Use of Social Media in Promoting Safety and Emergency Management Protocols in

ASEAN Region

Valerie T. Agtani, Jonel A. Atilano, Bernadette J. Caampued, Janeth E. Clemente, Ivette

Pearl C. Corales, Anna Veronica A. Marin – College of Education, Nueva Ecija
University of Science and Technology, Sumacab Este Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija,
3100

ABSTRACT

The study aimed to give attention on promoting safety and emergency management
protocols for disaster and health in social media among ASEAN region. Researchers
sought the answer to the problems of this study which are as follows: mostly used social
media sites; types of protocols in terms of disaster and health; and common ways on how
promote protocols. This research used quantitative research, specifically a descriptive
research and data mining was used for data gathering process of the research. The result
shows that six social media sites commonly used in promoting safety and emergency
management protocols for both disaster and health, Facebook and Twitter are the most
commonly used. There are four disaster safety and emergency management protocols and
three health safety and emergency management protocols. It is also found out that the
ASEAN region used various methods such as blogs, videos, and images for promoting
both disaster and health protocols in social media. Researchers recommended web-
seminars that focus in the usage of social media in an effective and efficient information
dissemination. Also, adoption of Sendai framework was recommended that can reduce
the impact of disasters by requiring a better understanding in disaster risk and to improve
risk governance through social media. Lastly, Prototype 2.0 that aims to help everyone in
ASEAN Region to ensure and develop a better emergency management system.
Keywords: Social media, ASEAN, Emergency Management Protocols
I. Introduction

Social media, a platform used to generate connections worldwide, a communication tool

used for social interaction and access information and news, and share, create, and spread

the word and build relationships with others locally and worldwide. With social media's

help, every people can easily access news inside and outside the country, and every

people can see current updates about health and disaster safety and emergency

management protocols to maintain their security and safety.

1
According to Adini, Goldberg, and Simon (2015), social media tools are integrated into

most parts of everyone's daily lives, as citizens, netizens, researchers, or emergency

responders. In the last few years, social media helps every person globally promote

disaster and emergencies; it serves as an integral and significant component of crisis

response. During health and disaster problems, social media communication is one of the

fundamental tools of emergency management.

To support this research, the study of Huang, Chang, and Hyder, (2010) which is entitled

"Social media and disasters" was used as a basis. It is found out that Social media is a

great help in providing sufficient and accurate information during a disaster; the proper

use of social media can help to innovate the development of strategies on how to apply it

correctly. Moreover, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

were responsible for ensuring the protection and welfare of the people during disasters or

emergencies. NDRRMC created their own websites and hotlines in social media that can

help to expand the reach of the information due to social sharing and the vast number of

citizens who actively utilize the platforms.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) comprises ten countries: Brunei,

Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and

Vietnam. Within the region, there are 400 million total internet users (ASEAN UP,

2019). The ASEAN region recognizes the effectiveness of social media as a channel of

information, connectivity, and awareness promotion. Because of social media ASEAN

region can quickly get information in any happening inside or outside the area. It also

promotes connectivity where everyone that wants to communicate with others is possible.

2
Along the way, ASEAN region is located between several tectonic plates, which cause

earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. The area is also placed between two major

cities oceans specifically the Pacific and Indian Oceans resulting in seasonal typhoons

and in some cases tsunamis. There are several types of natural hazards like typhoons,

floods, earthquake, tsunamis, eruptions, landslides, forest-fire and epidemics that are

present in ASEAN Region (ASEAN Disaster Risk Management Initiative, 2010).

ASEAN has experience catastrophic disaster yearly; in 2008 the country of Myanmar

earned its spot on the longer-term list due to Cyclone Nargis that caused more than 95

percent of the damage and facilities in the country. As of January 2020, The Taal

Volcano, smallest active volcano in the world began to spew an ash cloud kilometers into

the sky, and for four days the volcano has persisted at an alert level 4/5 and at least

30,000 people have fled in different places to make their self-safe.

In 2004, the day after Christmas a lot of tourist flocked to the beaches of Thailand, and a

9.1 magnitude earthquake that ripped through the undersea fault in the Indian Ocean.

