OLATTICE >Tuttte

DEFINITION: Lattice: NoNale

ALattice is a partiaily ordered set (Poset) (L, s), in which for every
pair of elements a, bEL both greatest lower bound (GLB) and least upper
bound (LUB)exists.
Note :
1. GLB {a, b} is denoted by a * b, which is pronounced as a meet
"b" or"a product "b". Instead of *symbol we can use Aor
:.GLB{a, b} = ab or aAb or a.b
2. LUB {a, b} is denoted by a 6, which is pronounced as a join
** or a sum b". Instead symbolwe can use V or
:. LUB {a, b} = a b or aVb or a+b
 3. 5.18

Similarly
Examples
Let2. 1.
Lattice Since,
se D= The For, but Then Let for
((S30, Diagram usual n
A caLattice
relation be
(pLattice
D) (2, (1, (4), any be
union
Soa =
isa for (3, 4) 2) DD=S24
finite denot: ed(L,)
Lattice. ( 24) (2, (1, is = and S)
S24 6) 3) relation is set. byhas
8
Set join
(4, (2, (1, {(a, {1, a
10Q D) 8) 4) 2, of Lattice. triplet a
8) b)/ 3, operation
(S24 )D
(4, (2, (1, 4, of all binary
(S30,D) (
30 24
12) 12) 6) a<b} division. 6, divisor
Here L,
1 8, *,
(4, (2, (1,
12, (V) operation
24) meetis )
O15 12 24} Then ofoperation 1s (L, or
MATHEMATICS
DISCRETE
(8, (6, 24) (1,8)
24) (3, 12) usual
24
12) 6) (S24, and *
intersection. A, (^)
(12, (6, (3, (1,
D) D on and
24) 24) 12) 24) (^) or)
is
denote (L, o,
a
Lattice nothing (V),
th. +) a
 (2)
ol)utlon :
It's Relation
Then is Here, Then is
It's Relation ample rTICES
Here, Consider Hasse Consider 1: AND
Hasse
for The Det
2)ermlBOOLEAN
The every Diagram Diagram D= the (1, ne
D posetthe Poset LUB {(1, poset((1,
oset((1, =2(l, 2, ALGEBRA
pair (1, {2, is 2) 4,whether
is ({1,2, 2 (1, 8,
of 2, 3}=
2,
elements, 3) 2, 16), the
4, (2, 4) 4, 3, 2 (1, 3, /) Posets
8, 16) (1, 8,
4, V3
4) 4, are Posets
16). both (4, 8) l6}, 5},) = (1, 5}./) Lattlees.
/) 8)(1, 5) (4)
is GLB (4, 16) /) is does O5 (2, ((1,
a 16) (2,
not not 4)}
Latice. and 2,
(8, 4) Lattice. a exist. 3,
LUB (2, 4,
16) 8) 5},
exists. l /)
6.19
 5.20
pair Now
Solution:Example 2:
of
. It p
Similarly, Now,
is
p(A), LUB
GLB noticed (A). LUB LUB LUB
{1,({1}
LäB2}] [(1},
LUB{3}] [{1}
LUB{2}] Hasse
[{1}, [{1}, [{1},
LUB ] (A) P Determine
S) {A, {A, that we [(1}
is B} B} for can
diagram ={{1} ={1, A
a = = {1,2,3}] {2,3}] {13}] 2,
Lattic ANB, AUB any casily {1} 3} whether
{1,2} for {2}
subsets 2 verify ={1,2,3}
= ={1,3} -{I,2}-{1, 3} (p {3}
which {1, {1,2}{1} (A),(p
) (A), {1, (p4))
2,3}
A both S) 2} E),
is andB
{,3 {1, 3)
2, is {1,
exist. GLB
GLB 3} where
of and
GLB GLB GLB GLB {2,
(A) p [{1}, [{1}, [{1}, [{1}, ({1}{2}]GLB =GLB 3} A
MATHEMATICS
DISCRETE
LUB [{1}, {1,2,3} (,2,3}
{1, 2 ,3 }] {2,3}] [{1},
exist {13}] {1.2}] (3}]
for ] 0} is
each -{1} =={!} ={(1} =¢ = Latiod a
 Solution : Example :4
Then
olution ra:mple A3:
T ICES
PosetThe.:. Hence, Then For should and Let
More
over Fig()In
The (iFing) In * example, a AND
Ihe exist andb Is
Lattice Determine
diagram both BOOLEAN
Poset LUB LUB the
GLB GLB in GLB be
LUB LUB GLB let Poset
in (Z*,/) Z+. {a, {a, any
Fig given {a, given {a,
and
{a, a=4, 2 ALGEBRA
{C, {e,f} whether b}
b} positive (Z*,
(ii) b} b}
in b} Fig() in is LUB = = = = /)a
is }e Fig = = C
figure a b
= tLattice.
he gcd{4,20} = GCD LCM {a,
b}
not () eVf exist. lem{4, integer. Lattice.
cVe a
a Posets
are 20igs {a,
Lattice. is Nb
not = Lattice. b},
= = represented 20}
does Lattice. does does
= =
not not not 4 1
exist Fig() by
exist. exist
each
of
the
Hasse 5.21
 Example 5.22
Solution : Solution :
Example6:
exist. 5:
and existnot Since
GLB Fig Determine Draw Let
LUB
() 24
S S, S,= S,= the
of 20 the set
{2, of not is = =
{24, Fig() the diagram fa, fa, S {a, fa,
3} a O12 Ss S
36} Lattice Posets b, b, b, b, S,
does c, c, c, c, ....
S1 So of e} e,f} d, d,
not| does given
36 S4 (L, e) e,f} S,
exist. and existnot Since Fig by S) be
the where given
GLB (ii) {a}S,= S S, S,=
LUB is Fi(gi) Hasse L = = by
of not 0 = MATHEMATIC
{C, of a Diagrams (SSp fa, {a, {a,e}
b,DISCRETE
c) b}
d} {a,Lattice
does b} are
not does ..
S}
Lattica
 Solution :
) |tample olutionEram:plATTCES
e
{(2,
The
8 (a) 7:AND
Hasse 25,5, :
125),VCheck (6)
BOOLEAN
Draw
diagram D}
whether Hasse
(c)
are ALGEBRA
for (*) diagram
lattices
the the
poset, posets
or of
noL al
{(1, {(a, lattice
fivwieth
Justify 3,
3, (e)
6, your 9),6,
9), D} wpto
() (g)
D} claim. and
is
elements.

