Ch-6 Hydraulic Structures Canal

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal
Contents
1 Different types of hydraulic structures
2 Types of cross drainage structures, conditions of applications and their designs (Aqueduct
and siphon aqueducts)
3 Distributary heads regulator and cross regulator and their design
4 Escapes and their types
5 Falls, their types and design of vertical drop fall (crest, length and thickness of impervious
floor)
6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 2 / 111

Figure: Different Canal Sructures (Source: Nptel)

Types of cross drainage structures
1 Irrigation Canal Passes Over Natural Stream (Drainage)

1 Aqueduct
2 Siphon Aqueduct
2 Natural Stream (Drainage) Passes Over the Irrigation Canal
1 Super passage
2 Siphon (Canal Siphon or Siphon Superpassage)
3 Canal Crosses Natural Stream (Drainage) at same level
1 Level Crossing
2 Inlets and Outlets

Aqueduct
Figure: Relative position of canal with respect to natural drainage (NPTEL)

Aqueduct
Figure: Aqueduct (Garg)

Syphon Aqueduct

Syphon Aqueduct
Figure: Syphon Aqueduct (Garg)

Superpassage

Superpassage
Figure: Superpassage (Garg)

Syphon Superpassage

Syphon Superpassage
Figure: Syphon Superpassage (Garg)

Level Crossing

Level Crossing
Figure: Level Crossing (Garg)

Level Crossing
Figure: Level Crossing (NPTEL)

Type I Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct)
Figure: Type I Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct) (Asawa et. al.)

Barrel Type Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct)
Figure: Barrel Type Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct) (Nptel)

Type II Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct)
Figure: Type II Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct) (Asawa et. al.)

Type III Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct)
Figure: Type III Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct) (Asawa et. al.)

Trough Type Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct)
Figure: Trough Type Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct) (Nptel)

Cross Drainage Design
1. Design of drianage waterway

Approximate value
√ of waterway is given as:
P = 4.75 Q 2. Size of Barrels
where, Height of barrel for syphon aqueduct is
Q = dscharge in cumec calculated using permissible velocity of 2-3
P = wetted perimeter (m) m/s.
Generally, no extra provision is made for
piers.

3. Design of fluming
Figure: Canal Fluming (Nptel)

Figure: Canal Fluming (Nptel)

3. Design of Fluming
Fluming of canal is done to
reduce canal width and
length of barrel
A splay of
2:1 in entry
3:1 in exit
is provided
In flumed section, velocity
of flow is generally less
than 3 m/s

4. Flumed section design
Step I
FSL at section 4 − 4 = Bed level at section 4 − 4 + y4

V42
TEL at section 4 − 4 = FSL at section 4 − 4 +
2g
Step II
Between secion 3-3 and 4-4, there is expansion loss
!
V32 − V42
TEL at section 3 − 3 = TEL at section 4 − 4 + 0.3
2g
V32
FSL at section 3 − 3 = TEL at section 3 − 3 −
2g
Bed level at section 3 − 3 = FSL at section 3 − 3 − y3 6:
Hydraulic Structures for Canal 25 / 111

Step III
Between section 2-2 and 3-3, there is frictional loss (HL ) given by Manning’s formula
Q 2 · n2 · L V 2 · n2 · L
HL = or
A2 · R 4/3 R 4/3
where,
n = Manning 0 s n
L = Length of flumed section
TEL at section 2 − 2 = TEL at section 3 − 3 + HL
V22
2g
Bed level at section 2 − 2 = FSL at section 2 − 2 − y2


Step IV
Between secion 1-1 and 2-2, there is contraction loss
!
V22 − V12
TEL at section 1 − 1 = TEL at section 2 − 2 + 0.2
2g
V12
2g
Bed level at section 1 − 1 = FSL at section 1 − 1 − y1

5. Design of Transition
Mitra’s hyperbolic transition
Bn · Bf · Lf where,
Bx =
Lf · Bn − (Bn − Bf )x Bn = Bed width of normal channel section
Bf = Bed width of flumed channel section
Chaturvedi’s semi cubic parabolic
Bx = Bed width at any distance x from
transition
flumed section
Lf · Bn
3/2
"
Bf
3/2 # Lf = Length of transition
x= 3/2 3/2
1−
Bn − Bf Bx

6. Afflux and head loss through syphon barrel
L V 2 Va2

h = 1 + f1 + f2 −
R 2g 2g Material of the a b
R = Hydraulic mean radius, m surface of barrel
L = Length of barrel, m Smooth Iron Pipe 0.00497 0.025
Encrusted Pipe 0.00996 0.025
V = velocity through barrel, m/s
Smooth Cement 0.00316 0.030
Va = approach velocity head, m/s Plaster
f1 = coefficient for entry loss Ashlar or Brick 0.00401 0.070
= 0.505 for unshaped mouth Work
= 0.08 for bell mouth Rubble Masonry 0.00507 0.250
or stone pitching
f2 = coefficient for frictional loss
b

=a 1+
R
7. Design of canal trough
Figure: Uplift pressure on the underside of canal trough (Garg)