Many towns are wiped because of this tsunami and in the country of Phuket, Thailand

also hit by the tsunami with travelling of 500mph across the Indian Ocean. The death toll

in Thailand was nearly 5,400 including 2,000 foreign tourists. It was also the deadliest in

recorded history taking 230,000 lives in a matter of hours.

This study presented how social media plays a role in promoting disaster and health

safety and emergency management protocols. However, this study will focus on ASEAN

Region. This study will correlates with SDG number 3, Good Health and Well-being and

SDG number 13, Climate Action. A better understanding of social media's status across

dispensing protocols in security and emergency management, especially in disaster and

3
health, would help everyone seeking to develop their strategies for safety and emergency

management protocols in every individual and to attain the objective of this study which

is to develop faster and better emergency management system that will cater the needs of

citizens in 21st century through the use of social media and mobile application. .

II. Methodology

The researchers utilized a quantitative method of research and data mining as a substitute

in gathering information. According to World Atlas (2021), quantitative research is a type

of research where it obtains and analyze data in a countable manner. The type of

quantitative research that the researchers used in this study was descriptive research

design. According to Pedamkar (2020), it seeks to explain the current status of an

identified variable.

Due to COVID pandemic, data mining was used to analyze and interpret the data from

well-known government agencies and verified registered websites such as, Philippine

Red Cross, NIKKEIASIA, Southeast Asia-Road to Resilience-Red Cross, World Health

Organization (WHO), Asia Pacific-Org, Ministry of Health Vietnam, Department of

Health (DOH), WHO Country Office of Malaysia, Ministry of Health (MOH), Research

Gate, BMC Public Health, UNPD, Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA), and Malaysia:

Flood, ISIF:Asia. According to IGI Global (2021), data mining refers to a process of

digging and finding valuable patterns and correlations within different data for

discovering hidden connections and predicts future trends.

4
III. Results and Discussion

1.1: Mostly Used Social Media Sites in Promoting Disaster Protocols

120%
100% 100%
100%
VIETNAM VIETNAM
THAILAND THAILAND
80%
SINGAPORE SINGAPORE
PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES
60%
MYANMAR MYANMAR
MALAYSIA MALAYSIA
40%
LAOS LAOS 30%
INDONESIA INDONESIA PHILIPPINES
20%
CAMBODIA CAMBODIA MALAYSIA 10% 10% 10%
BRUNEI BRUNEI INDONESIA MYANMAR LAOS MYANMAR
0%
FACEBOOK TWITTER YOUTUBE INSTAGRAM MOBILE4D WHATSAPP

Sources: Philippine Red Cross, NIKKEIASIA, Southeast Asia-Road To Rescilience-Red Cross,

Science Direct, Lao Red Cross

There are six social media sites that used by ASEAN region in promoting disaster

protocols and the Facebook and Twitter are the mostly used social media sites for disaster

management protocols. The least used social media sites for disaster management

protocols are Instagram, Mobile 4D and WhatsApp. Facebook and Twitter have great

potential in giving updates, protocols, awareness, and other types of safety and

emergency management, especially in disasters. With the help of data gathered, the

usefulness of these two social media sites for disaster management found out. It is found

out that Facebook and Twitter are acknowledged by ASEAN Region in its effectiveness,

through utilizing different social media sites for posting protocols and giving updates in

ASEAN Region, people has more opportunity to get information that will help in

securing their safety.

5
1.2: Mostly Used Social Media Sites in Promoting Health Protocols

120%

100%
100%
VIETNAM
90%
THAILAND VIETNAM
80%
SINGAPORE SINGAPORE

PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES
60%
MYANMAR MYANMAR

MALAYSIA MALAYSIA
40%
LAOS LAOS

INDONESIA INDONESIA 20%

20%
CAMBODIA CAMBODIA SINGAPORE 10%
BRUNEI BRUNEI INDONESIA VIETNAM
0%
TWITTER FACEBOOK INSTSAGRAM YOUTUBE MOBILE4D WHATSAPP

Sources: Asia Pacific-Org, Ministry Of Health Vietnam, Prudential, Southeast Asia- Road To
Rescilience, Prudential, World Health Organization (WHO)

There are six social media sites that used by ASEAN region in promoting health

protocols and Twitter was the mostly used site. The least social media sites used is

YouTube with only one country used. ASEAN Countries use this site to give safety

protocols and awareness in health. Twitter is helpful because it offers a lot of platforms

where disseminating protocols in relation to health safety and emergency management

can be done. The sharing of information on twitter can create a communicative and

collaborative help for people by means of being aware and guided to health safety and

emergency management.

