PHYSICS NATURE OF UNIVERSE -II

PHYSICS CLASS 1
இயற் யல் வ ப் 1
1. QUESTION PAPER ANALYSIS 1. QUESTION PAPER ANALYSIS
2. INTRODUCTION 2. அ கம்
3. REFERENCE SOURCE 3. எங் ப ப் ப
4. UNIVERSE 4. ேபரண்டம்
5. MODERN THEORIES OF THE 5. ேபரண்டத் ன் ேதாற் றம்
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE பற் ய ந னக்
6. DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY ேகாட்பா
7. GRAVITATIONAL LENSING 6. இ ண்ட ெபா ள்
8. GALAXY இ ண்ட ஆற் றல்
7. ஈர்ப் ல ஒளி லகல்
8. அண்டம்

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 PHYSICS CLASS 2
இயற் யல் வ ப் 2
1. CONSTELLATIONS 1. நட்சத் ரங் களின் ட்டம்
2. STARS 2. நட்சத் ரங் கள்
3. ASTRONOMICAL DISTANCE 3. வானியல் ெதாைல கள்
4. SOLAR SYSTEM 4. ரிய மண்டலம்
5. GEOCENTRIC MODEL - HELIOCENTRIC 5. ைமய மா ரி – ரிய ைமய
MODEL மா ரி
6. SUN INTERNAL STRUCTURE 6. ரியன் – உட் ற அைமப்
7. PLANETS 7. ேகாள் கள்
8. ASTEROIDS 8. ேகாள் கள்
9. COMETS 9. வால் நட்சத் ரம்
10. METEORS 10. ண்கற் கள்
11. ORBITAL VELOCITY 11. ற் யக்கத் ைசேவகம்
12. MICROGRAVITY 12. ண் ஈர்ப்
13. KEPLER’S LAWS 13. ெகப் ளரின் கள்
14. INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 14. பன்னாட் ண்ெவளி ைமயம்
 CONSTELLATIONS
நட்சத் ரங் களின் ட்டம்

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• Constellation is a group of stars
that forms a particular shape in
the sky.
• In 1929, the International
Astronomical Union (IAU)
adopted official constellation
boundaries that defined 88
official constellations that exist
today.
• Earlier Ptolemy, in his book
Almagest, listed 48
constellations.

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 EASILY SEE SOME CONSTELLATION WITH NAKED EYE
ெவ ம் கண்களால் பார்க்க ய நட்சத் ர ட்டங் கள்

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1. Ursa major (Saptarishi) – 7 chief stars – shape – Plough, Big
dipper, The great bear (or) Saptarishi – straight line drawn from
this constellation meet pole star itself.
2. Ursa minor (Laghu Saptarishi) – Less bright and much closer
together, pole star itself
3. Orion (Mriga) - One of the brightest constellations , Shape –
Hunting man.

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 STARS நட்சத் ரங் கள்
• A star is type of
astronomical object which
has its own light and heat.
• The nearest star to earth is
the Sun.
• Sirius is brighter star than
the sun.
• ‘Proxima Centauri’ is the
closest star to the sun.
• Star is formed when enough
dust and gas clump
together because of the
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• Stars also appear to be in
different colours depending
on their temperature.
• Hot stars are white or blue
in colour.
• cooler stars are orange or
red in colour.
• Star changes its forms during
its lifetime such as-red giant,
white dwarf, neutron star
and black hole.

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ASTRONOMICAL DISTANCE | வானியல் ெதாைல கள்

• Speed of light = 3 X 108 m/s • ஒளி ன் ேவகம் னா க் 3 X

10 8 ட்டர் / னா
• One light year = 9.46 x 1012 km
• ஒ ஒளியாண் = 9.46 x 1012 km
• One Astronomical unit or 1AU = • ஒ வானியல் அல அல் ல
Distance between the Sun and the 1AU என் ப ரிய க் ம்
Earth. க் ம் இைடேய உள் ள
• One Astronomical unit = 150 ெதாைல 150 million km or 1.496
x 108 km
million km or 1.496 x 108 km
• ரிய ஒளி ைய வந்தைடய
• Sun light to reach the earth = 8.3 எ த் க் ெகாள் ம் ேநரம் 8.3
minutes or 8 minutes 20 sec or நி டங் கள் அல் ல 8
500 sec நி டங் கள் 20 னா or 500
னா

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ரிய மண்டலம்

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 GEOCENTRIC MODEL - HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
ைமய மா ரி – ரிய ைமய மா ரி
• Earth is the centre of all
the objects in the space -
geocentric model -
Ptolemy (2nd Century).
• Nicolaus Copernicus -
heliocentric model
(helios = Sun), with Sun
at the centre of the solar
system.
• Invention of the
telescope -1608, created
a revolution in astronomy.
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SUN INTERNAL STRUCTURE | ரியன் – உட் ற அைமப்

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• Sun rotates about its axis from • ரியன் தன அச் ல்
East to West. ழக் ந் ேமற் காக
ழல் ற .
• The period of revolution is 34 • காலம் வத் ல் 34
days at the pole and 25 days at நாட்க ம் , மத் ய
the equator. ேரைக ல் 25 நாட்க ம்
ஆ ம் .
• The density of material is one • ெபா ளின் அடர்த் ன்
fourth that of the Earth. நான் ல் ஒ பங் .
• The inner part of the Sun 14 • ரியனின் உள் ப 14
million K - photosphere. ல் யன் K - ஒளிக்ேகாளம் .
• ெவளிப் ற க அ க் - 6000 K
• The outer most layer - 6000 K - - ேராேமாஸ் யர்.
chromosphere.

