

a. Transformer faults
b. Faults occurring on the transformer connected systems
c. Faults within and on system
d. Other faults

12. In differential relay, percentage bias is defined the ratio of

a. Difference of current in operating coil to the mean circulating current in
restraining coil
b. Mean current in restraining coils to the difference of current in operating coil
c. difference of current in restraining coils to the mean current in operating coil
d. Mean current in operating coil to the difference of current in restraining coils

13. High voltage, high frequency surges can occur in the system due to
_________________
a. Atmospheric disturbances
b. Line faults
c. Manual faults
d. Line to neutral faults
14. Differential relays are used for protection of equipment against
a. Internal faults
b. Overcurrent
c. Reverse current
d. Reverse power

15. In a biased differential relay, the bias is defined as a ratio of

a. Number of turns of restraining and operating coil
b. Operating coil current and restraining coil current
c. Fault current and operating coil current
d. Fault current and restraining coil current

16. Tapping is done at _________________

a. Primary only
b. Secondary only
c. Primary or secondary side
d. None of these

17. During differential protection of transformer, the factor which influence the magnitude
and duration of magnetizing current inrush is:
a. Size of transformer
b. Residual flux in the transformer
c. Type of magnetic material in the core
 d. All of the above

18. For differential protection of power transformer (delta-delta) the current transformers will
have
a. Delta-delta connection
b. Star-delta connection
c. Star-star connection
d. Delta-star connection

19. What kind of transformer is the star-delta transformer?

a. Step-Up Transformer
b. Step-Down Transformer
c. Both A and B
d. None of these

20. Which differential protection principle is used in the protection of transformer?

a. Thevenin's
b. Millman's
c. Merz-Price
d. Maxwell's Mesh

21. Transformer overcurrent protection is required to protect the primary windings from
______ and ______.
a. Animals and trees
b. Lightning and fault
c. Overloading and short circuit
d. Underload and ground fault

22. Which is not an overcurrent protective device?

a. Fuse
b. Switch
c. Circuit breaker
d. Fusible links

23. Which is not part of overcurrent relay?

a. Instantaneous overcurrent relay
b. Inverse time overcurrent relay
c. Definite time overcurrent relay
d. Reverse time overcurrent relay

24. What is the possible cause of overcurrent?

a. Short circuit
b. Excessive load
c. Arc fault
d. All of the above

25. It is a safety device used in electrical installations with high earth impedance.
a. Earth fault protection
b. Overcurrent protection
c. Transformer protection
d. Surge protection

26. During the inrush current, the maximum value attained by the magnetic flux is ____ the
normal flux.
a. Equal
 b. Twice
c. Inverse
d. None of these

27. A type of method in preventing inrush current where the 3rd harmonic and its multiples
do not appear in the CT leads since the components circulate in the delta winding of the
transformer and the delta connected CTs on the star side of the transformer.
a. Even Harmonics Cancellation
b. Harmonic Restraint
c. Adjusting Input Voltage Phase
d. Thermistors

28. ______ can be used to limit the high starting current in a transformer. It has a very high
resistance at ambient temperatures and low resistance at high temperatures.
a. Even Harmonics Cancellation
b. Harmonic Restraint
c. Adjusting Input Voltage Phase
d. Thermistors

29. The restraint coil is energized by a dc proportional to bias winding current as well as the
dc due to harmonics. ________is obtained from the tuned circuit XC XL which permits
only currents of fundamental frequency to enter the operating circuit.
a. Even Harmonics Cancellation
b. Harmonic Restraint
c. Adjusting Input Voltage Phase
d. Thermistors

30. This method in preventing inrush current uses a phase meter to monitor the phase of the
incoming voltage and apply the voltage to the transformer only when it is at maximum
value. Switching the supply at the proper instant can reduce the magnitude of the
transient inrush current.
a. Even Harmonics Cancellation
b. Harmonic Restraint
c. Adjusting Input Voltage Phase
d. Thermistors

31. What is the purpose of Buchholz relay in a transformer?

a. Overcurrent protection
b. Overvoltage protection
c. Differential protection
d. Gas detection and fault protection

32. Which device is used to protect the transformer against overcurrents and short circuits?
a. Surge arrester
b. Circuit breaker
c. Power factor controller
d. Differential relay

33. What type of protection is provided by a winding temperature indicator (WTI)?

a. Overload protection
b. Overvoltage protection
c. Earth fault protection
d. Differential protection
34. What is the purpose of a pressure relief device in a transformer?
a. Protection against overvoltage
b. Protection against overcurrent
c. Protection against internal faults
d. Protection against external faults

35. Which device is commonly used to protect the transformer from lightning strikes and
voltage surges?
a. Surge arrester
b. Buchholz relay
c. Differential relay
d. Earth fault relay

36. What is the primary function of a conservator tank in a transformer?

a. Cooling the transformer oil
b. Providing mechanical support to the transformer
c. Monitoring the oil level
d. Compensating for oil expansion and contraction

37. What is the purpose of a winding temperature indicator (WTI) in a transformer?

a. Monitoring oil temperature
b. Monitoring winding temperature
c. Detecting gas accumulation
d. Measuring load current

38. What is the function of a pressure relief device (PRD) in a transformer?

a. Cooling the transformer oil
b. Regulating the oil flow
c. Preventing overpressure buildup
d. Monitoring gas levels

