INDIAN NATIONAL EARLY UPRISINGS AGAINST THE

MOVEMENT BRITISH RULE

 EARLY UPRISINGS AGAINST THE
BRITISH RULE
• 8TH BOOK • 8TH BOOK
• People’s Revolt • ம"கள%& (ர*சி

• 10TH BOOK • 10TH BOOK

• காலன%ய12"3 எதிரான
• Anti-Colonial Movements and the
இய"க7க89 ேதசிய1தி&
Birth of Nationalism ேதா;ற=9

• 11TH BOOK • 11TH BOOK

• ஆ7கிேலய? ஆ*சிய@& வ@ைளCகD
• Effects of British Rule
• ஆ7கிேலய ஆ*சி"31
• Early Resistance to British Rule ெதாட"ககால எதி?G("கD
• The conquest of territories and
the expansionist policy of the
British East India Company led to
a series of rebellions of deposed
kings, or their descendants,
uprooted zamindars, and
palayakarars.
• Independent of such revolts
were the uprisings of the
dispossessed peasants and
tribals.
• கிழ$கி%திய$ க)ெபன-ய./
ப.ரேதச3கைள$ ைக6ப7றிய9),
வ.<வா$க$ ெகா>ைகய.னா? பதவ.
நA$க) ெசBய6பCட ம/னFக> அ?ல9
அவFகள9 வழிIேதா/ற?க>,
பதவ.ய.ழ%த ஜமK /தாFக> ம7L)
பாைளய$காரFக> ெதாடFMசியான
கிளFMசிகள-? ஈOபCடனF.
• இதேனாO வ.வசாய.க> ம7L)
பழ3RSய.ன</ எUMசிகV)
அட3R).
• The rapid changes introduced by
the British in the agrarian
relations, land revenue system,
and judicial administration,
greatly disrupted the agrarian
economy, resulting in
widespread misery among
various sections of the society.
• When the aggrieved erstwhile
ruling class raised a standard of
revolt, they received the support
of tribals, peasants and artisans.
• வ@வசாய9, நில வJவாK அைமG(
ம;M9 நNத ி12ைற நி?வாக9
ஆகியவ;றிO ஆ7கிேலய?களாO
அறி=கGபQ1தGப*ட வ@ைரவான
மா;ற7கD வ@வசாயG ெபாJளாதார1ைத
ெபR29 சீ?3ைல1தன, இத& வ@ைளவாக
சTக1தி& பOேவM ப@RCகள%ைடேய
பரவலான 2யர9 ஏ;ப*ட2.
• பாதி"கGப*ட =&னாD ஆ89 வ?"க9
கிள?Wசிய@O இற7கியெபாX2 , அவ?கD
பழ73Zய@ன?, வ@வசாய@கD ம;M9
ைகவ@ைனஞ?கள%& ஆதரைவG ெப;றன?.
 Mysore Sultans and their Resistance
• Mysore was a small feudatory kingdom under • !ஜயநகர' ேபரர*+ ,- ைம01 ஒ3 *4ய 5ல'7ர89:வ
ரா=>யமாக இ3@த:.
the Vijayanagar Empire.

• 1565 இB !ஜயநகரC D-@த 7றF, உைடயா1 அரச1கK

• After Vijayanagar fell in 1565, the ruling தLகK Mத@Nர9ைத உON'பP9Nன1. தைலநக1 ைம0RB
dynasty of Wodeyars asserted their இ3@: SரLக'பTUன9NVF 1610 இB மாVற'பTட:.
independence .The capital moved from Mysore
to Srirangapatnam in 1610.
• ைஹதR+ த@ைத ஃபேத YஹCம: ேகாலாR+ ஃெபௗ=தா1
(பைட தளபN) ஆவா1.