8. Design of Bottom floor of aqueduct and syphon aqueduct
The floor of aqueduct or syphon aqueduct is subjected to uplift due to two causes.
1 Uplift due to water table
2 Uplift due to seepage of water from the canal to drainage.
Figure: Uplift on bottom floor (Garg)

Cross Drainage Design: Numerical
Numerical
Design a suitable cross-drainage structure for the following data:
Discharge in the canal = 40 m3 /s

Bed width of the canal = 30 m
Side slope of the canal = 1.5H : 1V
Bed level of the canal = 267.0 m
Depth of flow in the canal = 1.6 m
High flood discharge of the stream = 500 m3 /s
High flood level of the strem = 268.0 m
Bed level of the stream = 265.0 m

Solution:
Since, HFL of stream/drainage is above canal bed level and below FSL of canal, syphon
aqueduct is required.
1. Design of drianage waterway
Lacey 0 s regime perimeter , P = 4.75 Q

p
√
= 4.75 500
= 106.21 m
Provide 11 clear spans of 8 m each separated by 10 piers of thickness 1.6m each.

Total water way = 11 × 8 + 10 × 1.6 = 104 m.

2. Size of Barrels
Assuming limiting velocity of flow V through barrels as 2.5 m/s.
Discharge
Height of barrel =
Clear Waterway × Velocity
500 m3 /s
=
(11 × 8 m) × 2.5 m/s
= 2.27 m
Provide 11 rectangular barrels, each 8 m wide and 2.25 m high.

Discharge
Actual velocity through barrels =
Clear waterway × Height
500
=
11 × 8 × 2.25
= 2.53 m/s (okay )

Normal bed width of canal = 30 m
Since, draiange width is large (104 m), it is economical to flume the canal.
Let, the canal be flumed to 15 m.
Providing a splay of 2:1 in contraction and 3:1 in expansion.
30 − 15
Length of transition in contraction = ×2
2
= 15 m
30 − 15
Length of transition in expansion = ×3
2
= 22.5 m

Section
4-4 3-3 2-2 1-1
Width (m) 30 15 15 30
Flow depth (m) 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
Area of flow (m2 ) 51.84 24 24 51.84
Velocity (Q/A) (m/s) 0.77 1.67 1.67 0.77
Velocity head (V 2 /2g) (m) 0.030 0.142 0.142 0.022
Loss, m Expansion Frictional Contraction
0.034 0.045 0.030
RL of canal bed, m 267 266.922 266.967 267.101
RL of water surface, m 268.6 268.522 268.567 268.701
RL of TEL, m 268.630 268.664 268.709 268.731

Frictional loss
V 2 · n2 · L
HL =
R 4/3
n = 0.015 (let)
A = 1.6 × 15 = 24 m2
L = 104 m
P = 2 × 1.6 + 15 = 18.2 m
24
R= = 1.318 m
18.2
1.672 × 0.0152 × 104
HL =
1.3184/3
= 0.045 m

Contraction transition
5. Design of Transition
Since, the depth is kept constant, 30 × 15 × 15
Bx =
design of transition is done by 15 × 30 − (30 − 15)x
Mitra’s hyperbolic transition
Bn · Bf · Lf x, m 0 3 6 9 12 15
Bx = Bx , m 15 16.66 18.75 21.43 25 30
Lf · Bn − (Bn − Bf )x
where, Expansion transition

Bn = 30 m 30 × 15 × 22.5
Bf = 15 m Bx =
22.5 × 30 − (30 − 15)x
Bx = Bed width at any distance x
from flumed section
Lf = 15m for contraction x, m 0 4.5 9 13.5 18 22.5
Lf = 22.5 m for expansion Bx , m 15 16.66 18.75 21.43 25 30

6. Design of canal trough

The trough shall be divided into two equal compartments of 7.5 m wide separated by 0.4 m
thick partition.
The thickness of slabs and side walls are to be determined by structural design methods.
Provide side wall and bottom slab of 0.4 m.
Overall length of barrel = 15 + 0.4 + 2 × 0.4 = 16.2 m

7. Head loss through syphon barrel
L V2

h = 1 + f1 + f2
R 2g
0.030

V = velocity through barrel, = 2.53m/s f2 = 0.00316 1 +
0.878
f1 = coefficient for entry loss = 0.00326
= 0.505 for unshaped mouth
f2 = coefficient for frictional loss L = Length of barrel, = 16.2 m
b

16.2 2.532

=a 1+
R h = 1 + 0.505 + 0.003267
0.878 2 × 9.81
For cement plastered barrels
= 0.510 m
a = 0.00316 b = 0.030
A 8 × 2.25 High flood level = 268.0 m
R= = = 0.878 m U/S HFL = D/S HFL + h = 268.510
P 2 × (8 + 2.25)
8. Uplift pressure on roof barrels
RL of bottom of trough = 267 − 0.4 = 266.6 m

V2 2.532
Entry loss = 0.505 = 0.505
2g 2 × 9.81
= 0.165 m
Uplift on roof = 268.51 − 0.165 − 266.6
= 1.745 m of water
Force by Self weight = 0.4 × 24 KN/m3 = 9.6 KN/m2
Uplift force = 1.745 × 9.81 KN/m3
= 17.12 KN/m2
Provide reinforcement for upward force of 7.52 KN/m2 (17.12 - 9.6)