39. What is the purpose of a magnetic oil-level gauge in a transformer?

a. Monitoring oil temperature
b. Monitoring oil purity
c. Detecting gas accumulation
d. Monitoring oil level

40. What transformer protection prevents moisture enters in the transformer?

a. Overcurrent relay
b. Breather
c. Surge arrester
d. Pressure relief device

GENERATOR PROTECTION

1. The frequency of the system with which several alternators are paralleled can be
increased by simultaneously ______ of all generators.
a. Increasing field excitation
b. Decreasing field excitation
c. Increasing the speed of prime movers
d. Decreasing the speed of prime movers

2. It is never advisable to connect a stationary alternator to live bus-bars because it

a. Is likely to run as synchronous motor
b. Will get short-circuited
 c. Will decrease bus-bar voltage through momentarily
d. will disturb generated e.m.f. of other alternators connected in parallel

3. The alternators driven by ______ do not have a tendency to hunt.

a. Diesel engines
b. Water turbines
c. Steam turbines
d. None of these

4. The stator core of a synchronous machine is made up of laminated sheets to

a. increase the magnitude of flux produced
b. make the machine lighter in weight
c. minimize the eddy current loss
d. minimize the hysteresis loss

5. If residual magnetism of a shunt generator is destroyed accidentally, it may be restored by

connecting its shunt field
a. To earth
b. To an a.c. source
c. In reverse
d. To a d.c. source

6. For the voltage built-up of a self-excited d.c. generator, which of the following is not an
essential condition?
a. There must be some residual flux
b. Field winding mmf must aid the residual flux
c. Total field circuit resistance must be less than the critical value
d. Armature speed must be very high.

7. _______ is something that provides motion/rotation or mechanical power to move a shaft;

converts energy from source energy, into mechanical energy, usually, as a motive power
source providing traction to move a vehicle.
a. AC generator
b. Prime mover
c. Motor
d. DC generator

8. It is and electrical machine that transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy.
a. Motor
b. Generator
c. Prime mover
d. Stator

9. It is a directional protective relay that prevents power from flowing in the reverse direction.
a. Reverse power relay
b. Differential power relay
c. Numerical relay
d. Overcurrent relay

10. _______ convert alternating voltage to direct voltage thus forming dc current when the
load is connected.
a. Armature
b. Brushes
c. Commutator
d. Field magnet
11. The following are advantages of reverse power relay except:
a. Prevents power from flowing in the reverse direction and damaging the generator
stator.
b. Prevents damage to the prime mover.
c. Prevents fire or explosions that may be caused by unburned fuel in the generator.
d. Prevent the main generator CB from tripping in non-emergency situations.

12. When there is a failure of ________, the machine starts to act as a motor drawing real
power from the system.
a. Prime mover
b. Stator
c. Rotor
d. Field winding

13. The power factor of an alternator is determined by its

a. Speed
b. Load
c. Excitation
d. Prime mover

14. The alternators driven by ____ do not have a tendency to hunt.

a. Diesel engines
b. Water turbines
c. Steam turbines
d. None of these

15. Damper windings are used in alternators to

a. Prevent hunting
b. Reduce windage losses
c. Achieve synchronism
d. None of these

16. The rating of an alternator is expressed in

a. kW
b. HP
c. kVA
d. kVAR

17. A commercial alternator has

a. rotating armature and stationary field
b. stationary armature and rotating field
c. both armature and field rotating
d. both armature and field stationary

18. In alternators damper windings are used to

a. reduce eddy current loss
b. prevent hunting
c. make the rotor dynamically balanced
d. reduce armature reaction

19. This causes the heating in the circuit winding of the generator due to unbalance loading.
a. Positive Sequence Current
b. Negative Sequence Current
c. Zero Sequence Current
 d. All of the above

20. What type of fault uses only the positive sequence of the generator?
a. Line to Line Fault
b. Line to Ground Fault
c. Line to Line to Ground Fault
d. 3 Phase Fault

21. If the generator phase currents are equal and displaced by exactly ____°, only the
positive sequence current will exist.
a. 90 o
b. 100 o
c. 110 o
d. 120 o

22. In the topic of Alternators, the presence of the zero sequence indicates that _____.
a. Current is flowing to the load
b. There is no current flowing
c. Current is flowing to the ground
d. Current is flowing to the generator

23. Overloading a generator causes the stator windings to overheat, a ______ bridge circuit
is added to detect and protect the generator from overheating.
a. Temperature Bridge
b. A.C Bridge
c. Wheatstone Bridge
d. Centigrade Bridge

24. This source of Negative sequence is the improper distribution of loads in the power
system wherein the line currents in the 3 phases are unequal.
a. Unbalance lines
b. Unbalance load
c. Unbalance Fault
d. Open Phase

25. Generator internal fault protection is usually based the principle of

a. Differential Protection
b. Cross-Differential Protection
c. Negative Sequence Protection
d. All of these

26. In large generators protection provided against external fault

a. Inter-turn fault protection
b. Sensitive earth fault protection
c. Biased differential protection
d. All of the above

27. Merz-Price protection is employed for protection of

a. Generators
b. Transformer
c. Transmission lines
d. Both (a) and (b)
28.For the protection of stator winding of an alternator against internal fault involving ground,
the relay used is a
a. Biased differential relay
b. Directional overcurrent relay
c. Plain impedance relay
d. Buchholz relay