• Haider’s father Fateh Muhammad was the

Faujdar (garrison commander) of Kolar.
 Mysore Sultans and their Resistance
• In 1760 Haider allied with the French at • 1760 இB ைஹத1 பா^U_ேசR`B ஆLaேலய1கbcF
Pondicherry against the English, but his எNராக 7ெரeMcகார1கbட+ fTP_ ேச1@தா1, ஆனாB
position at home was endangered by the மரா9Nய1களாB அவர: பத!cF ஆப9: ஏVபTட:.
Marathas.
• ைஹத1 5ைலைமைய ெவV4கரமாக ைகயா^P, தலவாh
ஆகiC ைம0R+ உ^ைமயான ஆT*யாளராகiC ஆனா1.
• Haider successfully handled the situation and
became the Dalawai and the de facto ruler of
Mysore. • 1770 இB ைம01 ம+ன1 இற@தா1. அத+7றF உைடயா1
அரச1கK ெபயரள!லான ஆT*யாள1களாக மTPேம
ெசயBபTடன1. உ^ைமயான அரச அNகாரC ைஹதRடC
இ3@த:.
• In 1770 the Mysore king died. Thereafter
Wodeyar kings functioned only as nominal
rulers with the real royal authority vested in
Haider
Mysore Wars (1767-99)
Mysore Wars (1767-99)
• The elimination of Tipu and the
restoration of the old Wodeyar
dynasty to the Mysore kingdom
marked the real beginning of
Company rule in south India.
• The sons of the slain Tipu were
interned first at Vellore, and
later, after the Vellore Revolt of
1806, shifted to Calcutta.
• Thus ended the valiant fight of
Mysore Sultans against the
British
• தி6Wவ./ மரண) ம7L) பைழய
உைடயாF வ)சIைத மK ZO)
ைம[F அரசரா$கிய9
ெத/ன-%தியாவ.? க)ெபன-
ஆCசிய./ உZைமயான
ெதாட$கIைத$ RறிIத9.
• தி6Wவ./ மக/க> ]தலி?
ேவ^<? அைட$க6பCடனF, 1806
ேவ^F கிளFMசி$R6 ப.றR,
க?கIதாc$R மா7ற6பCடனF.
• ஆ3கிேலயFகV$R எதிரான ைம[F
d?தா/கள-/ வர)
A இeவாL
]Sc$R வ%த9
 Early Resistance of Southern Polygars
• The Nawab of Arcot, who had borrowed heavily •
by pledging the villages in several parts of
Tamilnadu, entrusted the task of collecting land
revenue arrears to the Company
administration.
• The South Indian Confederacy consisted of
• The encroachment of East Indian Company
administration into Palayakkarar’s authority
aroused stiff resistance
• The first rebellion, also called the First Polygar
War broke out in September 1799 in Tirunelveli •
district. The Polygars were led by Kattabomma
Nayak , who was in charge of
Panchalankurichi Palayam.
The Second Polygar War (1800 – 01) is also
called the South Indian Rebellion due to its
scale and reach.
Marudu Pandian of Sivaganga, Dheeran
Chinnamalai of Kongu Nadu, Gopala Nayak of
Dindigul, Krishnappa Nayak and Dhoondaji of
Mysore and Pazhassi Raja Kerala Varma of
Malabar.
It took the British more than a year to suppress
this rebellion. After this, the Carnatic Treaty of
1801 was signed which gave the British direct
control over Tamil Nadu. With this, the authority
of the Polygars also ended.
1. த"#நா&'( பல ப+,க./ உ1ள 3ராம6கைள அட+ ைவ;< 5. ெத(LP,யG c&டைமDd [வக6ைகையZ ேசMPத ம><
ெப>மள? கட( வா63ய ஆBகாC நவாD, Eல வ>வாF
பாG3கைள வHIG+J பKைய கJெபL EMவாக;,டJ
ஒDபைட;தாM.
2. 3ழG3P,ய கJெபL EMவாகJ பாைளயGகாரQ(
அ,கார;,B+1 RைழPத< கCJ எ,MDைப 3ளDTய<.
3. ,>ெந/ேவI மாவ&ட;,/ ெசDடJபM 1799 இ/ Xத/ பாIகM
ேபாM எ(YJ அைழGகDபCJ Xத/ 3ளMZ[ ெவ';த<.
பா\சால6+]Z[ பாைளய;,( ெபாYDபாளராக இ>Pத
க&டெபாJம நாயGகM தைலைம^/ பலகாரMக1 இ>PதனM.
பா`'ய(, ெகா6+நா&'( eர( [(னமைல, ,`CGக/I(
ேகாபால நாயGகM, ைமHைரZ ேசMPத 3>fணDப நாயGகM மBYJ
g`டாh மBYJ மலபாQ( பழ[ ராஜா ேகரள வMமா
ஆ3ேயாைரG ெகா`'>Pத<.
6. இPதG 3ளMZ[ைய ஒCGக ஆ63ேலயMகjG+ ஒ> வ>ட;,B+J
ேமலாக ஆன<. 1801 கMநாடக ஒDபPதJ ைகெயk;தான<, இ<
த"#நா&'( l< ஆ63ேலய>G+ ேநர'G க&CDபா&ைடG
ெகாC;த<. இ;<ட( பலகாரMக.( அ,காரXJ X'?G+
வPத<.

4. இர`டாJ பாIகM ேபாM (1800 - 01) அத( அள? மBYJ பரவ/

காரணமாக ெத(LP,யG 3ளMZ[ எ(YJ அைழGகDபC3ற<.
 Polygars
• The origin of the Palayakkarar (poligari) • In order to enable him to perform
system dates back to the 1530s. these duties and attend to other
services, a certain number of villages
were granted for revenue collection.
• The literal meaning of Palayakkarar is
the holder of a camp as well as the
holder of an estate on military tenure. • Palayakkarars had judicial powers and
dispensed justice over civil and
criminal cases.
• A Palayakkarar was bound to pay a
fixed annual tribute or supply troops to
the king and to keep order and peace • Based on the topographical
over a particular area. distribution they are classified as
western palayams and eastern
palayams.
 Southern Polygars
• பாைளய"கார? =ைறய@& ேதா;ற9 1530
கள%O இJ`2 ெதாட73கிற2.
• பாைளய"கார? எ&பத& ேநரZG ெபாJD ஒJ
பைட=காைம ைவ1திJGபவ? ம;M9 ஒJ
நிலGப3திைய ைவ1திJGபவ?.
• ஒJ பாைளய"கார? ஒJ 3றிGப@*ட ஆbQ"3
ஒJ நிைலயான கGப9 அOல2 அரசJ"3
பைடகைள வழ73வத;39 ஒJ 3றிGப@*ட
ப3திய@O ஒX7ைகc9 அைமதிையc9
ேபdவத;39 க*QGப*ZJ`தா?.
• இ`த" கடைமகைளW ெசKவத;39, ப@ற
ேசைவகள%O ஈQபQவத;39, 3றிGப@*ட
எbண@"ைகய@லான கிராம7கD வJவாK
வgO ெசKய அhமதி"கGப*டன?.
• பாைளய"கார?க8"3 நNதி12ைற அதிகார7கD
இJ`தன. சிவ@O ம;M9 கிRமினO
வழ"3கள%O நNதி வழ7கின?.
• நிலGபரGப@& அZGபைடய@O அைவ ேம;3G
பாைளய9 ம;M9 கிழ"3G பாைளய9 என
வைகGபQ1தGபQகி&றன.
Subsidary Alliance
• Governor General Wellesley (1798-
1805) pursued a forward policy to
establish British supremacy in India.