Assume drainage floor length as 30 m.
9. Uplift on bottom floor of barrel Sppeage head at b
Static head
Due to water table when barrel runs empty 3.6
= 3.6 − × (15 + 4)
15 + 4 + 15
Satic head = Drain bed level − Barrel bottom level = 1.6 m
= 265 − (266.6 − 2.25 − 0.8)
= 1.45 m of water Total uplift = static + seepage
= 1.45 + 1.6 = 3.05 m
Seepage head
When there is no water in barrel but canal runs full = 29.92 KN/m2
Slab weight = 0.8 × 24KN/m3
Sppeage head = Canal FSL − Drain bed level
= 19.6 KN/m2
= 268.6 − 265
= 3.6 m of water Provide reinforcement for 10.30 KN/m2
(29.92 - 19.6)
Figure: Distributary head regulator and cross regulator (Nptel)

Distributary heads regulator and cross regulator
Functions of head regulator Functions of cross regulator

Regulate or control suplies to the Effective regulation of the whole canal
off-taking canal. system
Serve as meter for measuring Raise water in parent channel for effective
discharge. supply in off-taking canal
Control silt entry in the off-taking Close the supply d/s of regulator
canal. Help absorb fluctuations in canal system
Shut off supplies in the off-taking Provide means of communication as
canal. bridges can be combined in it.

Distributary heads regulator and cross regulator: Design
Crest level
The crest level of cross
regulator is kept at u/s Figure: Distributary heads regulator and cross regulator (Jha et. al.)
bed level.
The crest level of
distributary head regulator
is kept 0.3 to 1.0 m higher
than crest level of cross
regulator

Waterway
The discharge is determined by the drowned weir formula
2 p h i q
Q = Cd1 B 2g (h + hv )3/2 − hv3/2 + Cd2 B h1 2g(h + hv )
3
where,
Cd1 = 0.577
Cd2 = 0.8
Q = discharge in cumec
B = clear waterway
h = level difference in water level u/s and
d/s of crest
hv = approach velocity head Neglecting velocity head and replacing values
h1 = depth of d/s water level in channel √
Q = B h [1.7h + 3.54h1 ]
above crest
Conditions of flow for design Downstream floor level
The design is done under two q and HL are used to calculate value of Ef 2
flow conditions:
D/s floor level = d/s TEL - Ef 2
1 Full supply discharge
≈ d/s FSL - Ef 2
passign through both the
head regulator and cross The calculated level should not be lower than d/s bed
regulator; level.
2 The discharge in the Downstream floor length
parent channel is low but Length = 5 × (y2 − y1 )
the off-taking canal is y2 and y1 are depths corresponding to specific energy Ef 1
running full by partial and Ef 2
opening of cross regulator Length = 2
of total floor length considering exit gradient
3
2
= 3 b; b = αd

Uplift pressures and floor thickness
Cut off The floor thickness is calculated by working
1 U/S cut off = yu /3 + 0.6 (minimum) out uplift pressures by Khosla’s theory.
2 D/S cut off = yd /2 + 0.6 (minimum) A minimum thickness of 0.3 to 0.5 m is
where provided from practical consideration
yu = U/S flow depth Protection Works
yd = D/S flow depth
The u/s and d/s protection works are
Total floor length designed for scour depth (D i.e. cut offs).
Calculated from exit gradient
The “C.C blocks” and “inverted filter” are
consideration.
provided in length approximately equal to
i.e. b = α × d
1.5 D.
d = depth of d/s cutoff below d/s floor
level The quantity of stone in launching apron is
kept as 2.25 D cubic meter/meter.

Hydraulic Jump Calculation
2q 2
y1 y2 (y1 + y2 ) =
g
(y2 − y1 )3
HL =
4y1 y2
V2
Ef 1 = y1 + 1
2g
V2
Ef 2 = y2 + 2
2g
q
V1 =
y1
q
V2 =
y2

Hydraulic Jump Calculation: Blench Curve

Hydraulic Jump Calculation
Alternatively, Blench’s curve may be used for computation purpose.
When Blench’s curves are not available, following calculations may be used.
!1/3
q2 Relation between Z and X; and Z and Y
yc = (critical depth)
g −X 6 + 20X 3 + 8 − (X 4 + 8X )3/2
y1 Z=
X= 16X 2
yc −Y 6 − 20Y 3 − 8 − (Y 4 + 8Y )3/2
y2 Z=
Y = 16Y 2
yc
Alternatively
HL
Z= Y = 1 + 0.93556 Z 0.368 for Z < 1
yc
Ef 1 1 Y = 1 + 0.93556 Z 0.240 for Z > 1
=X+
yc 2X 2 (Y − X )3
Ef 2 1 Z=
=Y + 4XY
yc 2Y 2
Distributary heads regulator and cross regulator: Numerical
Design a cross-regulator and distriburary head regulator for a distributary channel taking off
from the parent channel, for following data.
Discharge of parent channel = 100 cumec
Discharge of distributary = 15 cumec
FSL of parent channel u/s and d/s = 218.10 m and 217.90 m respectively
Bed width of parent channel u/s and d/s = 42 m and 38 m respectively
Depth of water in parent channel u/s and d/s = 2.5 m and 2.5 m respectively
FSL of distributary = 217.10 m
Bed width of distribuary = 15 m
Depth of water in distributary = 1.5 m
Permissible exit gradient = 1/5

Numerical: Design of cross-regulator
Solution:
Crest level
Crest level = u/s bed level

= u/s FSL − depth
= 218.1 − 2.5
= 215.6 m
Provide crest at 215.6 m RL.