6
2.1: Number of Promoted Disaster Safety and Emergency Management Protocols in

Social Media used by ASEAN Region

100%
80%
90% VIETNAM
THAILAND
SINGAPORE
60% PHILIPPINES THAILAND
MYANMAR PHILIPPINES
40% MALAYSIA 60%MYANMAR VIETNAM So
u 20% INDONESIA MALAYSIA THAILAND THAILAND rc
CAMBODIA LAOS MYANMAR PHILIPPINES
e BRUNEI INDONESIA INDONESIA INDONESIA s:
0% 40%
s s s 30% s
ol ol ol ol
t oc oc oc oc
ro ot ot ot
sP Pr Pr P r
s se n n
ne on tio tio
ed sp ci a e n
pa
r Re un ev
re n m Pr
rP atio Co
m
st
er
e t a
st ap Di
s
isa Ad
D
World, Health Organization (WHO), Asia Foundation org., WHO country office of Malaysia

There are four common disaster safety and emergency management protocols promoted

in social media those are the disaster preparedness protocols, adaptation response

protocols, disaster prevention and communication protocols. The most promoted

protocols are disaster preparedness protocols and the least promoted protocols are the

disaster prevention protocols. It seems that there are many ASEAN countries are lack in

promoting this disaster management protocols in social media. However, using social

media in disaster management, people can change their beliefs, the way they handle an

emergency, and act to address the posted challenges. Disaster Management is a basic

human need when disaster strikes. Social media establish a safe and secure environment

for its citizens particularly if the public information is accurate.

7
2.2: Number of Promoted Health Safety and Emergency Management Protocols in

Social Media used by ASEAN Region

100%
80% 90%
THAILAND
SINGAPORE VIETNAM
60% PHILIPPINES 80%
THAILAND
MYANMAR SINGAPORE
MALAYSIA PHILIPPINES VIETNAM
40% LAOS MYANMAR THAILAND
INDONESIA MALAYSIA PHILIPPINES
20% CAMBODIA INDONESIA MYANMAR
BRUNEI CAMBODIA 50%
MALAYSIA
0%
ls ls ls
oco oco oco
t t t
ro ro ro
e sP ss
P
ss
P
lin e ne
e en ed
id ar r
Gu Aw e pa
h h Pr
e alt alt h
H He
e alt
H
Sources: Department of Health (DOH), World Health Organization (WHO), Ministry of Health
(MOH), Research gate, BMC Public Health, UNPD.

There are three common health safety and emergency management protocols promoted in

social media; these are health awareness, health guidelines and health preparedness

protocols. The most promoted protocol is health guidelines protocols and the least

promoted is health preparedness protocols. Although ASEAN countries is one of the

large user of Social media, similar in disaster management protocols, health management

protocols is lack in promoting in social media. However, these protocols serve as a guide

and foundation for every people anywhere in the world especially to those users of social

media, it can help them expand their minds so that they know what to do in case of

disaster come or unexpected event.

8
3.1: Common Ways on How ASEAN Region Promote Disaster Safety and

Emergency Management Protocols in Social Media

120%
100% 100% 100%
100%
VIETNAM VIETNAM VIETNAM

THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND

80%
SINGAPORE SINGAPORE SINGAPORE

PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES

60%
MYANMAR MYANMAR MYANMAR

MALAYSIA MALAYSIA MALAYSIA

40%
40%
LAOS LAOS LAOS SINGAPORE

20%
INDONESIA INDONESIA INDONESIA PHILIPPINES
10%
CAMBODIA CAMBODIA CAMBODIA MYANMAR

BRUNEI BRUNEI BRUNEI MALAYSIA MYANMAR

0%
IMAGE TEXT VIDEO WEBSITE BLOG
Sources: Red Cross, Red Crescent, Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA), Malaysia: Flood, ISIF:Asia

There are five ways on how ASEAN countries promote disaster safety and emergency

management protocols in social media. Text, videos and images are the common ways

for promoting disaster management protocols in social media that is used by all ASEAN

Countries. The least way is using blog to promote disaster management protocols in

social media which is Myanmar. Therefore, by incorporating social media into their

communications strategies, public safety organizations can leverage the power of these

popular information-sharing technologies to enhance their efforts through all phases of an

emergency. Communication is of the utmost importance in dealing with Emergency

Preparedness and Prevention. Today's Technology is a prime part of the solutions. They

ensure speedy dissemination of information before, during, and after the emergency is a

potentially critical role to play using Information-sharing technologies.