29. As soon as a fault develops in a generator stator, it is essential to suppress field

excitation, otherwise
a. Terminal voltage will drop
b. It may lead to loss of synchronism
c. It will continue to supply power due to the stator winding fault.
d. All of the above

30. Failure of insulation on stator winding of generator results in

a. Short circuit between turns
b. Short circuit between one or more phase and earth
c. Short circuit between phases
d. All of the above

31. The following are the example of external fault except.

a. Under and over frequency
b. Under and over voltage
c. Non-synchronized connection of generator
d. Stator fault

32. _______can be caused by mechanical problems, improper use, and insufficient coolant.
a. Rotor fault
b. Emer’s fault
c. Overheating
d. None of the above

33. What type of relay is used in loss of excitation in generators?

a. Mho Relay
b. Differential Relay
c. Reed Relay
d. Buchholz Relay

34. Which one is not the type of an excitation system?

a. AC Excitation System
b. DC Excitation System
c. Brush Excitation System
d. Static Excitation System

35. What is excitation in generators?

a. Increasing current to the system
b. Generating voltage in the system
c. Generating a magnetic field by means of an electric current.
d. None of the above

36. What is the importance of excitation?

a. Control the system to operate
b. Supply field current to main rotor
c. Run for stability
d. Produce high voltage
37. Generator Faults Classified into two:
a. Bi lateral and lateral faults
b. Internal and external faults
c. Short circuit and open circuit faults
d. All of the above

38. Internal fault in the generator can cause _________

a. Increase of cost of the equipment
b. Change the pole of the generator
c. Winding overheating
d. Nothing

39. Which one is the type of an exciter?

a. Shaft Exciter
b. Alternator Exciter
c. Static Exciter
d. Slip Exciter

40. When a synchronous generator losses excitation?

a. It starts to run as an asynchronous generator
b. Slip frequency current flow in the rotor of the generator
c. It starts to draw reactive power from the system
d. All of the above

MOTOR PROTECTION

1. What is the primary purpose of motor protection?

a. To increase motor efficiency
b. To prevent motor damage
c. To reduce motor speed
d. To improve motor control

2. What is the most common cause of motor failure?

a. Overvoltage
b. Overcurrent
c. Overheating
d. Mechanical wear and tear

3. Which device is commonly used for overcurrent protection of motors?

a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Voltage regulator
d. Transformer

4. What is the purpose of a thermal overload relay?

a. To protect against overvoltage
b. To protect against overcurrent
c. To protect against mechanical overload
d. To protect against voltage sags

5. What is the function of a motor starter?

a. To start and stop the motor
b. To protect the motor from overheating
c. To regulate the motor's speed
d. To increase the motor's torque
6. Which type of motor protection device is used to detect phase imbalances?
a. Surge protector
b. Phase monitor
c. Ground fault relay
d. Voltage regulator

7. What is the purpose of a motor disconnect switch?

a. To protect against motor vibrations
b. To control the motor's speed
c. To provide a safe means of de-energizing the motor
d. To prevent electrical noise interference

8. Which motor protection device is used to protect against short circuits and ground faults?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Transformer

9. What is the function of a phase failure relay?

a. To detect motor overheating
b. To detect motor vibration
c. To detect phase imbalances
d. To detect motor speed variations

10. What is the purpose of a current transformer in motor protection?

a. To step up the voltage for the motor
b. To measure the motor's speed
c. To detect overcurrent conditions
d. To provide power factor correction

11. What is the role of a surge protector in motor protection?

a. To prevent overvoltage conditions
b. To protect against motor vibration
c. To detect phase imbalances
d. To regulate the motor's speed

12. What is the purpose of a ground fault relay?

a. To protect against short circuits
b. To protect against motor vibration
c. To detect ground faults
d. To regulate the motor's speed

13. Which type of motor protection device is used to protect against voltage sags and
surges?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Phase monitor

14. What is the purpose of a motor capacitor?

a. To increase the motor's torque
b. To protect against motor vibration
c. To improve the motor's power factor
d. To detect overcurrent conditions
15. Which motor protection device is used to protect against motor overheating?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Phase monitor

16. What is the purpose of a motor contactor?

a. To protect against motor vibrations
b. To control the motor's speed
c. To switch the motor on and off
d. To detect phase imbalances

17. What is the function of a motor temperature sensor?

a. To detect overvoltage conditions
b. To measure the motor's speed
c. To monitor the motor's temperature
d. To provide power factor correction

18. Which type of motor protection device is used to protect against motor underload?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Phase monitor

19. What is the purpose of a soft starter in motor protection?

a. To protect against motor vibrations
b. To control the motor's speed
c. To switch the motor on and off
d. To reduce the motor's starting current

20. Which motor protection device is used to protect against motor phase reversal?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Phase monitor

21. What is the purpose of a voltage regulator in motor protection?

a. To protect against overvoltage conditions
b. To control the motor's speed
c. To switch the motor on and off
d. To stabilize the motor's supply voltage

22. Which type of motor protection device is used to protect against motor bearing failure?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Vibration monitor

23. What is the function of a motor current monitor?

a. To detect overvoltage conditions
b. To measure the motor's speed
c. To monitor the motor's current
d. To provide power factor correction
24. Which motor protection device is used to protect against motor short circuits?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Ground fault relay

25. What is the purpose of a motor shaft grounding system?

a. To protect against motor vibrations
b. To control the motor's speed
c. To provide a low-impedance path for shaft currents
d. To detect phase imbalances