Waterway
2 p h i q
3
Cd1 = 0.577 hv = approach velocity head

Cd1 = 0.8 Neglecting approach velocity head
√
3
Q = Discharge (m /s) Q = B h [1.7h + 3.54h1 ]
√
B = clear waterway (m) 100 = B 0.2 [1.7 × 0.2 + 3.54 × 2.3]
h = 218.1 − 217.9 = 0.2 m Solving,
h1 = 217.9 − 215.6 = 2.3 m B = 26.36 m
Provide 4 bays of 7 m each separated by 3 piers of 1.5 m each.
Total water way = 4 × 7 m + 3 × 1.5 m = 32.5 m
55 / 111
Downstream floor level
100
q=
28 Y = 1 + 0.93556 Z 0.368 for Z < 1
= 3.57 m3 /s/m = 1 + 0.93556 × 0.18350.368
!1/3 !1/3
q2 3.572 = 1.501
yc = =
g 9.81 y2 = Y × yc = 1.501 × 1.09 m = 1.636 m
Now ,
= 1.09 m (Y − X )3
Z=
y1 4XY
X=
yc (1.501 − X )3
y2 0.1835 =
Y = 4 × X × 1.501
yc X = 0.602
HL 0.2 y1 = X × yc = 0.602 × 1.09 m = 0.676 m
Z= = = 0.1835
yc 1.09
Cut offs
Ef 2 1
=Y +
yc 2Y 2 U/S Cutoff = yu /3 + 0.6
1

2 = 2.5/3 + 0.6
Ef 2 = 1.09 × 1.501 +
2 × 1.5012
= 1.43 m
= 1.88 m
≈ 1.5 m
Downstream floor level D/S Cutoff = yd /2 + 0.6
= FSL d/s - Ef 2 = 2.5/2 + 0.6
= 217.9 - 1.89 = 216.01 m = 1.85 m
which is higher than d/s bed level ≈2m
So, d/s floor level = 215.4 m

Total Floor length
Downstream floor length
Seepage head
= 218.1 − 215.6 = 2.7 m Hydraulic jump criteria
GE = 1/5 = 5 × (y2 − y1 ) = 5 × (1.636 − 0.676)
H 1 = 4.8 m ≈ 5 m
GE = √
d π λ Exit gradient criteria
1 2.7 1 = 2/3 of total floor length
= √
5 2 π λ = 2/3 × 17 ≈ 11.5 m
λ = 4.616
h p i D/s glacis length with 2 : 1 slope
λ = (1/2) 1 + 1+ α2 = 2 × (215.6 − 215.4) = 0.4 m
α = 8.17
Provide balance 5.1 m (17 - 11.5 - 0.4)
Length, b = α × d = 8.17 × 2 upstream.
= 16.34 = 17 m
Protection works
Upstream
Khosla’s theory can be used to I Provide “C.C blocks” and “inverted
calculate uplift pressures filter” in length approximately equal to
Provide a minimum floor thickness 1.5 × 1.5 (2.25 m)
of 0.5m at the u/s I Provide launching apron with quantity of
stone 2.25 × 1.5 = 3.375 m3 /m
Thickness at different locations
can be worked out using uplift Downstream
pressures
I Provide “C.C blocks” and “inverted
filter” in length approximately equal to
4h 1.5 × 2 (3 m)
Thickness = I Provide launching apron with quantity of
3 (G − 1)
stone 2.25 × 2 = 4.5 m3 /m

Figure: Cross Regulator

Numerical: Design of distributary head regulator
Solution:
Crest level
Keep crest level of distributary head regulator 0.5 m higher than crest level of cross regulator
Crest level = crest level of cross regulator + 0.5 m

= 215.6 + 0.5
= 216.1 m
Provide crest at 216.1 m RL.

Waterway
2 p h i q
3
Cd1 = 0.577 hv = approach velocity head

Cd1 = 0.8 Neglecting approach velocity head
√
Q = Discharge (m3 /s) Q = B h [1.7h + 3.54h1 ]
√
B = clear waterway (m) 15 = B 1 [1.7 × 1 + 3.54 × 1]
h = u/s FSL − d/s FSL = 1.0 m Solving,
h1 = d/s FSl − crest level = 1.0 m B = 2.86 m
Waterway is very less compared to bed width. So, provide 2 bays of 3 m each separated by 1
piers of 1 m.
Total water way = 2 × 3 m + 1 m = 7 m
15
q=
6 Y = 1 + 0.93556 Z 0.240 for Z > 1
= 2.5 m3 /s/m = 1 + 0.93556 × 1.1620.240
!1/3 !1/3
q2 2.52 = 1.97
yc = =
g 9.81 y2 = Y × yc = 1.97 × 0.86 m = 1.69 m
Now ,
= 0.86 m (Y − X )3
Z=
y1 4XY
X=
yc (1.97 − X )3
y2 1.163 =
Y = 4 × X × 1.97
yc X = 0.413
HL 1 y1 = X × yc = 0.413 × 0.86 m = 0.355 m
Z= = = 1.163
yc 0.86
Cut offs
Ef 2 1 U/S Cutoff = yu /3 + 0.6
=Y +
yc 2Y 2 = 2.5/3 + 0.6
1