9
3.2: Common Ways on How ASEAN Region Promote Health Safety and Emergency
30%
Management Protocols in Social Media

120%

100% 100% 100% Sources: Red

Cross, Red
100% Crescent,
VIETNAM VIETNAM VIETNAM
Emergency Plan of Action
THAILAND THAILAND THAILAND
(EPoA), 80% Malaysia:
Flood, SINGAPORE SINGAPORE SINGAPORE ISIF:Asia
PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES
60%
There MYANMAR MYANMAR MYANMAR are five
MALAYSIA MALAYSIA MALAYSIA
ways on 40% how
LAOS LAOS LAOS
INDONESIA INDONESIA INDONESIA THAILAND
ASEAN 20% countries
CAMBODIA CAMBODIA CAMBODIA PHILIPPINES

BRUNEI BRUNEI BRUNEI MALAYSIA

promote 0% health
IMAGE TEXT VIDEO WEBSITE BLOG
safety and emergency management protocols in social media. The common ways in

promoting are three which are use of text, video and image with all ASEAN Countries

using them. In blogs, there are no countries used this as way for promoting health

management protocols. Within Emergency Management, websites are one of the easiest

ways to reach and get the information you needed because, on the website, they got all

the information from photos, videos, and texts. While through the use of Text in social

media, people can communicate faster and can clarify a context such as articles and other

information. Images and Videos are also useful as it easily records and captures what is

happening and shares it to other Social Media users. Different ways of Information-

sharing through technologies help exchange the data between various organizations and

people.

IV. Conclusions

10
From the findings of this study, it is found out that the countries of the ASEAN Region

used social media to promote disaster and health safety and emergency management

protocols. Also there are six social media sites that the ASEAN region used for

promoting disaster and health safety and emergency management protocols and the

commonly used social media sites are Facebook and Twitter. In promoting Disaster

safety and emergency management protocols, there are four common ways that the

ASEAN region used and these are the disaster preparedness, adaptation response

protocols, disaster prevention, and communication protocols and in advocating Health

safety and emergency management protocols, there are three common ways that the

ASEAN region used and these are the health awareness, health guidelines and health

preparedness. In conclusion, promoting safety emergency management protocols on

social media, ASEAN region used various methods such as blogs, videos, and images and

Social media plays a vital role in ASEAN region when it comes to promoting disaster and

health safety and emergency management protocols. Through the use of different social

media sites, ways and platforms maintaining the safety of people is possible.

V. Recommendations

Conducting Web-seminars

In relation to the findings of the study based on the statement of the problem, researchers

recommend that the ASEAN Leaders should mandate government sectors to conduct

web-seminars that will focus on the topic of "how social media can use in effective and

efficient information dissemination about safety and emergency management protocols,

with regards to disaster and health areas." Especially now, the region is one of the largest

11
area affected caused by the pandemic, conducting web-seminars is one of the easiest way

to mandate and update all members of the government sectors.

Hybrid Sendai Framework

In using Sendai Framework, it can reduce the frequency and impact of disasters, by

requiring a better understanding in disaster risk and to improve risk governance so that

existing risks are reduced, and the creation of new risks is minimized. The Sendai

Framework recognizes Emergency Management System by reducing and managing

conditions of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability—while building the capacity of

communities and countries for prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery—losses

and impacts on health from disasters can be more effectively alleviated through a multi-

sectoral approach rather than focusing exclusively on emergency response. The

Researchers wants to utilize the social media in times of disaster and health problems.

The target beneficiaries of this recommendation are the 10 countries of ASEAN Region

which includes the governments who will make plans and will lend to the Municipalities

who make action to pass through the communities. The process will be promoting safety

and emergency management that will establish the different protocols that promotes

awareness, guidelines, preparedness, and readiness in terms of disaster and health. The

intended output of this recommendation is to make the ASEAN region be aware,

informed, and safe. With that, the ASEAN people will engage themselves using social

media in terms of emergency management to maintain their safety and awareness.