• Wellesley by his Subsidiary Alliance

System, bought under it
• Hyderabad,
• Mysore,
• Lucknow,
• the Maratha Peshwa,
• the Bhonsle (Kolhapur) and
• Sindhia (Gwalior).
• The provisions of the Subsidiary Treaty other than the British, especially the
are: French.

(a) An Indian ruler entering into (d) No European should be employed

Subsidiary Alliance with the British without the permission of the British.
had to dissolve his own armed forces
and accept British forces and a British
(e) No negotiation with any Indian
Resident in his territory.
power should be held without the
Company’s permission and
(b) He had to pay for the British
army’s maintenance. If he failed, a
(f) No other Indian power to interfere
portion of his territory would be
taken away and ceded to the British. in its internal affairs.

(c) The protected prince was to sever

all connections with European powers
 Impact of Subsidary Alliance
• Thus the states brought under the system
became dependent on the Company in • The disbanded soldiers indulged in
political and military matters, sacrificing freebooting activities. Pindaris
their own sovereignty and status. (marauders) began to swell on account of
the Subsidiary System.
• The Subsidiary System increased the
military resources and efficiency of the • In view of the guaranteed support to the
Company government. Princes by the Company, the protective
States mal-administered and paved the
• The immediate result of this system was way for the annexation.
the discharge of thousands of
professional soldiers by the political
powers.
 Doctrine of Lapse
• Governor General Dalhousie held that the
paramount power could legally refuse to sanction
adoption in the case of rulers of dependent States.
• This meant that dependent States could be regarded
as lapsed to the paramount power, by its refusal to
sanction the succession of adopted sons.
• By applying this policy, the first state to fall was
Satara. Shahji of Satara died (1848) and the son he
adopted on the was not recognized by Dalhousie.
• In 1851, the last Peshwa died. He had been a
pensioner of the Company for thirty three years, but
Dalhousie refused to continue paying the pension to
his son, the Nana Sahib.
• Gangadhar Rao, Raja of Jhansi died in
November 1853 and Dalhousie annexed that
state immediately.
• Raghuji Bhonsle III died in 1853 without a child.
Nagpur was immediately annexed.
• The Doctrine of Lapse, thus, served as an
instrument for the pursuit of its annexation
policy. When the Crown took over India in 1858
Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn
 British Paramountacy
• After the Battle of Plassey (1757), the three of the major States of
the Company embarked on its career India: Hyderabad, Poona and
of expansion. It established the Mysore.
system of dual government.
• In theory the Company was only the • Dalhousie’s new method of annexing
diwan (the collector of revenue), but territories, Doctrine of Lapse,
in practice it exercised full authority. increased the territories under
British domain.
• Wellesley with his objective of • Every accession of territory also
establishing British predominance increased the influence of the
introduced Subsidiary Alliance Company over the governments of
System. the Indian princes.
• He made subsidiary alliances with
 Rural India during the advent of British (8th)
• The pre-colonial Indian economy was
predominantly agrarian
• The British Government in India did
not adopt a pro-Indian agriculture and
land revenue policy.
• British Government introduced 3
major land revenue & tenural systems
in India
• Permanent Settlement, Mahalwari
system and Ryotwari system.
• This economic exploitation of the
peasants led to the revolt in future.
• காலன%&'வ&தி+, ./ைதய இ/திய3
ெபா6ளாதார9 வ:வசாய9 சா</ததாக
இ6/த'
• ப:=>?@ அரB இ/திய வ:வசாய9 ம+D9
நில வ6வாF சா</த ெகாGைகைய
ப:Hப+றவ:Jைல.
• ப:=>?@ அரசாLக9 இ/தியாவ:J 3
.Nகிய நில வ6வாF ம+D9 நில உ=ைம
.ைறகைள அறி.க3பP&திய'
• நிர$தர த'(), மஹா.வா0 1ைற ம456
ரேயா9வா0 அைம;<.
• வ:வசாய:கள%H இ/த ெபா6ளாதாரQ
BரRடJ ப:+கால&திJ கிள<Qசிைய
ஏ+பP&திய'.
Permanent Settlement -
தி,ட.
• During the time of Cornwallis, a ten
years’ (decennial) settlement was
introduced in 1793 and it was known
Permanent Settlement.
• P e r m a n e n t settlement were
made in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Varanasi
division of U.P., and Northern
Karnataka.
• Roughly covered 19 percent of the
total area of British India.
• It was known by different names like
Zamindari, Jagirdari, Malguzari and
Biswedari.
நிைலயான நிலவ*
• கா<HவாலிஸிH கால&திJ, 1793 இJ ஒ6
ப&' வ6ட (தசா3தகால) த]<^
அறி.க3பP&த3ப>ட', அ' நிர/தர த]<^
எHD அறிய3ப>ட'.
• வLகாள9, ப`கா<, ஒ=சா, உ.ப:.ய:H வாரணாசி
ப:=^ ம+D9 வடN, க<நாடகா ஆகிய
இடLகள%J ,?ேய+ற9 ெசFய3ப>ட'.
• ப:=>?@ இ/தியாவ:H ெமா&த பர3பளவ:J
19 சதவத&ைத
] உGளடNகிய'.
• இ' ஜமe Hதா=, ஜாகி<தா=, மJ,சா= ம+D9
ப:fேவதா= ேபாHற பJேவD ெபய<களாJ
அறிய3ப>ட'.
Features of the Permanent Settlement
The Zamindars
ஜம# $தா'க)
• were recognised as the owners of land as
long as they paid the revenue to the East
India Company regularly.
• acted as the agent of the Government for
the collection of revenue from the
cultivators. The amount of revenue that
the Zamindars had to pay to the
Company was firmly fixed and would not
be raised under any circumstances.
• gave 10/11 of the revenue collected from
the cultivator to the Government.
• would grant patta (written agreements)
to the ryots.
• deprived of the judicial powers
நிர/தர த]<^Nகான .Nகிய அ9சLகG
• கிழ"கி`திய க9ெபன%"3 =ைறயாக
வJவாைய ெசi129 வைர நில1தி&
உRைமயாள?களாக அ7கீ கR"கGப*டன?.
• உழவ?கள%டமிJ`2 வJவாK வgலி"39
அரசி& =கவராக ெசயOப*டா?.
ஜமl &தா?கD நிMவன1தி;3 ெசi1த
ேவbZய வJவாய@& அளC எ`த
gmநிைலய@i9 உய?1தGபடா2.
• உழவRட9 இJ`2 வgலான வJவாய@O
10/11ஐ அரp"3 வழ7கிய2.
• ரேயா*Qக8"3 ப*டா (எX12
ஒGப`த7கD) வழ7கGபQ9.
• நNதி12ைற அதிகார7கD பறி"கGப*டன
• The ryots became tenants since
they were considered the tillers
of the soil.