Ef 2 = 0.86 × 1.972 + = 1.43 m
2 × 1.972 ≈ 1.5 m
= 1.805 m
D/S Cutoff = yd /2 + 0.6
Downstream floor level = 1.5/2 + 0.6
= FSL d/s - Ef 2 = 1.1 m
= 217.1 - 1.805 = 215.295 m = 2.0 m (adopt)
which is lower than d/s bed level
Providing d/s cut off in depth equal to
(215.6 m)
d/s cut off of cross regulator to limit
So, d/s floor level = 215.2 m
floor length

Total Floor length Downstream floor length
Seepage head Hydraulic jump criteria
= 218.1 − 215.2 = 2.9 m = 5 × (y2 − y1 ) = 5 × (1.69 − 0.355)
GE = 1/5 = 6.7 m ≈ 7 m
H 1 Exit gradient criteria
GE = √
d π λ
= 2/3 of total floor length
1 2.9 1
= √ = 2/3 × 20 ≈ 13.5 m
5 2 π λ
λ = 5.33 D/s glacis length with 2 : 1 slope
h p i = 2 × (216.1 − 215.2) = 1.8 m
λ = (1/2) 1 + 1 + α2
U/s glacis length with 1 : 1 slope
α = 9.6
= 1 × (216.1 − 215.6) = 0.5 m
Length, b = α × d = 9.6 × 2
= 19.2 ≈ 20 m Provide balance 3.2 m (20 - 13.5 - 0.5 - 1 - 1.8) u/s.
Protection works
Upstream
Khosla’s theory can be used to I Provide “C.C blocks” and “inverted
calculate uplift pressures filter” in length approximately equal to
Provide a minimum floor thickness 1.5 × 1.5 (2.25 m)
of 0.5m at the u/s I Provide launching apron with quantity of
stone 2.25 × 1.5 = 3.375 m3 /m
Thickness at different locations
can be worked out using uplift Downstream
pressures
I Provide “C.C blocks” and “inverted
filter” in length approximately equal to
4h 1.5 × 2 (3 m)
Thickness = I Provide launching apron with quantity of
3 (G − 1)
stone 2.25 × 2 = 4.5 m3 /m

Figure: Distributary Head Regulator

Escapes
Escape
Structures to release excess

water from a canal.
Generally, provided at interval
of 15 to 20 km for main canal
and 10 to 15 km for other
canals.
The structural and hydraulic
design is similar to that of
sluices or weirs.
Escapes may be:
I Weir Type
I Regulator (Sluice) Type

Escapes
Figure: Weir Type Escape (Nptel)

Escapes
Figure: Sluice Type Escape (Nptel)

Figure: Canal Drops or Falls (Nptel)

Falls
Figure: Ogee Fall (Nptel)

Falls
Figure: Ogee Fall (Asawa et. al.)

Falls
Figure: Rapid Fall (Nptel)

Falls
Figure: Rapid Fall (Asawa et. al.)

Falls
Figure: Notch Fall (Nptel)

Falls
Figure: Vertical Fall (Nptel)

Falls
Figure: Vertical Impact Cistern (Asawa et. al.)

Falls
Figure: Horizontal Impact Cistern (Asawa et. al.)

Falls
Figure: Roughening devices at the downstream of cistern (Asawa et. al.)

Vertical Fall (Sarda Fall)
Figure: Trapezoidal Fall (Garg)

Figure: Rectangular Fall (Garg)

Figure: Trapezoidal Fall (Jha et. al.))

Figure: Rectangular Fall (Jha et. al.)

Vertical Fall (Sarda Fall) Design
Step I: Design of Crest
Length of Crest = Bed width of canal (u/s) Bottom width
Shape of Crest
h+d
Rectangular when Q upto 14 m3 /s B1 =
G
Trapezoidal when Q > 14 m3 /s G = specific gravity of crest material
Q is discharge
Discharge, Q
Top Width
√ p 3/2

H
1/6
Rectangular , Bt = 0.55 d Q = Cd 2g L H
√ Bt
Trapezoidal, Bt = 0.55 H + d where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge
d is height of crest above d/s bed level = 0.415 (Rectangular )
H is head over crest = 0.450 (Trapezoidal)

H 1/6

3/2
Q = 1.84 × L × H (Rectangular )
Bt
1/6
H
Q = 1.99 × L × H 3/2 (Trapezoidal)
Bt
Crest Level = U/S TEL - Head over Crest (H)

While neglecting velocity head
Crest Level = U/S FSL - Head over Crest (H)
Now,
Height of crest wall = U/S depth (D1 ) - height of water surface over crest level (h)