5.23
 6.24
conditions, The
. For Here
PROPERTIES
LATTICE:Given
Let OF each Hasse .
4. 3. 2. 1. (L, Given
poset pair
Associative
LawCommutative
Law ldempotent A, of Diagram lub
orption
a^ Law (a^b) Law is poset
a, V) elements (6,9}
a^b=bAa ana=a
cEL
b, be lattice. a for is
a
e=a A given {(1, not-6V9
both a
5,
lattice.
Ac)(av lattice. GLB 25,
25 25
&
125),
Then does
LUB D) not
a A
and exist is exist.
(aV
aVb=bVa
b) Va
=aa
A V MATHEMATICS
DISCRETE
b) Vc satisfies
a =aV
(bVe) the
following
 5.32
DEFIN0TION: Distributive Lattice:
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
VA Lattice ( L, , V) is said to be distributive Lattice if
satisfies the following conditions, a, b, cEL
D, :av(6Ac) = (av b) A
(avc)
D, : a ^ (bvc) = (a Ab) v (a^c)
Example :
(pA),V, A) is a distributive Lattice.
Note:

From the above definition, we have D, ’ D, and D, ’ D, .Hence

to prove agiven lattice is distributive lattice, it is enough to prove that
either Dor D.
Consider the following lattice. 1

The above Lattice is not distributive.