• ம"ைண உ'பவ*களாக.
க/த1ப2டதா4 ைர#$க&
56தைகதார*களாக மாறின*.
 Ryotwari system - இரய12வா*
• Introduced by Thomas Munro and Captain
Read in 1820.
• Major areas included Madras, Bombay, parts
of Assam, and Coorg provinces of British
India.
• Ryotwari system handed over the rights of
ownership to the peasants. Government
collected taxes directly from the peasants.
• Initially, one-half of the estimated produce
was fixed as rent. This assessment was
reduced to one-third of the produce by
Thomas Munro.
• The revenue was based on the basis of the
soil and the nature of the crop.
• Rents would be periodically revised, generally
after 20 to 30 years. The position of the
cultivators became more secure.
• Settlement was made between the
Government and Ryots. The Government later
claimed that the land revenue was rent and
not a tax
3ைற
• 1820 இ' தாம+ ம,ேரா ம/01 ேக3ட, 56 ஆகிேயாரா'
அறி<க3ப>?த3ப6ட@.
• ெம6ரா+, ப1பாD, அசாமி, சில பGதிகH ம/01
பIJ6KL இMதியாவI, OPQ மாகாணSகH ஆகியைவ
<Qகிய பGதிகH.
• Ryotwari அைம3U வIவசாயIகளWட1 உJைமைய ஒ3பைட?த@.
அரசாSக1 வIவசாயIகளWட1 ேநரKயாக வJ வ[லி?த@.
• ஆர1ப?தி', மதி3பIட3ப6ட உ/ப?தியI' பாதி வாடைகயாக
நிPணயIQக3ப6ட@. இMத மதி3ப\> தாம+ ம,ேராவா'
உ/ப?தியI' ],றி' ஒ^ பSகாகQ GைறQக3ப6ட@.
• ம_ ம/01 பயIJ, த,ைம அK3பைடயI' வ^வாD
கிைட?த@.
• 20 <த' 30 ஆ_>கaQG3 பIறG வாடைககH
தி^?த3ப>1. வIவசாயIகளW, நிைல மிகb1
பா@கா3பானதாக மாறிய@.
• உ_ைமயI', அரd வIவசாயIகளWடமி^M@ நிலவ^வாைய
வJயாக அ'லாம' G?தைகயாகேவ ெப/0Q ெகா_ட@.
 • Ryotwari அைம6ப./ ]$கிய அ)ச3க>
• Salient Features of the Ryotwari
system • வ>வா?9 த'(வாய6 ேநர@யாக ைரBC
Dல6 ெச?ய;பBடJ.
• Revenue settlement was done directly
with the ryots. • வயலிK அளவM
' ம456 உ4ப9தியOK
மதி;பPM கணRகிட;பBடJ.
• Measurement of field and an estimate of
produce was calculated. • வOைளெபா>BகளSK ேதைவைய 45% 1த.
• Government fixed the demand at 45% to 55% வைர அரW நி(ணயO9JXளJ.
55% of the produce.
• <ேயாIவா< RSேய7றIதி/
• Effects of the Ryotwari வ.ைளcக>
Settlement
• ெப>6பாலான பZதிகளS. நி(ணயORக;பBட
• In most areas the land revenue fixed was
நில வ>வா? அதிகமாக இ>$தJ; சிற$த
excessive; the ryots were hardly left with
bare maintenance even in the best of ப>வ]களS. ^ட ைரBகX ெவ56

seasons. பராம0;<டK வOட;படவO.ைல.