Step II: Design of Cistern

p
Length of cistern, Lc = 5 H × HL
1
Depth of cistern, x = (H × HL )2/3
4
Neglecting velocity head
p
Length of cistern, Lc = 5 h × HL
1
Depth of cistern, x = (h × HL )2/3
4

Step III: Cut off or curtain wall

1 U/S cut off = D1 /3 (minimum)
D1 /3 + 0.6 (minimum 0.8 m)
2 D/S cut off = D2 /2 (minimum)
D2 /2 + 0.6 (minimum 1.0 m)
where
D1 = U/S flow depth
D2 = D/S flow depth

Step IV: Design of Impervious Floor
The length and thickness of impervious floor is determined by Bligh’s theory for small
works and Khosla’s for large works.
Maximum seepage head occurs when there is water on the U/S side upto crest level and
no flow on the downstream.
Hydraulic Gradient for Bligh’s theory = 1/5 to 1/8
Minimum length of floor downstream of crest wall
ld = 2 × (water depth + 1.2) + drop
Floor thickness
Upstream = 0.3 m (minimum)
Downstream
I 0.3 to 0.4 m for small falls
I 0.4 to 0.6 m for large falls

Miscellaneous
Upstream Wing Wall
Trapezoidal Figure: Wing Wall (Garg)
Radius = 5 to 6 times H
Subtends 600 angle at centre
Rectangular
Straight at an angle of 450
Downstream Wing Wall
Straight
√ for length of 5 to 8 times
H × HL
Gradually wrapped and continued
upto end of pucca floor
Designed as retaining wall

Miscellaneous
Upstream Protection
Brick pitching in a length equal to upstream water depth in upstream bed, sloping
towards crest at a slope of 1:10.
Drain pipe should be provided at u/s bed level.
Downstream Protection
Dry brick pitching about 20 cm thick resting on 10 cm ballast
Length is maximum of
3 times depth of downstream water; or
Calculated from table
Slope Pitching
After the return wing wall, the sides of canal are pitched with one brick on edge
The pitching rests on toe wall with depth equal to half downstream water depth

Table: Details of bed pitching

Head over the Total Length of pitching Remarks Cutrain Wall
crest H (meters) on the d/s (m) Number Depth (m)
upto 0.30 3.0 Sloping at 1:10 1 0.30
0.30 to 0.45 3.0 + 2 ×HL 1 0.30
0.45 to 0.60 4.5 + 2 ×HL Horizontal up to 1 0.45
0.60 to 0.75 6.0 + 2 ×HL end of masonry 1 0.60
0.75 to 0.90 9.0 + 2 ×HL wings and then 1 0.75
0.90 to 1.05 13.5 + 2 ×HL sloping at 1:10 2 0.94
1.05 to 1.20 18.0 + 2 ×HL 2 1.05
1.20 to 1.50 22.5 + 2 ×HL 2 1.35

Vertical Fall (Sarda Fall) Design: Numerical
Design a Sarda type fall for following data:

Full supply discharge upstream and downstream = 40 cumec
Full supply level upstream = 218.30 m
Full supply level downstream = 216.80 m
Full supply depth upstream and downstream = 1.8 m
Bed width upstream and downstream = 26 m
Bed level upstream = 216.5 m
Bed level downstream = 215 m
Drop = 1.5 m
Design the floor on Bligh’s theory taking CB = 8. Check the design by Khosla’s theory and
make changes if necessary. Safe exit gradient may be taken equal as 1/5.

Solution:
Length of Crest = 26 m
Discharge
Since, Q > 14 m3 /s trapezoidal fall with
H 1/6

u/s slope 1:3 and d/s slope 1:8 is adopted. 3/2
Q = 1.99 × L × H
Bt
Now , 1/6
H
D1 + drop = h + d 40 = 1.99 × 26 × H 3/2
1
1.8 + 1.5 = h + d Solving
Neglecting velocity head H = 0.857 m
H + d = 3.3 m Assume 1H : 1V side slope
√
Top width, Bt = 0.55 H + d Approach velocity
√
= 0.55 3.3 = 1 m 40
V = = 0.8 m/s
26 × 1.8 + 1 × 1.82
V2 d = Crest level − d/s bed level

Velocity head = = 0.032 m
2g = 217.475 − 215
Now , = 2.475 m
√
V2 Bt = 0.55 H + d
U/S TEL = U/S FSL + √
2g = 0.55 0.857 + 2.475
= 218.3 + 0.032 = 218.332 m
= 1 m (Okay )
Crest level = U/S TEL − H
= 218.332 − 0.857 = 217.475 m Height of crest above u/s bed level
h = U/S FSL − Crest level = 217.475 − 216.5
= 218.3 − 217.475 = 0.825 m = 0.975 m

p
Length of cistern, Lc = 5 H × HL
√ Step III: Cut off or curtain wall
= 5 0.857 × 1.5
= 5.668 m ≈ 6 m U/S Cutoff = D1 /3 + 0.6
1 = 1.8/3 + 0.6
Depth of cistern, x = (H × HL )2/3
4 = 1.2 m
1
= (0.857 × 1.5)2/3 D/S Cutoff = D2 /2 + 0.6
4
= 0.30 m = 1.8/2 + 0.6
RL of cistern = d/s bed level − x = 1.5 m
= 215 − 0.30
= 214.7 m