26. What is the function of a motor power analyzer?

a. To detect overvoltage conditions
b. To measure the motor's speed
c. To monitor the motor's power consumption
d. To provide power factor correction

27. Which motor protection device is used to protect against motor stalling?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Stall detector

28. What is the purpose of a motor control center (MCC) in motor protection?
a. To protect against motor vibrations
b. To control the motor's speed
c. To provide a centralized location for motor starters and protection devices
d. To detect phase imbalances

29. Which type of motor protection device is used to protect against motor insulation failure?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Insulation monitor

30. What is the function of a motor power factor controller?

a. To detect overvoltage conditions
b. To measure the motor's speed
c. To regulate the motor's power factor
d. To provide power factor correction
31. What is the purpose of a motor ground fault detector?
a. To protect against motor vibrations
b. To control the motor's speed
c. To detect ground faults in the motor circuit
d. To detect phase imbalances

32. Which motor protection device is used to protect against motor phase unbalance?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Phase unbalance relay

33. What is the function of a motor voltage monitor?

a. To detect overcurrent conditions
 b. To measure the motor's speed
c. To monitor the motor's supply voltage
d. To provide power factor correction

34. Which type of motor protection device is used to protect against motor overload due to
excessive mechanical load?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Mechanical load monitor

35. What is the purpose of a motor phase sequence relay?

a. To protect against motor vibrations
b. To control the motor's speed
c. To detect phase sequence errors in the motor circuit
d. To detect phase imbalances

36. Which motor protection device is used to protect against motor voltage sags and swells?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Voltage monitor

37. What is the function of a motor differential relay?

a. To detect overcurrent conditions
b. To measure the motor's speed
c. To protect against motor bearing failures
d. To detect phase imbalances

38. Which type of motor protection device is used to protect against motor rotor failures?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Rotor fault detector

39. What is the purpose of a motor frequency monitor?

a. To detect overvoltage conditions
b. To measure the motor's speed
c. To monitor the motor's operating frequency
d. To provide power factor correction

40. Which motor protection device is used to protect against motor overheating due to high
ambient temperature?
a. Circuit breaker
b. Surge protector
c. Overload relay
d. Ambient temperature sensor

BUS BAR PROTECTION

1. What is the purpose of frame leakage protection in a bus bar system?

a. To prevent short circuits
b. To ensure personnel safety
c. To reduce power losses
 d. To improve grounding efficiency

2. Which component is commonly used for frame leakage protection in a bus bar system?
a. Ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)
b. Surge protector
c. Circuit breaker
d. Isolator switch

3. How does frame leakage protection help in identifying electrical faults?

a. By monitoring ground potential difference
b. By measuring voltage fluctuations
c. By detecting insulation resistance levels
d. By analyzing power quality parameters

4. Which type of protection device is designed to detect small leakage currents in a bus bar
frame?
a. Residual current device (RCD)
b. Overcurrent relay
c. Differential relay
d. Time-delay relay

5. What is the purpose of setting a sensitivity level for frame leakage protection devices?
a. To avoid nuisance tripping
b. To ensure rapid fault detection
c. To improve power factor correction
d. To reduce electromagnetic interference

6. Which electrical fault condition does frame leakage protection primarily address?
a. Phase-to-phase short circuit
b. Overvoltage transient
c. Ground fault current
d. Voltage sag or dip

7. Which of the following factors affects the selection of frame leakage protection devices?
a. Bus bar material
b. Fault current magnitude
c. Environmental temperature
d. Line voltage frequency

8. How does frame leakage protection contribute to the safety of personnel working with bus
bar systems?
a. By detecting and interrupting ground faults
b. By preventing overcurrent conditions
c. By maintaining proper power factor
d. By reducing electromagnetic radiation

9. Which testing method is commonly used to verify the performance of frame leakage
protection devices?
a. Ground continuity testing
b. Insulation resistance testing
c. Earth leakage testing
d. Power quality analysis
10. Which international standard provides guidelines for frame leakage protection in bus bar
installations?
a. IEC 61009
b. NEC Article 250
c. IEC 60364
d. IEEE 242

11. What is the most expensive type of bus bar arrangement?

a. Single bus bar arrangement
b. Double bus double Breaker arrangement
c. One and a half circuit breaker arrangement
d. Ring main arrangement

12. At what part does bus bar being connected to run the system?
a. Circuit Breaker
b. Transformer
c. Insulator
d. Generator

13. Types of bus bar arrangement in which it has a low initial cost to run the system.
a. Ring main arrangement
b. Sectionalized single bus bar arrangement
c. Single bus bar arrangement
d. Mesh arrangements

14. Among the list, which is not true about the advantages of bus bar arrangement?
a. Easy to operate
b. Low initial cost
c. Flexibility and immunity are very less
d. Require less maintenance

15. What bus bar arrangement is commonly used/build?

a. Main and transfer bus arrangements
b. Sectionalized bus bar arrangement
c. Single bus bar arrangement
d. Mesh arrangements

16. In which bus bar scheme is the most reliable in terms of failure and faults?
a. Single bus bar arrangement
b. Ring main arrangement
c. Double bus double Breaker
d. Mesh arrangements

17. What is a bus bar in electrical systems?

a. A device used to measure electrical current
b. An insulating material used to protect wires
c. A type of battery used in electric vehicles
d. A conductor used to distribute electrical power