• Under this system the government • இMத அைம3பI' அரசா]க6 ஜம` Kதா(கaRZ;
exploited the farmers instead of பதிலாக வOவசாயOகைள Wரb@யJ
Zamindars
 Mahalwari system -
• Brain child of Holt Mackenzie - modified
version of the Zamindari settlement
introduced in the Ganga valley, the North-
West Province, parts of the Central India and
Punjab in 1822.
• Assessment of revenue was to be made on
the basis of the produce of a Mahal or village.
All the proprietors of a Mahal were jointly
responsible for the payment of revenue.
• Initially the state share was fixed two-thirds of
the gross produce. Bentinck, reduced to 50%.
• The village as a whole, through its headman
or Lambardar, was required to pay the
revenue.
• This system was first adopted in Agra and
Awadh, and later extended to other parts of
the United Provinces. The burden of all this
heavy taxation finally fell on the cultivators.
மக#வா& (ைற
• ேஹா'6 ெமQக,சியI, 1822 இ' கSகா பHள?தாQG,
வடேம/G மாகாண1, ம?திய இMதியாவI, சில பGதிகH
ம/01 பfசாபI' அறி<க3ப>?தினாP .
• ஒ^ மஹா' அ'ல@ கிராம?தி, உ/ப?தியI,
அK3பைடயI' வ^வாD மதி3ப\> ெசDய3பட ேவ_>1.
ஒ^ மஹாலி, அைன?@ உJைமயாளPகa1
வ^வாைய ெசg?@வத/G O6டாக ெபா03ேப/றனP.
• ெதாடQக?தி' ெமா?த உ/ப?தியI' ],றி' இர_>
பSG நிPணயIQக3ப6ட@. ெப,KQ 50% ஆக Gைற?தாP .
• கிராம1 <jவ@1, அத, தைலவP அ'ல@ ல1பாPடாP
]ல1, வ^வாD ெசg?த ேவ_>1.
• இMத <ைற <தலி' ஆQரா ம/01 அவாதி'
ஏ/0QெகாHள3ப6ட@, பI,னP ஐQகிய மாகாணSகளW,
பIற பGதிகaQG1 வIJbப>?த3ப6ட@. இMத வJ
வIதி3பI, dைம இ0தியாக வIவசாயIகH மm @ வIjMத@.
• Salient Features :
• The Lambardar acted as
intermediaries between the
Government and the villagers.
• It was a village-wise assessment. One
person could hold a number of
villages.
• The village community was the owner
of the village common land.
• The village land belonged to the
village community.
• Effects
• The Lambardar enjoyed privileges
which was misused for their self-
interest.
• This system brought no benefit to the
cultivators.
• It was a modified version of the
Zamindari system and benefited the
upper class in villages.
• மஹாOவாR 3Zேய;ற1தி& ="கிய
அ9ச7கD:
• ல1பாPடாP அரசாSக?தி/G1 கிராம மQகaQG1
இைடயI' இைட?தரகPகளாக ெசய'ப6டாP.
• இ@ கிராம1 வாJயான மதி3ப\>. ஒ^ நபP பல
கிராமSகைள ைவ?தி^Qக <Kn1.
• கிராம ெபா@ நில?தி, உJைமயாளராக கிராம ச]க1
இ^Mத@.
• கிராம நில1 கிராம ச]க?தி/G ெசாMதமான@.
• மஹாOவாR 3Zேய;ற1தி& வ@ைளCகD
• ல1பாPடாP தSகH dயநல?தி/காக தவறாக3
பய,ப>?த3ப6ட சgைககைள அoபவI?தனP.
• இMத <ைற வIவசாயIகaQG எMத பயைனn1
தரவI'ைல.
• இ@ ஜமm ,தாJ <ைறயI, மா/றியைமQக3ப6ட
பதி3பாG1, ேமg1 கிராமSகளW' உHள ேம'த6>
வPQக?தினP பயனைடMதனP.
• Impact of the British land revenue system on
the cultivators
• A common feature of all the settlements
was the assessment and to maximize
income from land. It resulted in
increasing land sales and dispossession.
• The peasants were overburdened with
taxation. Due to the tax burden and
famines, in general, the people suffered
in poverty and burdened with debts.
• They had to seek the moneylenders who
became rich and acquired lands from
the peasants.
• The Zamindars, money-lenders and
lawyers exploited the poor peasants.
• வ@வசாய@கD மl 2 ப@R*Zu நில வJவாK
=ைறய@& தா"க9
• அைன?@ GKேய/றSகளW, ெபா@வான அ1ச1
மதி3ப\> ம/01 நில?திலி^M@ அதிகப6ச வ^மான1
ஆG1. இதனா' நில வI/பைன அதிகJ?@
• வJ வIதி3பா' வIவசாயIகH அதிக dைமQG
ஆளாகினP. வJrdைம ம/01 பfச1 காரணமாக,
ெபா@வாக, மQகH வ0ைமயIg1, கட, dைமயIg1
தவI?தனP.
• கM@வ6KQகாரPகைள? ேதட ேவ_KயI^Mத@.
அவPகH பணQகாரPகளாகி, வIவசாயIகளWடமி^M@
நிலSகைளQ ைகயக3ப>?தினP
• ஜமm ,தாPகH, பண1 ெகா>3பவPகH ம/01
வழQகறிஞPகH ஏைழ வIவசாயIகைள dர_KனாPகH .
• The stability and continuity of the Indian • இ/திய கிராமLகள%H fதிர&தHைமg9
villages was shaken. ெதாட<Qசிg9 அைசNக3ப>ட'.

• ப:=>?@ ெபா6>கள%H இறN,மதிய:H

• Cottage industries disappeared on account காரணமாக ,?ைச& ெதாழிJகG
of the import of British goods and the மைற/'வ:>டன, ேமi9 வ:வசாய:கள%H
peasants had nothing to supplement their வ6மான&தி+, 'ைணயாக எ'^9
income.
இJைல.