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PLANETS ேகாள் கள்

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 • The inner planets or terrestrial
planets or rocky planets.
• Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
are called inner or terrestrial
planets.
• The last four planets are called as
Outer Planets or Jovian Planets
(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune).
• They are also called Gaseous
Giants.
• An asteroid belt is found between
Mars and Jupiter.

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MERCURY தன்
• Mercury is the smallest and
closest planet to the Sun.
• named after the Roman deity
‘Mercury’, the messenger to the
Gods.
• It is an airless and waterless
planet.
• It does not have an atmosphere
and so experiences extremes of
temperature.
• It has no natural satellites.
• Mercury can be viewed in the
morning and evening with
naked eye
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 VENUS ெவள் ளி
• Venus is the second planet
from the Sun.
• It is called Earth’s twin, as it
is almost the same size as the
Earth.
• It has the longest rotation
period (243 days) among the
planets in the Solar system.
• It rotates in the opposite
direction to all other planets
except Uranus.
• It has no natural satellites
like Mercury.
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• It is named after the Roman
goddess of love and beauty.
• It is often visible in the mornings
and the evenings and so it is
frequently called as the Morning
Star and the Evening Star.
• After the Moon, it is the brightest
natural object in the night sky.

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 THEORIES OF THE EARTH’S ORIGIN |
உ வாக்க க ேகாள் கள்
• According to Newton’s law of • நி ட்டனின் ஈர்ப்
அ ப்பைட ல் இமா ேவல்
Gravitation, Immanuel Kant
கான்ட் தன உ வாக்க
proposed his hypothesis on origin க ேகாைள
of earth. ன்ெமா ந்தார்
• Mathematician Laplace revised it • கணித யலாளர் லாப் ேலஸ்
இைத 1796 இல் த் ள் ளார்.
in 1796. It was known as Nebular இ ெந லர் க ேகாள்
Hypothesis. என் அைழக்கப் பட்ட .
• Embedocles hypothesis is • எம் ெபேடா ள் ஸ் க ேகாள்
proposing the origin of earth by ன் ேதாற் றத்ைத
ண் ன் களின்
condensation of interstellar dust ங் தல் லம் உ வான
என ற .

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THE EARTH
• The Earth is the third planet from the
Sun and the fifth largest planet in the
solar system.
• It is called ‘blue planet’ or ‘watery
planet’ because three-fourth of the
Earth is covered by water.
• The Earth is the only planet in the
solar system which is not named after
any Greek or Roman deity.
• The polar diameter of the Earth is 12,
714 km and the equatorial diameter
is 12, 756 km.
• The Earth revolves around the Sun at
a speed of about 30 km per second.
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MARS ெசவ் வாய்
• Mars is the fourth planet from the
Sun and the second smallest planet in
the solar system, after Mercury.
• named after the Roman God of war.
• It appears red in colour due to the
presence of iron oxide on its surface.
• The Red Planet.
• It also has polar ice caps like the
Earth.
• Mars has two natural satellites
namely Phobos and Deimos.
• The surface temperature of the Mars
is ranging from -153C to 20C. VIJAYAKUMAR S 53
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 JUPITER யாழன்
 Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun
and the largest planet in the solar
system. named after the king of the
Roman gods.
 fastest spinning planet in the solar
system.
 Jupiter is called a gas giant planet.
 Its atmosphere is made up of mostly
Hydrogen and Helium like the Sun.
 It has 95 natural satellites. Io, Europa,
Ganymede and Callisto are a few large
satellites of Jupiter.

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Saturn சனி

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and

the second largest planet in the solar system,
after Jupiter.

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• It is named after the Roman god of
agriculture.
• These rings are huge and are
mostly made up of ice, rocks and
dust particles.
• Saturn has 145 natural satellites
around it. Titan, Saturn’s largest
moon, is the only satellite in the
solar system that has clouds and
dense atmosphere composed of
nitrogen and methane.
• The specific gravity of Saturn is
less than that of water.
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Uranus ேரனஸ்

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Uranus is the seventh planet from
the Sun.
• It appears green due to the
presence of methane.
• It is named after the Greek god of
the sky.
• It rotates on its axis from east to
west like Venus.
• Its axis is tilted so much that, it
appears to orbit the Sun on its
sides like a rolling ball.
• Uranus has 27 natural satellites,
of which Titania is the largest.
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Neptune ெநப் ன்

Neptune is the eighth and the

farthest planet from the Sun.
• It is named after the Roman god
of sea.
• Neptune has 14 natural
satellites, the largest being
Triton.
• Neptune is one of the coldest
planets in the solar system.
• The striking blue and white
features of Neptune help to
distinguish it from Uranus.
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