18. Which of the following materials is commonly used for bus bar construction?
a. Copper
b. Aluminum
c. Steel
d. Plastic
19. What is the purpose of bus bar insulation?
a. To increase electrical conductivity
b. To reduce the risk of electrical shock
c. To enhance heat dissipation
d. To prevent corrosion

20. How are bus bars typically arranged in electrical panels?

a. Vertically
b. Horizontally
c. Diagonally
d. Randomly

21. Which factor determines the current-carrying capacity of a bus bar?

a. Length
b. Width
c. Thickness
d. Color

22. What are the advantages of using bus bars instead of individual wires for power
distribution?
a. Lower cost and easier installation
b. Higher electrical resistance and improved safety
c. Greater flexibility and increased durability
d. Reduced heat dissipation and improved efficiency

23. Which of the following sections can be employed for bus-bars?

a. Bars
b. Rods
c. Tubes
d. Any of the above

24. A bus-bar is rated by

a. Current only
b. Voltage only
c. Current, voltage and frequency
d. Current, voltage, frequency and short circuit current

25. The material used for bus-bar should have

a. Low resistivity
b. Low-cost
c. High Softening temperature
d. All of the above

26. Which of the following bus-bar schemes has the lowest cost?
a. Ring bus-bar scheme
b. Single bus-bar scheme
c. Breaker and a half scheme
d. Main and transfer scheme

27. Due to which of the following reasons aluminum is being favored as bus-bar material?
a. Low-density
b. Low-cost
c. Ease of fabrication
d. None of the above
28. A high speed form of protection employed to overcome the drawbacks of current
differential protection and a special type of current transformers known as linear couplers are
used.
a. Frame leakage protection
b. Voltage differential protection of Bus bar
c. Back up protection
d. None of the Above

29. The bus-bar zone, the purpose of protection includes .............., ............and .............
a. Bus-bars, isolating switches, circuit breakers
b. Transformers, relays, circuit breakers
c. Transformers, conductors and relays
d. None of the above

30. If a voltage controlled bus is treated as a load bus, then which one of the following limits
would be violated?
a. Voltage
b. Active power
c. Reactive power
d. Phase angle

31. What is the typical configuration of bus bars in a three-phase electrical system?
a. Single Bus bar
b. Dual Bus bar
c. Triple Bus bar
d. Quadruple Bus bar

32. When an alternator connected to the bus-bar is shut down the bus-bar voltage will
a. Fall
b. Rise
c. Remain unchanged
d. None of the above

33. Normally applied to small-sized metal-clad switchgear units.

a. Frame Leakage Protection
b. Differential Protection
c. Back up Protection
d. None of the Above

34. What is the typical shape of bus bar in electrical systems?

a. Round
b. Square
c. Triangular
d. Hexagonal

35. Which of the following factors affects the choice of bus bar material?
a. Cost
b. Weight
c. Electrical Conductivity
d. All of the above

36. Bus bars are commonly used in which of the following applications?
a. Power Distributions
b. Data Centers
c. Renewable energy systems
 d. All of the above

37. Single Bus bar arrangement….

a. Is cheapest in initial as well as maintenance cost
b. Provide simple operation and relaying system
c. Has the drawback that there will be complete shutdown when a fault occurs on the
bus itself
d. All of the above

38. In a single bus bar system there will be a complete shutdown when..
a. Fault occurs on the bus itself
b. Fault occurs on the neutral line
c. Two or more faults occur simultaneously
d. Fault occurs with respect to earthing

39. The voltage of a particular bus is regulated by controlling the,

a. Active Power of the bus
b. Reactive Power of the bus
c. Phase angle and reactive power
d. Phase angle

40. Y-BUS as used in load flow study, and Z-BUS as used for short circuit study are:
a. The same
b. Inverse of each other
c. Are not related to each other
d. None of the above

TRANSMISSION LINE AND FEEDER PROTECTION

1. What is the primary function of a transmission line?

a. To generate electrical power
b. To transmit electrical power over long distances
c. To distribute electrical power to homes and businesses
d. To store electrical energy for later use

2. What is the typical voltage level used in high-voltage transmission lines?

a. 120 volts
b. 240 volts
c. 480 volts
d. 765,000 volts

3. Which of the following materials is commonly used as an insulator in transmission lines?

a. Copper
b. Aluminum
c. Steel
d. Glass or ceramic

4. What is the purpose of a lightning arrester in a transmission line system?

a. To protect against power surges caused by lightning strikes
b. To regulate the voltage level in the transmission line
c. To measure the amount of power being transmitted
d. To increase the efficiency of power transmission
5. Which of the following factors can affect the efficiency of power transmission in a
transmission line?
a. Distance of transmission
b. Weather conditions
c. Line voltage
d. All of the above

6. A ______ carry the heavy transmission conductors at a sufficient safe height from the
ground.
a. Signal Tower
b. Transmission Tower
c. Clock Tower
d. Control Tower

7. Which of the following is/are the reason/s why overhead transmission lines are not
insulated?
i. Reduce weight and cost of the transmission line
ii. Insulating can result in reduction in its conductivity
iii. To decrease the transmission losses
a. I only
b. II and III
c. All of the above
d. None of the above

8. It is the top portion of the transmission tower, situated above the top cross arm, and it
carries an earth shield wire.
a. Stub
b. Cross arm
c. Cage
d. Peak

9. This is the most common type of transmission tower. It's used for voltages ranging from
110 to 735 kV. Because they're easily assembled, these towers are suitable for power lines
that cross very uneven terrain.
a. Waist-Type Tower
b. Guyed-V Tower
c. Deviation Towers
d. Single-Circuit Tower

10. Which of the following factors is NOT considered in designing the transmission tower
design?
a. Minimum permissible ground clearance
b. Ampacity of the conductor/s
c. Vertical spacing between conductors
d. Vertical spacing between earth wire and top conductor.