• பைழய வழNக&தி+,3 பதிலாக jதிய

• The old body of custom was replaced by
new apparatus of law, courts, fees, lawyers ச>ட9, ந]திமHறLகG, க>டண9,
and formal procedures. வழNகறிஞ<கG ம+D9 .ைறயான
நைட.ைறகG ஆகியைவ
உ6வாNக3ப>டன.
• The British policy proved advantageous only
to the privileged section of the society at • ப:=&தான%யN ெகாGைகயான' சlக&திH
the cost of the cultivators who were the ஒ6 சiைக ெப+ற ப:=வ:ன6N, ம>Pேம
rightful owners of their lands and claimants சாதகமாக இ6/த'. அவ<கG நிலLகள%H
of the larger share of the produce. உ=ைமயாளராக^9, உ+ப&திய:H
ெப69ப,திN, உ=ைம ேகா6பவ<களாக^9
இ6/தன<. இத+கான வ:ைலைய
வ:வசாய:கள ெகாP&தன<.
Peasant and Tribal Resistance
 Farazi Movement
• launched by Haji Shariatullah in 1818. • Dudu Mian laid emphasis on the
egalitarian nature of religion and
declared that “Land belongs to God”, and
• After the death of Shariatullah in 1839, collecting rent or levying taxes on it was
the rebellion was led by his son Dudu therefore against divine law.
Mian who called upon the peasants not
to pay tax.
• Large numbers of peasants were
mobilised through a network of village
• It gained popularity on a simple doctrine organisations.
that land Haji and all wealth should be
equally enjoyed by the common folk.
• After the death of Dudu Mian in 1862,
the was revived in the 1870s by Noah
Mian.
 Wahabi Rebellion
• It was an antiimperialist and anti-
landlord movement. • The Wahabis played an important
role in spreading antiBritish
• It originated in and around 1827, in sentiments.
the Barasat region of Bengal.
• A series of military operations by
• It was led by an Islamic preacher the British in the 1860s on the
Titu Mir who was deeply influenced Wahabi base in Sithana and various
by the Wahhabi teachings. court cases of sedition on the
Wahabis weakened the Wahabi
resistance, although sporadic
• He became an influential figure encounters with the authorities
among the predominately Muslim continued into the 1880s and 1890s.
peasantry oppressed under the
coercive zamindari system.
 Sanyasi Revolt (1763-1800)
• The disastrous famine of 1770 and the • Equal participation of Hindus and Muslims
harsh economic order of the British characterised the uprisings, also as the
compelled a group of sanyasis in Eastern Fakir Rebellion. Majnum Shah , Chirag Ali,
India to fight the British Musa Shah, Bhawani Pathak and Debi
Chaudhurani were important leaders.
• Originally peasants, even some evicted
from land, these sanyasis were joined by a • Anandamath, a semi-historical novel by
large number of dispossessed small Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, is based
zamindars, disbanded soldiers and rural on the Sanyasi Revolt.
poor.
• Bankim Chandra also wrote a novel, Devi
• They raided Company factories and Chaudhurani, as he saw the importance of
treasuries, fighting the Company’s forces. It women too taking up the struggle against
was only after a prolonged action that an alien rule that posed a threat to
Warren Hastings subdued the sanyasis. traditional Indian values.
 Paika Rebellion (1817)
• The Paiks of Odisha were the foot soldiers and the Paika Bidroh (rebellion).
enjoyed rent free land tenures for their military
service and policing functions on a hereditary
basis. • The initial success of the rebels set the whole
province covering Odisha in arms against the
British government.
• The English Company’s conquest of Odisha in
1803, and the dethronement of the Raja and
reduced the power and prestige of the Paiks. • Jagabandhu, declared an outlaw, along with
Further, the extortionist land revenue policy of other rebels, was sheltered by the Raja of
the Company caused resentment among Nayagarh. who surrendered in November 1818.
zamindars and peasants alike. Khurda was back under Company control by
mid-1817, the Paika rebels resorted to guerilla
tactics. The rebellion was brutally repressed by
• Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar,the military chief 1818.
of the forces of the Raja of Khurda had his
ancestral estate was taken over by the
Company, reducing him to penury. • The Paik Rebellion succeeded in getting large
remissions of arrears, reductions in
assessments, suspension of the sale of the
• With support of the last Raja of Khurda, and estates of defaulters at discretion, a new
other zamindars of the region, Bidyadhar led a settlement on fixed tenures and other adjuncts
sundry army of Paikas forcing the Company of a liberal governance.
forces to retreat, which came to be known as
 Ahom Revolt (1828)
• The British had pledged to Gomdhar Konwar, an Ahom
withdraw from Assam after the prince, alongwith compatriots.
First Burma War (1824-26).
• Finally, the Company
• After the war, instead of • decided to follow a conciliatory
withdrawing, the British policy
attempted to incorporate the • handed over Upper Assam to
Ahoms’ territories in the Maharaja Purandar Singh Narendra
Company’s dominion. • part of the kingdom was restored to
the Assamese king

• This sparked off a rebellion in

1828 under the leadership of
 The Pagal Panthis
• The Pagal Panthi, a semi-religious • From 1825 to 1835, the Pagal
group mainly constituting the Panthis refused to pay rent above
Hajong and Garo tribes of a certain limit and attacked the
Mymensingh district (earlier in houses of zamindars.
Bengal), was founded by Karam
Shah.
• The government introduced an
equitable arrangement to protect
• The tribal peasants organised these peasants, but the
themselves under Karam Shah’s movement was violently
son, Tipu, to fight the oppression suppressed.
of the zamindars.
 Tribal Uprising
• Under colonial rule, for the first time
in Indian history, government claimed
a direct proprietary right over forests.
• The British rule and its
encouragement of commercialisation
of forest led to the disintegration of
the traditional tribal system.
• It encouraged the incursion of tribal
areas by the non-tribal people such as
moneylenders, traders, land-grabbers,
and contractors.
• This led to the widespread loss of
adivasi land and their displacement
from their traditional habitats.
• Tribal resistance was therefore, a
response against those who either
introduced changes in the peaceful
tribal life or took undue advantage of
the innocence of the tribal people
 Kol Revolt
• Kol Revolt One major tribal revolt, the Kol
uprising of 1831-32, took place in Chota
Nagpur and Singbhum region of present
day Jharkhand and Odisha, under the
leadership of Bindrai and Singhrai.
• The Raja of Chhota Nagpur had leased
out to moneylenders the job of revenue
collection. The usury and forcible eviction
of tribals from their land led to the
resentment of Kols.
• The initial protest and resistance kols was
in the form of plunder, arson and attacks
on the properties of outsiders. This was
followed by the killing of moneylenders
and merchants.
• The British suppressed the rebellion with
great violence
 Santhal Hool (Insurrection)
• Santhals, scattered in various parts of eastern
India, when forced to move out of their
homeland during the creation of zamins under
Permanent Settlement, around the Rajmahal
Hills.