Floor length
Minimum length of floor downstream of
Seepage head = Crest level − d/s bed level
crest wall
= 217.475 − 215
= 2.475 m ld = 2 × (water depth + 1.2) + drop
CB = 8 = 2 × (1.8 + 1.2) + 1.5
Creep length = 8 × 2.475 ≈ 20 m = 7.5 m ≈ 8 m
Vertical creep = 2 × (1.2 + 1.5) = 5.4 m
Provide ld = 8 m.
Length of impervious floor The balance length = 15 - 8 = 7 m
= 20 − 5.4 Provide 7 m under and u/s of crest
= 14.6 m ≈ 15 m


Floor thickness
Provide 0.4 m thick floor on the upstream 4h
of crest as uplift is counter balanced by Thickness required =
3 (G − 1)
the weight of water. 4 × 1.33
For other points, Bilgh’s HGL can be =
3 × (2.24 − 1)
computed to calculate thickness
= 1.43 m
Creep length = 2 × (1.2 + 1.5) + 15 = 20.4 m
Unbalanced head at toe of crest Provide minimum thickness of 0.6 m at
2.475 the d/s end of the floor.
= 2.475 − × (2 × 1.2 + 7) The thickness of intermediate point
20.4
may be varied as per requirement
= 1.33 m

Exit Gradient
H 1 h p i
GE = √ λ = (1/2) 1 + 1 + α2
d π λ h i
p
where, = (1/2) 1 + 1 + 102
H = Seepage Head = 2.475 = 5.525
α = b/d 2.475 1
GE = √
b = 15 1.5 π 5.525
d = 1.5 1 1
= > (unsafe)
α = 10 4.47 5
So either increase floor length or increase depth of d/s cutoff.

Increasing depth of d/s cutoff to 2 m
Exit Gradient
H 1 h p i
GE = √ λ = (1/2) 1 + 1 + α2
d π λ h i
p
where, = (1/2) 1 + 1 + 7.52
H = Seepage Head = 2.475 = 4.283
α = b/d 2.475 1
GE = √
b = 15 1.5 π 4.283
d =2 1 1
= < (safe)
α = 7.5 5.25 5
Adopt depth of d/s cutoff as 2 m

Miscellaneous
Upstream Protection
Upstream Wing Wall
Provide brick pitching equal to u/s depth (1.8 m)
Radius = 5 to 6 times H u/s of crest wall at 1:10 slope with 20 cm drain
= 5 × 0.857 to 6 × 0.857 holes at 3 m c/c.
= 4.285 to 5.142 m = 5 m (say) Downstream Protection
Dry brick pitching about 20 cm thick resting on
Downstream wing wall
10 cm ballast and length
D/s wing wall are kept vertical for
distance of = 9 + 2 × HL = 9 + 2 × 1.5 = 12 m
√ Slope Pitching
5 to 8 times H × HL
√ After the return wing wall, the sides of canal
= 5 to 8 × 0.857 × 1.5
are pitched with one brick on edge
= 5.67 m to 9.1 m = 8 m (say)
The pitching rests on toe wall with depth
Then, d/s wing wall is warped to
equal to half downstream water depth (i.e.
normal canal side slope.
0.9m)
Design a Sharda type vertical canal fall for following data

Assume suitable data if necessary
Show designed section wth proper sketches
1 Design bed width of canal at u/s and d/s = 3.5 m
2 Drop height = 1.8 m
3 Discharge, Q = 10 m3 /s
4 Bed Slope of canal = 1:3000
5 Side slope of canal = 1:1
6 Safe exit gradient = 0.2
7 Manning’s n = 0.012
[PU 2017]

Solution:
Since, flow depth is not provided, calculating flow depth first
A = By + zy 2
= 3.5y + 1 × y 2 Now ,
2
1
= 3.5y + y
Q= A R 2/3 S 1/2
Now , n
!2/3 1/2
3.5y + y 2
p
1 1

P = B + 2y 1 + z2 10 = (3.5y + y 2 )
p 0.012 3.5 + 2.828y 3000
= 3.5 + 2y 1 + 12
Solving,
= 3.5 + 2.828y
y = 1.41 m
A 3.5y + y 2
R= =
P 3.5 + 2.828y

Length of Crest = 3.5 m
Since, Q < 14 m3 /s rectangular fall is Approach velocity
adopted. 10
V =
Assume, top width, Bt = 0.75 m 3.5 × 1.41 + 1 × 1.412
= 1.444 m/s
Discharge
1/6 Veloity head
H

Q = 1.84 × L × H 3/2 V2
Bt = = 0.106 m
1/6 2g
H

10 = 1.84 × 3.5 × H 3/2 Now ,
0.75
V2
Solving h=H−
2g
H = 1.265 m
= 1.265 − 0.106 = 1.159 m