For, aV
(b^c)= aV0 = a
(:bAc= 0]
(avb) A{aVc) = 1A1 =1
[:: aV b= 1,a Vc = 1]
Since
av (b^c) * (avb) A(a vc)
. D condition not satisfied.
Given Lattice is not distributive.
Theorem 1:
Prove that any chaln s a
Proof: dstributive lattlce.
Let (L, A, V) be a given chain and V
a, bE L.
 LVB
6.38
DISCRETE MATHEMATIC!
Check the Lattice glen by the dlagrams are dlstributive. or not.
Example 2:

(@) (6)

To check the given Lattice in (a) is distributive, we have to

(1)
check the following DË property.
Va, b, ceL
(avc)
D,:av (bAc) =(av b) A
Consider (a, az, a,)
Now LHS = a V(bAc)=a, V(a, Aa,) = a V0 = a
(a v c) =(a, Vay)A(a, Va,) =1^ag=ay
RHS =(a v b) A
LHS = a # a = RHS
satisfied.
For (a, a, ay), the D, condition is not
The Lattice given in (a) is not distributive.
(2) Consider (b1, b, b3)
Now LHS =aV(bAc)= byV (b, ^ by) = b, V0= b1
RHS = (a vb) ^ (a Vc)

= 1A1

LHS = b # 1 = RHS

a v(bAc) * (av b) A(aVc)

For (b, b, bg), the D, condition is not satisfied.
The Lattice given in (b) is not distributive.
 andelement
by
least the satisfies
1 denoted
element
itsatisfies element
and
a
be it
to and 0' is
said bothIt
and if 1' b. Lattioe.
is element, symbol 0°
have element.
is b.
element
is has
L symbol
'0' element
E it
a 1' If bounded
element greatest the 1 E L not Lattice.
xxEL no 1' andI
EL
b>x by Lattice
1'. but but
the may
denoted element.
An xeLdenotedby bea nor a, elementa givenbe
element or
may the "0' elementelement to
Lattice. = to = said
is Vx E) <, a
:Lattices Vx said greatest neither 0° be
asx element usual
a 0 Lis 1 (A), least LLattice 0' no "0' V) is
and and has it
be is (p the the element.to (a,
has
b) has
b)
a, has , then
E
DEFI)VNITION:
Special
A,
Least
element0Ax=0b
element
greatest 1Ax=x -is
Lattice A-is
A
respect b] b]
(a, a,
(L,
DEFINITION
:
Let (L,A,V,
0,1)
(L, condition
the
Some Let ifelement condition The : a
Example : With
Example
An In Note
: 2. 3 4
1
 a'=0a^
subsets cOMPLEMENTED
LatticeLATTICE O
1,a
Vb= element 5.48
Example
DEFINITION:
Lattice 3. 2. 1. Complement
In Complement
Vote:Complement In
(P Complete V,
0,A the the
DEFINITIOLetN:
(A), Lattice
of A bounded if (P
Here 0'
L every Complement
Complement aVa'=1
following
of (L, element (A),
Complement example and L.
S) has more An
isboth (L, element A, C)
an Lattice element of
b' We is
given than of of is say V, a.
ple glb A, bLattice: 0, Bounded
is
V) of of of of =cis c = =da denoted
& is (L, 1 b that 1)
L c b a below:
complement. may is is .
lub. said has does does does 'b' be "1'
of A, a aand b
ete to atleast have and ande by isgiven elementLattice.
not not not the
be b
complete
one 1)
gxist. exist. exist.
no
bvelb
c complement
symbol bounded
is
ce. is complement bva=| A.
complement. said
lattice ie.d.
,
to Lattices.
of MATHEMATICA
DISCRETE
if be a,
or (b= if
every a a Let
may ^
d'). h0
non 'a'
have Therefore
be
cempty omplemented
and any
 Solution : Example
complemented
Lattice. Solution :
Here
Therefore Since ExampleBOOLEAN
LAT ICI:ES AND
Similarly, The 2
Complement :
GCD LCM T "0' Hasse fS2 bAa=abAC=a Check
element
element of b
{1, {1, on does
3A 2A21 Diagram San is the
(1y42
S42={1, S42 the ALGEBRA
14 (2)
= of 42} 42}
or or not and and given
1 = =
provethat set
= 21 = = is = greatest least Set have
1 for all b b Lattice
| 42 1A 1V
element Va=b Vc=1
& & 42 (S42, 2, of any
divisors
42 element
1
3, all {Sp is
3 2 =1 = 21 42 complement.
V D)6,7,divisors complemented
V 21 42 is D} of
14 is 14,
= = is 1 14 is 42
42. 21, of a and
42 42 complemented
24} 42. D The
is Lattice
the given
relation or
Lattice. Lattice not.
"divisor
is
not 6.49
 5.50