• Pushed out of their habitat, the Santhals were

forced to rely on the moneylenders for their
subsistence, trapped in a vicious circle of debt
and extortion. Santhals felt neglected under
the corrupt British administration and their
inability to render justice to their legitimate
grievances.

• In 1855, two Santhal brothers Sidhu and Kanu

proclaimed that they had received a divine
message from God, to lead the rebellion.
 Santhal Hool (Insurrection)
• By July 1855 the rebellion has taken the form
of open insurrection against the mahajans,
zamindars and British officials.

• They marched with bows, poisoned arrows,

axes and swords taking over the Rajmahal and
Bhagalpur by proclaiming that the Company
rule was about to end.

• In response villages were raided and

properties destroyed by the British.

• In 1855 an act was passed to regulate the

territories occupied by the Santhals. The Act
formed the territory into a separate division
called Santhal Pargana division
 Munda Rebellion Ulugulan rebellion (Great Tumult).
• One of the prominent tribal rebellions of this
period occurred in Ranchi, known asThe
Munda people were familiar with the co-
operative or collective farming known as
Khuntkatti (joint holding) land system.
•
• It was totally eroded by the introduction of
private ownership of land and the intrusion
of merchants and moneylenders. The Munda
people were also forcefully recruited as
indentured labourers to work on plantations.

• In the 1890s tribal chiefs offered resistance

against the alienation of tribal people from
their land and imposition of bethbegari or
forced labour.
 Munda Rebellion / Ulugulan rebellion (Great Tumult).
• The movement received an impetus when
Birsa Munda declared himself as the
messenger of God, promised supernatural
solutions to the problem of Munda people
and the establishment of Birsaite Raj.
• On the Christmas day of 1889, they
resorted to violence. Buildings were burnt
down.
• Soon police stations and government
officials were attacked. Similar attacks were
carried out over the next few months.
• Finally the resistance was crushed and
Birsa Munda was arrested in February
1900 who later died in jail. Birsa Munda
became a folk hero who is to this day
celebrated in many folk songs.
• The Munda rebellion prompted the
British to formulate a policy on Tribal
land. The Chotanagpur Tenancy Act
(1908) restricted the entry of nontribal
people into the tribal land
 Deindustrialisation and Drain of Wealth
• Europe had always imported
more from the East . There was
little that the East required from
the West in return for the spices,
silks, calicos, jewels etc.

• The industrial revolution in textile

production that took place in
England reversed this relationship
for the first time. India was
systematically de-industrialized.
 Deindustrialisation and Drain of Wealth
• Rather than being the world’s
leading exporter of cloth and • Large numbers of weavers were
textiles, India became a market for thrown out of employment and
Lancashire cottons. forced to seek livelihood in
• Cheap machine-made British goods led agriculture, which increased the
to the flooding of Indian markets.
pressure on the already
• Indian cotton piece goods began to overcrowded land.
lose ground gradually given that
machine-made goods were more
durable and cost less.
• Without any import duty English goods • Military and civil administrative
were much cheaper than domestic costs in British India consumed an
products. average of eighty per cent of the
• Indian manufactures were shut out budget, leaving twenty per cent to
from the British market by high be divided among the various
protective duties. This policy ruined departments concerned.
the Indian weavers and traders.
• Agriculture was left to its deteriorating
condition.
• Irrigation was neglected. Arthur Cotton
wanted the colonial state to give
priority to irrigation rather than
building railway network, but his
suggestion was turned down by the
imperial goverment in England.
• Outbreak of successive famines in the
last quarter of the nineteenth century revenue and police officials in the
ultimately prompted the government
under British Crown to initiate some
steps for the building of dams.
• The Ryotwari system intended to
create a large body of independent
peasants, to be protected from
“corrupt zamindar,” resulted in
strengthening the big landlords. The
government showed little interest in
protecting the interests of tenants .
Since land was the main source of
revenue, its rigorous collection became
an imperative policy of the British.
• The Torture Commission, appointed by
the Company government in Madras in
its report presented in 1855 exposed
the atrocities perpetrated by the Indian
process of collecting land tax from the
cultivators.
• The Torture Act which justified forcible
collections of land revenue was
abolished only after 1858.
 FAMINES
• Famines increased in frequency and
deadliness with the advent of colonial
rule. Between 1800 to 1825, there were
only four famines. But in the last quarter
of the century there were 22 famines.

• It is estimated that over 5 million died. By

1901, R.C. Dutt, a former ICS officer
enumerated 10 mass famines since the
1860s, putting the total death toll at 15
million.

• The laissez faire principles to which the

colonial state was committed since 1833
was applied to famines also.
• Western educated Indians had argued
that British rule was grossly impoverishing
India. The Orissa famine, in which one third
of the population died of starvation and
disease, served as a patent proof of this
thesis.

• It prompted nationalist Dadabhai Naoroji,

to begin his lifelong investigations into
Indian poverty

• Madras Famine of 1876-78: The failure of

two successive monsoons caused a severe
famine in the Madras Presidency during
1876- 78.

• The viceroy Lytton adopted an hands-off

approach similar to that followed in Orissa.
3.5 million people died in the presidency.
 Indentured labour
• The introduction of plantation crops and • Many impoverished peasants and weavers
slope cultivation in Ceylon, Mauritius, Fiji, went hoping to earn some money. In
Malaya, the Caribbean islands, Natal and effect it was worse than slave labour. The
South Africa required enormous labour. colonial state allowed agents (kanganis) to
trick or kidnap indigent landless labourers.