11. This type of protection compares the currents entering and leaving the protected zone
and operates when the difference between these currents exceeds a pre-determined
magnitude.
a. Translay Y Protection
b. IDMT
c. Distance Protection
d. None of these
12. What type of Differential Protection wherein under normal conditions, the currents
leaving zone A and B must be equal, so that the relay makes to be inactive.
a. IDMT
b. Balance Current
c. Balance Voltage
d. Balance Voltage and Current

13. Which of the following are not included in the Unit Protection Schemes?
a. IDMT
b. Translay Y Protection
c. Carrier current protection
d. Balance Voltage and Current

14. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. Carrier-current protection is the most widely used scheme for the protection of
``Extra High Voltage (EHV) and Ultra High Voltage (UHV) power lines.
b. Carrier-current protection is faster and superior to distance protection
schemes and is more reliable when used for medium transmission lines.
c. In carrier-current protection or any other unit protection, the circuit breakers at both
the ends of the line trip simultaneously when a fault occurs.
d. None of the above

15. The receiver converts the received carrier current into a voltage that can be used in a
relay or other circuit that performs any desired function.
a. DC
b. zero
c. AC
d. balance

16. There are different kinds of protection for feeders, the protection scheme can be divided
into two major group. This type is of protection scheme are intended to protect the specific
areas but have no fixed boundaries. What type of protection scheme is this?
a. Unit Type Protection Scheme
b. Time Graded protection scheme
c. Non-unit type of protection Scheme
d. None of these

17. What do you call a relay that has the ability to detect a fault within a pre-set distance
along the transmission line power cable from its location?
a. Distance or Impedance Relay
b. Current graded Relay
c. Overvoltage Relay
d. Overcurrent Relay

18. Current Graded Protection is used when the impedance between two substation is
sufficient. It is based on the fact that short circuit current along the length of protected line of
the circuit decreases with in the distance between supply end and the fault point.
a. Decreases
b. Increases
c. The same
d. None of these
19. The non-unit schemes, while also intended to protect specific areas, have no fixed
boundaries. As well as protecting their own designated areas, the can overlap into other
areas.
a. Location of fault
b. Backup purposes
c. Protection schemes
d. Protective zone

20. What type of non-unit types of protection schemes that the operating time relays is
adjusted in such a way that decreases as we move away from substation, so that relay near
to fault must act immediately and other relays acts as backup protection?
a. Current Grading overcurrent protection
b. Impedance protection
c. Time graded over-current protection
d. Differential protection

21. What type of relay is used for primary phase fault and also acts as backup protection for
sub-transmission lines?
a. Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
b. Distance Relay
c. Thermal Relay
d. Reed Relay

22. It uses electromagnetic induction, because once the coil is energized, there will be an
attraction and our phase line will open normally.
a. Time Delay Fuse
b. Transformer
c. Actuator
d. Circuit Breaker

23. This relay used in medium transmission line.

a. Impedance Relay
b. Buchholz Relay
c. Admittance Relay
d. Reactance Relay

24. The transmission line condition where the impedance of transmission line is equal to pre-
determined value of relay.
a. System Condition
b. Fault Condition
c. Transmission Condition
d. Normal Condition

25. Transmission Line condition where the impedance of transmission line is greater than or
less than to pre-determined value of relay.
a. Normal Condition
b. System Condition
c. Fault Condition
d. Transformer Condition

26. The ability of the relay system to trip the circuit breakers by discriminating whether the
fault is inside the zone or outside the zone of protection.
a. Reliability
 b. Sensitivity
c. Selectivity
d. Stability

27. A communicating channel that used to connect the relay at both ends of the protective
zone in a transmission line.
a. Aluminum wire
b. Pilot wire
c. Flexible wire
d. Control cable wire

28. It is an electrical device equipped with a mechanism that can automatically close the
breaker after it has been opened due to a fault. It also performs multiple tripping to
determine whether a cause is a transient or permanent fault.
a. Relay
b. Circuit Breaker
c. Fuse
d. Recloser

29. A type of relay in which the tripping decision is dependent in part upon the direction in
which the measured quantity is flowing.
a. Differential Relay
b. Directional Relay
c. Distance Relay
d. Overcurrent Relay

30. It is a type of relay used as a support to another protective device to perform complete
and controlled protection of the system in the transmission line.
a. Auxiliary Relay
b. Synchronizing Relay
c. Reclosing Relay
d. Distance Relay

31. What is the difference between a symmetrical fault and an unsymmetrical fault in a
power system?
a. Symmetrical faults occur when the fault impedance is equal in all phases, while
unsymmetrical faults have different fault impedances in each phase.
b. Symmetrical faults occur due to insulation failures, while unsymmetrical faults are
caused by external factors such as lightning strikes.
c. Symmetrical faults result in balanced fault currents, while unsymmetrical faults
lead to unbalanced fault currents in the system.
d. Symmetrical faults are self-clearing and automatically rectify, whereas unsymmetrical
faults require manual intervention to restore normal operation.