Height of crest above u/s bed level

= u/s depth − h
= 1.41 − 1.159 = 0.251 m Adopt top width, Bt as 0.8 m
Now , Bottom width
D1 + drop = h + d h+d 1.159 + 2.051
1.41 + 1.8 = 1.159 + d B1 = =
G 2
d = 2.051 m = 1.605 m
Now G = 2 (assuumed for masonry )
√
Bt = 0.55 d
√
= 0.55 2.051
= 0.78 m

p
Length of cistern, Lc = 5 H × HL Step III: Cut off or curtain wall
√
= 5 1.265 × 1.8 U/S Cutoff = D1 /3 + 0.6
= 7.54 m ≈ 8 m = 1.41/3 + 0.6
1
Depth of cistern, x = (H × HL )2/3 = 1.1 m
4
1 D/S Cutoff = D2 /2 + 0.6
= (1.265 × 1.8)2/3 = 1.41/2 + 0.6
4
= 0.443 ≈ 0.45m = 1.4 m
Cistern is 0.45 m below d/s bed level

Floor length
Seepage head = 2.051 Minimum length of floor downstream of

GE = 1/5 crest wall
H 1
GE = √ ld = 2 × (water depth + 1.2) + drop
d π λ
1 2.051 1 = 2 × (1.41 + 1.2) + 1.8
= √ = 7.02 m ≈ 7.5 m
5 1.4 π λ
λ = 5.436 Provide ld = 9 m.
h p i
λ = (1/2) 1 + 1+ α2 The balance length = 14 - 9 = 5 m
Provide 5 m under and u/s of crest
α = 9.822
Length = α × 1.4 = 14 m


Floor thickness
Provide 0.4 m thick floor on the upstream
of crest as uplift is counter balanced by
the weight of water. Provide minimum thickness of 0.6 m at
For other points, HGL can be computed the d/s end of the floor.
to calculate thickness The thickness of intermediate point
may be varied as per requirement
Thickness can be calculated using formula
4h
=
3 (G − 1)

Miscellaneous
Upstream Protection
Upstream Wing Wall Provide brick pitching equal to u/s depth (1.41
Provide straight wing wall with 450 m) u/s of crest wall at 1:10 slope with 20 cm
angle drain holes at 3 m c/c.
Downstream wing wall Downstream Protection
D/s wing wall are kept vertical for Dry brick pitching about 20 cm thick resting on
distance of 10 cm ballast and length
√
5 to 8 times H × HL = 22.5 + 2 × HL = 22.5 + 2 × 1.8 = 26.1 m
√ Slope Pitching
= 5 to 8 × 1.265 × 1.8
= 7.68 m to 12.07 m = 10 m After the return wing wall, the sides of canal
(say) are pitched with one brick on edge
Then, d/s wing wall is warped to The pitching rests on toe wall with depth
normal canal side slope. equal to half downstream water depth (1 m
say)

Ch-6 Hydraulic Structures Canal

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ch-6 Hydraulic Structures Canal

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal

1 Different types of hydraulic structures

3 Distributary heads regulator and cross regulator and their design

4 Escapes and their types

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 2 / 111

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 3 / 111

1 Irrigation Canal Passes Over Natural Stream (Drainage)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 4 / 111

Figure: Relative position of canal with respect to natural drainage (NPTEL)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 5 / 111

Figure: Aqueduct (Garg)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 6 / 111

Figure: Relative position of canal with respect to natural drainage (NPTEL)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 7 / 111

Figure: Syphon Aqueduct (Garg)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 8 / 111

Figure: Relative position of canal with respect to natural drainage (NPTEL)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 9 / 111

Figure: Superpassage (Garg)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 10 / 111

Figure: Relative position of canal with respect to natural drainage (NPTEL)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 11 / 111

Figure: Syphon Superpassage (Garg)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 12 / 111

Figure: Relative position of canal with respect to natural drainage (NPTEL)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 13 / 111

Figure: Level Crossing (Garg)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 14 / 111

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 15 / 111

Figure: Type I Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct) (Asawa et. al.)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 16 / 111

Figure: Barrel Type Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct) (Nptel)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 17 / 111

Figure: Type II Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct) (Asawa et. al.)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 18 / 111

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 19 / 111

Figure: Trough Type Aqueduct (or Syphon Aqueduct) (Nptel)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 20 / 111

1. Design of drianage waterway

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 21 / 111

Figure: Canal Fluming (Nptel)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 22 / 111

Figure: Canal Fluming (Nptel)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 23 / 111

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 24 / 111

FSL at section 4 − 4 = Bed level at section 4 − 4 + y4

Hydraulic Structures for Canal 25 / 111

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 26 / 111

4. Flumed section design

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 27 / 111

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 28 / 111

Figure: Uplift pressure on the underside of canal trough (Garg)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 30 / 111

2 Uplift due to seepage of water from the canal to drainage.

Figure: Uplift on bottom floor (Garg)

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 31 / 111

Discharge in the canal = 40 m3 /s

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 32 / 111

Lacey 0 s regime perimeter , P = 4.75 Q

Provide 11 clear spans of 8 m each separated by 10 piers of thickness 1.6m each.

6: Hydraulic Structures for Canal 33 / 111

Provide 11 rectangular barrels, each 8 m wide and 2.25 m high.