• Initially slave labour was used for this

purpose. After the Company government • People courted this new form of slavery to
abolished slavery in India (1843), the escape starvation deaths. The outbreak of
system of indenture was used. two famines (1833 and 1843) forced the
people, to leave for Ceylon to work as
coolies in coffee and tea plantations under
• Under this system, labourers were hired indentured labour system.
on contract for a period of five years • During 1843-1868, nearly 1.5 million people
(indenture) and they could return to their (1,444,407) had gone from Madras to Ceylon
homeland with passage paid at the end. as indentured labourers
 Drain of Wealth
• Dadabhai Naoroji in his Poverty and Un-
British Rule in India argued that a great deal
of wealth was drained to England in the
form of Home Charges.
• The following constituted the Home
Charges:
• Incentive to the shareholders of the Company
• Savings and the salaries of European officials,
European traders and Planters remitted to
England.
• Pensions to those who retired from civil and
military services.
• The salaries of the staff and the Secretary to
Home Government, India Office at London
• Expenses on wars fought in India and interests
for the loans obtained from the banks for the
conduct of wars and
• For the building of railroads.
• A government report of 1908
informed that on account of
railways, India had incurred a debt
of 177.5 million pounds. British
secured the capital from private
enterprise in England. In the form of
guaranteed interest of 5 percent,
the Colonial state promised to repay
the interest in sterling. There was a
loss of 220 million pounds to India
on this score.
• Calling this as drain of wealth
Dadabhai Naoroji lamented that had
the money drained to England
remained in the pockets of Indians,
India would have economically
progressed.
 Revolt of 1857
• The early uprisings did not succeed
in threatening the British in India.
• It took the Revolt of 1857 to bring
home to the Company and the
British thought that their rule was
not accepted to a large section of
the population.
• The Revolt of 1857 was a product
of the character and the policies of
colonial rule.
• The cumulative effect of British
expansionist policies, economic
exploitation and administrative
innovations over the years had
adversely affected the positions of
all rulers of Indian states
 Causes of the Revolt
• Abolition of practices like sati, female
• The most important cause of revolt 1857 infanticide, support to widow remarriage
was British policy of economically and female education were seen by many
exploiting India. This hurt all sections of as interference in their Indian culture by
society. The peasants suffered due to high the Europeans.
revenue demands and the strict revenue
collection policy.
• The Indian sepoys were looked upon as
inferior beings and treated with contempt
• Policies of doctrine of lapse, subsidiary by their British officers. They were paid
alliance and policy of Effective Control much less than the British soldiers. All
created discontentment among people. avenues of the promotion were closed to
Annexation of Awadh (Oudh) proved that them as all the higher army posts were
even the grovelling loyalty can't satisfy reserved for the British.
British greed for territories.

• The conversion activities of Christian

missionaries were looked upon with
suspicion and fear. The priests and the
maulavis showed their discontent against
the British rule.
 Immediate cause
• The immediate cause was the
introduction of new Enfield Riffles in
the army.
• The top of the cartridge of this rifle was
to be removed by the mouth before
loading it in the rifle. The cartridges
were greased by the fat of pig and the
cow.
• The Indian sepoys believed that the
British were deliberately attempting to
spoil the religion of both the Hindus
and the Muslims
• The soldiers, therefore, determined to
refuse their service and, ultimately
revolted.
 Course of the Revolt
• On 29 March 1857 at Barrackpur Shah, its symbol.
Mangal Pandey, a Sepoy from Bengal
Regiment, refused to use the greased
cartridge, and shot down his sergeant. • The revolt spread quickly. There were
He was arrested, tried and executed. mutinies at Lucknow, Kanpur, Jhansi,
Bareilly, Bihar, Faizabad, and many other
places in north India.
• On 10 May 1857, the Sepoys of the third
cavalry at Meerut openly revolted. They
were immediately joined by the men of • Many of them found that it was a good
the 11th and 20th Native Infantries, and opportunity to burn the papers of their
they murdered some English officers landlords.
and then marched to Delhi.
• Many others whose titles and pensions
• Meerut sepoys arrived at Delhi on 11th were abolished by the British who
May and declared of Bahadur Shah II as participated in it, inorder to take
the Emperor of India. Delhi became the revenge.
centre of the Great Revolt and Bahadur
Suppression of the Revolt
 The Causes for the Failure of the Revolt
• Lack of organisation, discipline,
common plan of action, centralised
leadership, modern weapons and
techniques.
• The British had better weapons,
better generals, and good
organisation
• The rebel leaders were no match to
the British Generals. Rani Lakshmi
Bai, Tantia Tope and Nana Saheb
were courageous but they were
not good generals.
• Non-participation of Bengal,
Bombay, Madras, western Punjab
and Rajputana.
• The British managed to get the
loyalty of the Sikhs, Afghans and
the Gurkha regiments. The Gurkhas
actually helped the British in
suppressing the revolt.
• The modern educated Indians did
not support the Revolts as they
believed that only British rule could
reform Indian society and
modernize it.
 Consequences of the Revolt
• The Revolt of 1857 marked a turning point • The Indian Army was thoroughly
in the history of India. It led to changes in reorganised. More Britishers were
the system of administration and the policy employed in the army.
of the Government.
• The British military policy came to be
• The administration of India was transferred dominated by the idea of ‘divide and
from the East India Company to the British counterpoise’.
Crown through the ‘Queen’s Proclamation’
in 1858.
• Infact, the Revolt of 1857 played an
important role in bringing the Indian people
• The governor general was given the title of together and imparting them the
viceroy. consciousness of belonging to one country.

• The Board of Directors and the Board of • The Revolt paved the way for the rise of the
Control were replaced by the Council of 15 modern national movement.
members headed by the Secretary of State
to supervise Indian affairs.
 Followed in Next session by

NATIONAL
RENAISSANCE