32. What is the purpose of a protective relay in detecting and responding to a short circuit
fault in a power system?
a. To isolate the faulty section of the system from the rest of the network.
b. To quickly detect abnormal current levels associated with a short circuit fault.
c. To coordinate the operation of circuit breakers for timely fault clearance.
d. All of the above
33. What is the purpose of a protective relay in the event of a short circuit fault in a power
system?
a. To initiate a trip signal to disconnect the faulty section from the rest of the system.
b. To monitor the fault current and calculate fault impedance for fault location
estimation.
c. To analyze the fault characteristics and determine the fault type (e.g., phase-to-
phase, phase-to-ground).
d. All of the above.

34. Which of the following is a primary cause of power system faults related to equipment
failure?
a. Overloading of transformers and circuit breakers.
b. Aging and deterioration of power cables.
c. Faulty or malfunctioning protective relays.
d. Human errors during maintenance and operation.

35. Which of the following factors can contribute to a power system fault related to voltage
instability?
a. Voltage sag due to sudden load changes.
b. Reactive power mismatch in the system.
c. Frequency variations caused by generator malfunctions.
d. Harmonic distortion in the current waveform.

36. What is a distinguishing characteristic of a symmetrical fault in a power system

compared to an unsymmetrical fault?
a. Symmetrical faults occur when fault impedance is the same across all three phases.
b. Symmetrical faults cause equal fault currents in all three phases.
c. Symmetrical faults can be resolved more quickly compared to unsymmetrical faults.
d. Symmetrical faults are more commonly caused by external factors like lightning
strikes.

37. In a power system, which real-life scenario can potentially cause a fault known as a "pole
clash"?
a. Strong winds leading to the collision of overhead power line poles.
b. A sudden surge in electricity demand causing overloading of distribution
transformers.
c. Corrosion and degradation of underground power cables resulting in insulation
failures.
d. Human errors during maintenance work leading to accidental short circuits.

38. When operating parallel feeders in a power distribution system, what factor should be
carefully considered to avoid circulating currents and potential fault conditions?
a. Phase imbalances between the parallel feeders.
b. Voltage drops along the parallel feeders.
c. Conductor material and resistance differences between the parallel feeders.
d. Harmonic distortion in the currents flowing through the parallel feeders.

39. What is a key consideration when selecting conductor sizes for parallel feeders in a
power distribution system?
a. Ampacity and current-carrying capacity.
b. Voltage drop and power factor correction.
c. Fault current magnitude and short circuit protection.
d. Conductor material and corrosion resistance.
40. What is the primary purpose of a protective device in a distribution line to mitigate short
circuit faults?
a. To interrupt the fault current and isolate the faulted section.
b. To regulate the voltage and power factor in the distribution line.
c. To provide backup power during a short circuit event.
d. To minimize conductor losses and optimize power transfer.

TRAVELLING WAVE BASED PROTECTION

1. Since 1950, _ were pioneers of proposing the phenomenon of traveling

waves for fault location estimation in power systems protections.
a. Crossley and McLaren
b. Sammartano and Jubi
c. Herald and Ronel
d. Reeze and Tony

2. When was TW techniques were gradually abandoned due to poor reliability and
maintenance problems?
a. 1963
b. 1962
c. 1961
d. 1960

3. Power system faults result from the unintended breakdown of _ _.

a. Insulation
b. Conductor
c. Wire
d. Elements

4. When no energy is reflected and all energy is transmitted, Zc is equal to

?
a. Zt
b. Zo
c. ∞
d. 0

5. When the reflected TW current equals the incident TW current (with the opposite sign)
and no energy is transmitted, Zt is equal to ?
a. Zt
b. Zo
c. ∞
d. 0

6. What does “IEEE” stand for?

a. Institution of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
b. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
c. International Electrical and Electronics Engineers
d. Institute of Electronics in Electrical Environment

7. What are the two necessary types of equipment for locating electrical faults?
a. Fuse & GPS
 b. Wattmeter & Thermometer
c. Metal Detector & Multimeter
d. Time Stamping Device & Sensor

8. What does “GPS” stand for?

a. Global Positioning Systems
b. General Positioning System
c. Global Positioning Station
d. General Positioning Standard

9. What type of traveling wave locator measures time difference between fault surge arrival
times at the two-line terminals using a communication link?
a. Type C (OLD)
b. Type A (Complementary)
c. Type B (OLD)
d. Type D

10. The traveling waveform travels at what speed of light in vacuum?

a. 32.2x10^-3 m/s
b. 0.08205x10^-6 m/s
c. 3.0x10^8 m/s
d. 6.022x10^23 m/s

11. Normally time-domain line protective relay uses a dedicated point-to-point____

channel to provide the first-ever TW differential protection.
a. fiber-op
b. MUX
c. SONET
d. SDH

12. elements respond to the high-frequency content (hundreds of kilohertz) inthe relay
input currents and, to a lesser degree, voltages.
a. TW32
b. TW87
c. Traveling-Wave
d. TW87 Differential Scheme

13. The TW87 scheme _ time-aligned current TWs at both ends of the
protected line.
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Compares
d. Disregards

14. For an external fault, a TW that entered one terminal with a given polarity leaves the
other terminal with the _ _ polarity exactly after TW line propagation time.
a. Similar
b. Opposite
c. Zero
d. Varying