bviously
,Since,
D)
every
is
a
ment 6^7= I
(7' (6) =
7 (3y' 14
=
=
= =
of 7
S42 6,
(14y &
e. has
6V7
nent. =3,
(21y =
42
=2
MATHEMATICs
DISCRETE
and
(42)y
=
|
 1.
3. [Ans: 2.
[Ans:=4,
av f^g, Find A [Ans: {a, Which
Draw an(bv lattice
JVgg,fAg=g, (bV b,
the () c, of
Ae, d on d, the
lattice c), c),fV It
the is
dve dhe a d
e,fg}following
V not
of = = (b g, b, n set a
e,dv
(S, b=e, d,d A dv a A lattice
A c) e, A ={a,
gcd, (bAc) posets
b=a, d since EXERCISE
lcm) v b,
b, c, () d are
aV an d, there
here lattices
(bAc) (b e,
^c) f, is
g} no
is lower on
=e given d the
e,a (bVc)
,an d
bound (i) set
v
(b in (ii)
the
c) figure. It for
is
=a] a {fg
lat ice.])
 6 2.
of
al Consider intersection.
[Ans: show TICES
figure
them thThee
the 12
is
diagram S={/
1,2, x is
a
is The that 3, AND
(a)
sublatticeswhich in
{ab}
5,BOOLEAN
12
the 6,
1 Hasse Draw the
show
Hasse
distributivebelow lattice {a,6,c} 7,
divisor
3 6
the power 10,
(i)
of
partial diagram the 14, ALGEBRA
(S,, (S,,
lattice set 15, or
(b) {ab,c,d} 42 210}.
D). 210
ordering D) of 21,
for of
{1,2,3,6,12},S4
={1,2,4,12},
S;{1,2,3,6}.
S,= {1,2,4}.
S= S the for any 30,
(i) complemented? = subIts[Ans: n
= = lattice ({4, P set 35,[Ans:
lattices The relation 12, 106
diagram(2,4,6, 42,
Hasse that for b, is
c, a 35
70,3.The
of12} are D Pd}).lattice
(ii) means thies, ({a, 105
three and diagram divisors
b, under and
C lattice
lattices, Si2.] division". c,
of d) 210.
(S12, of is union The of
which divisors 210
D) Find and Hasse 5.55
is are
of
 5.56
11. 10. 9. 8. Ans:
Which complemented?
avShow Which (6) (a) lattice.Prove
complementdistributive ()lt
(Ans: it(iii)
distributive, cVy÷e
(b^c) Find For is compl (i) emented no
of that that not It It is
the of (b) (a) the the is is a
=(aVb)A(aVc) the the following
of
distributive not and
distributive
following The The The The complement The The direct compl emented
() d Ar e every complementedbecause
equations complement complement
two complement
complement
complements
complement Ay=a. c
theselattices product because
lattices element
complemented since
lattices
d^ lattice
ular
[Ans:(i) a of lattice
(b there
in of d
are are (b^ (S.. ofof5 of3 ofofc ofeach (bve) snce
A Ve)
with
a L. any is
modular.
equivalent.distributive? V is
7and is isl element
are is zero
with a
D) 15 35105 e two there
#(d^b) zero
c) for and 21and and lattice (d^b) y
= and and and b corresponding a
(a vice in distributive 1S
vice
n vice
vice (L, no V and
vice d Sj05
vice versa. V(dnc)]
(d^c). MATHEMATICS
DISCRETE
not is
and
A versa.] versa.
V, complement unit
ular](ii) b) 30 versa. versa. unit
versa. ^)
V and e.
(a determine lattices e. toBut
n But C
^ for such not isit
c) = it
and * the is and. o that
a
 CedATTICES
I
complemented?atice,
the AND
whose BOOLEAN
complements,

[Ans: Hasse
ALGEBRA

aVe=1 diagram if
they
But ..
.". Complement exist,
is of
cVb=c&cAb=b Complement
&cAa=a
cVaFc & given
&c^eb c a^e0;
has cVe= Vd= c
no below. the
ment &c^d=a 1
is of of b elements
t b a
is Can
isVd=1&
d e the a,
Lattice b,c
b^e=0
of
5.57
t
behe