FRONTAL AND ORBITAL REGION

OF SKULL

Practical work
FRONTAL REGION
 Boundries:
 a)medial – medial line
 b)lateral – projection of temporal line
 c)lower – above upper lid
 d)upper – between middle and front third of
the skull
TOPOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURES IN FRONTAL
REGION
 Frontal belly of
occipitofrontal
muscle
 Frontanl notch on
frontal bone (medial
branch of
supraorbital nerve,
supratrochlear artery
and vein)
 Orbital notch on
frontal bone (lateral
branch of
supraorbital nerve,
supraorbital artery
and vein)
OCCIPITOFRONTALIS
 Origin: it consists of four bellies, two frontal and
two occipital, connected by an aponeurosis.
 The occipital bellies are smaller and arise from
the highest nuchal line on the occipitl bone and
pass forward to be attached to the aponeurosis.
 The frontal bellies are largers and closer to each
other in the middle line.
 The arise from the skin and superfcial fascia of
the eyebrow and pass backward to be attached to
the aponeurosis.
SUPRAORBITAL NERVE
The supraorbital nerve is a terminal branch
of the trigeminal nerve.
It passes through the supraorbital foramen,
and gives off, in this situation, palpebral
filaments to the upper eyelid. Additionally it
supplies the conjunctiva of the eye, the frontal
sinus and the skin from the forehead
extending back to the middle of the scalp. It
then ascends upon the forehead, and ends in
two branches, a medial and a lateral, which
supply the integument of the scalp, reaching
nearly as far back as the lambdoidal suture; they
are at first situated beneath the frontalis:
•the medial branch perforates the muscle.
•the lateral branch perforates the galea
aponeurotica.
Both branches supply small twigs to
the pericranium.
 SUPRATROCHLEAR NERVE
 The supratrochlear nerve is a branch of
the frontal nerve, which itself comes from the
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal (or fifth)
cranial nerve. It is smaller than the
nearby supraorbital nerve. It passes above the
pulley of the superior oblique muscle, and
gives off a descending filament that joins the
infratrochlear branch of the nasociliary nerve.
 The supratrochlear nerve then exits the orbit
between the pulley of the superior oblique and
the supraorbital foramen, curves up on to the
forehead close to the bone, and ascends
beneath the corrugator supercilii and frontalis
muscles. It then divides into branches which
pierce these muscles and supplies the
following areas:
• skin of the lower part of the forehead, close to
the midline
• conjunctiva
• skin of the upper eyelid.
DISSECTION OF FRONTAL REGION
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYxe3z7LRD
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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpSaNvpbtEQ

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwLfBBeHW_
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ORBITAL REGION
 Boundries of orbita:
 a) superior wall: orbital part of frontal
bone , small wings of sphenoidal bone
 b) inferior wall: orbital surface of a
maxillae , orbital process of palatinal
bone , orbital surface of zygomatic bone
 c) medial wall: frontal process of maxilla
, lacrimal bone, orbital lamina of
ethmoid, body of sphenoidal bone
 d) lateral wall: orbital surface of
zygomatic bone, great wngs of
sphenoidal bone
TOPOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURES IN
ORBITAL REGION
 Boundries of orbital region: eliyptic cut above upper lid, below lower lid,
and just outside the lateral and medial angle of a eye

 Layers of the palpebral region:

 1.skin
 2.subcutaneous fat tissue
 3.orbicular oculi muscle
 4.orbital septum , tarsus
 5. m. levator palpebrae superius (only upper lid)
 6.conjuctiva
NERVES OF THE ORBIT
1. Opticnerve
2. Lacrimal nerve

3. Frontal nerve

4. Trochlear nerve

5. Oculomotor nerve

6. Nasociliary nerve

7. Abducent nerve
BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPH VESSELS
OF THE ORBIT

 Ophtalmic artery

Ophtalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid

artery after that vessel emerges from the
cavernosus sinus. It enters the orbit throught the
optiv canal with the optic nerve. It runs foward and
crosses the optic nerve to reach the medial wall of
the orbit. It gives off numerous branches, which
accompany the nerves in the orbital cavity.
OPHTALMIC VEINS
 The superior ophtalmic vein communicates in
front with the facial vein.
 The inferior ophtalmic vein communicates
through the inferior orbital fissure with the
pterygoid venous plexus. Both veins pass
backward through the superior orbital fissure
and drain into the cavernous sinus.

 Lymph vessels
No lymph vessels or nodes are present in the
orbital cavity
MUSCLES OF ORBITAL REGION
 The orbicularis oculi muscle is a muscle
located in the eyelids. It is a sphincter muscle
arranged in concentric bands around the
upper and lower eyelids. The main function of
the orbicularis oculi muscle is to close the
eyelids. This occurs when the muscle
contracts. It also assists in the drainage of
tears from the eyes. Whenever the orbicularis
oculi muscle contracts, the tears are drawn
from the tear film via the lacrimal pump
system.
 The orbicularis oculi muscle closes the eyelids and
assists in pumping the tears from the eye into the
nasolacrimal duct system. The orbital section of the
orbicularis oculi is more involved in the voluntary
closure of the eyelid, such as with winking and forced
squeezing. The preseptal section is involved in both the
voluntary forced closure as well as the involuntary blink
closure of the eye and keeping the eyelids closed during
sleep. The pretarsal section is more involved in the
involuntary blink closure of the eye and keeping the
eyelids closed during sleep.

 When the orbicularis muscle contracts, it shortens the

canaliculi of the nasolacrimal duct system, squeezing
the tears into the lacrimal sac. Also, the muscle also
pulls the lacrimal sac laterally and forward, creating a
vacuum to draw the tears into the sac.
FASCIAL SHEATH OF THE EYEBALL
 It separates te eyeball from the orbital fat and
provides it with a socket for free movement.
 The lower part of the fascial sheath, which passes
beneath the eyeball and connects the check
ligaments, is thickened and serves to suspend the
eyeball; it is called the suspensory ligament of the
eye.
 By this means, the eye is suspended from the
medial and lateral walls of the orbit, as if in a
hammock.
DISSECTION OF THE ORBITAL REGION
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3idzJs_rJk
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvwVfNiBB-
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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3vnTeXenew

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFm-
4X5NeYE
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbxFP2DkE40

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACO9Iy6D17
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