15. The TW87 scheme uses real-time fault-location information obtained with ________
 fault-locating method.
a. single-ended
b. double-ended
c. TW
d. T32

16. Faults on lines cause transients that travel along power lines at speed of light in both
directions from the place of the fault. This propagation is known as _ _
a. Travelling Waves
b. Transmission Line
c. Fault Location
d. Scheme

17. This method of the fault localization is based on the measurement of the travelling wave
times at both ends of the transmission line.
a. End Double TW Method
b. First Ended TW Method
c. Single Ended TW Method
d. Double Ended TW Method

18. This method uses terminals of both sides of a line measures arrivals times of the wave.
They both use a common time reference with _ precision.
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. High
d. Low

19. This method is based on the time difference between the first arrived TW from the fault
and the first reflection from the fault measured at the local terminal.
a. End Double TW Method
b. First Ended TW Method
c. Single Ended TW Method
d. Double Ended TW Method

20. The main task of a TW locator based on measurement from one side is to find the TW
which is the from the fault among many of other TWs.
a. last reflection
b. second reflection
c. third reflection
d. first reflection

21. What is the type of power system protection that is mainly dependent on the use of
algorithm with phasorial V and I?
a. Digital
b. Traditional
c. Analog
d. Modern

22. What is the type of power system protection that is not dependent on the electrical
system and uses Travelling Wave based protection algorithm?
a. Digital
b. Traditional
 c. Analog
d. Modern

23. The following are the problems to overcome on system protection except:
a. finite transmission line parameters accuracy
b. instrument measurement errors
c. exact fault location
d. coupling to adjacent transmission lines

24. In TWFL System, what does “TWFL” stand for?

a. Traveling Wave Fault Locating
b. Traveling Wave Forecasting Local
c. Transverse Wave Fault Locating
d. Transverse Wave Forecasting Local

25. The main factor of the use of TWFL System is .

a. Lessen degradation of components
b. Lower environmental side effect
c. Reduce cost
d. Exact fault location

26. _ accuracy can lead to an exact fault location, or a closer range, which isvery
helpful, reducing cost, when accessibility problems is a key factor during line check.
a. Increased
b. Decreased
c. High
d. Low

27. It is based on measuring the travelling wave times at both ends of the transmission line.
a. End Double TW Method
b. First Ended TW Method
c. Single Ended TW Method
d. Double Ended TW Method

28. Which statement shows the characteristic of TW32 Directional Element?

a. Respond to the high-frequency content in the relay input currents and voltages.
b. Compares time-aligned current TWs at both ends of the protected line.
c. Compares the relative polarity of the current TWs and the voltage TWs.

29. The Traditional Protection uses

a. Travelling Wave based protection algorithm and algorithm with phasorial V and I
b. Algorithm with phasorial V and I
c. Travelling Wave based protection algorithm
d. Algorithm with phasorial V and II

30. Below is the characteristic of TW87 Differential Scheme, except:

a. Integrates a torque calculated from the current and voltage TWs and
checks theintegrated value a few tens of microseconds into the fault.
b. Compares time-aligned current TWs at both ends of the protected line.
c. Uses real-time fault-location information obtained with a double-ended fault-
locating method.
d. Compares time-aligned current TWs at both ends of the protected lines.
31. For the relay it can be difficult to determine a fault which lies closer than approximately
from the terminal.
a. 1km
b. 2km
c. 3km
d. 4km

32. When installing TW relays, it is necessary to consider that _ of

TWs occur notonly on the protected line, but also in the secondary circuits of current
transformers.
a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Range
d. Resistance

33. The relay must be able to cope with _ _ near

protected line.
a. Voltage surge
b. Lightning strikes
c. Sagging
d. None of these

34. Measuring transformer are dimensional and optimized to operate at nominal values, i.e
at 50Hz, while the transiens of the traveling waves have frequencies at _ _ .
a. Thousands of kHz
b. 90Hz
c. 60 Hz
d. Hundreds of kHz

35. The , now widely used in traditional protections systems, have an operation that very
close to low pass filters and therefore the bandwidth stops at a few tens of kHz.
a. Current transformer
b. Fault locator
c. Capacitive VT
d. Transducers

36. It is a method or algorithm that identifies the location of the fault through the analysis of
travelling waves.
a. Sampled Measured Values
b. Power Electronics Based Generation
c. Time – Domaine Protection
d. Travelling Wave Fault Location

37. It is a protection relay that uses time analysis algorithms between the prefault network
and the faulty network (Incremental Quantities).
a. Sampled Measured Values
b. Power Electronics Based Generation
c. Time – Domaine Protection
d. Travelling Wave Fault Location

38. It is a generation that is connected to the network through power electronic converters.
I.E. Wind Farms, Photovoltaic Plants, etc.
 a. Sampled Measured Values
b. Power Electronics Based Generation
c. Time – Domaine Protection
d. Travelling Wave Fault Location

39. It is used for transmitting digitalized instantaneous values of power system measures,
mainly primary currents and voltages.
a. Sampled Measured Values
b. Power Electronics Based Generation
c. Time – Domaine Protection
d. Travelling Wave Fault Location

40. It is an electromagnetic wave propagating in a transmission line characterized by

sinusoidal field component that decrease exponentially in magnitude due to losses, as a
function of distance in the direction of propagation, and with a linear variation of phase.
a. Travelling Wave
b. b. Power Electronics Based Generation
c. Time – Domaine Protection
d. Travelling Wave Fault Location