12
PROTOTYPE 2.0

Based on the gathered results from this study, ASEAN countries use social media for

promoting emergency management protocols. Researchers recommended an action plan

in relation to the improvement of social media use in disaster and health management,

through a prototype mobile application for emergencies. Researchers found out that there

are different mobile applications developed by different countries from ASEAN Region

and East Asia, not just for promoting protocols but to give real time update for better

emergency management that we can adopt and improve. By building a new mobile

application which can be called "PROTOTYPE 2.0" it could be possible.

Prototype 2.0 aims to help everyone from ASEAN Region from its government leaders

up to every individual to ensure and improve a better emergency management system.

This action plan is the combination of different features from the mobile applications

namely, Mobile4D from Laos, Project Noah from the Philippines, Sokhakrom from

Cambodia, Alipay Wallet app from China and Corona map from South Korea. Therefore,

it is already tested and in that way it is more possible to build. Of course, ASEAN

member states are in need to cooperate and unite to build this mobile application.

ASEAN countries need to make a task force to manage this application. All mobile

phone users will be benefited to this because its main objective is to provide safety for

everyone. Through this project, researchers believed that ASEAN emergency

management system will be better and faster.

13
VI. References

Abimbola, A., (2020). The importance of social media in emergency management.

Retrieved from https://mauconline.net/the-importance-of-social-media-

inemergency-management/ Retrieved on Nov 20, 2020

Adini, B., Goldberg, A., and Simon, T., (2015). Socializing in emergencies—a review of

the use of social media in

emergency situations. ScienceDirect. Retrieved from Socializing in

emergencies—A review of the use of social media in emergency situations -

ScienceDirect Retrieved on October 5, 2020

Akmal, M.(2019). Timor-Leste’s ASEAN Membership: To be or not to be? Retrieved

from https://asc.fifipol.ugm.ac.id/2019/12/18/timor-lestes-asean-membership-

to-be-or-not-to-be/ retrieved on May 2021

Amer, C., (n.d.). Collins English dictionary. Retrieved from

5https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/guideline Retrieved on

February 07, 2021

14
ASEAN UP, (2019). Southeast Asia digital, social and mobile 2019. Retrieved from

Southeast Asia digital, social and mobile 2019 - ASEAN UP. Retrieved on

October 05, 2020

Association of South East Asia Nations, ASEAN Community. Retrieved from

https://asean.org retrieved on May 2020

Bass, M., Haque U., Khan, M., Lambert K., Lentz, E., Lippincott N., Mehal, P., and Ulvi,

O., (2019). The role of social and mainstream media during storms. Journal of

Public Health and Emergency. Retrieved from The role of social and

mainstream media during storms - Ulvi - Journal of Public Health and

Emergency (amegroups.com) Retrieved on March 17, 2021

Bevaola, K., and Prabowo N., (2020). Scraping social media data for disaster

communication: how the pattern of Twitter users affects disasters in Asia and

the Pacific. Retrieved from 20201

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-020-04136-z Retrieved on

September 23, 2020

Carreon, L. M., (2011). Working with ASEAN on disaster risk reduction and disaster

management. Retrieved from Working with ASEAN on disaster risk reduction

15
 and disaster management - Humanitarian Practice Network (odihpn.org)

Retrieved on Nov 19, 2020

City University of Hongkong, (2020). What is research ethics?. Run Run Shaw Library.

Retrieved from Ethics in Research - Research Methods - Research Guides at

City University of Hong Kong. Retrieved on Sept, 9 2020.

Collins, W., (1979). Dictionary.com. Retrieved from

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/preparedness Retrieved on February 14,

2021

Data Center News Asia, (2020). Asia home to half of the world's internet users. Retrieved

from https://datacenternews.asia/story/asia-home-to-half-of-the-world-s-

internet-users. Retrieved on March 22, 2021

Dave, R. (2018). The 2004 Tsunami Wiped Away Towns With Mind-Boggling

Destruction. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/.amp/news/deadliest-

tsunami-2004-indian-ocean retrieved on May 2021

16
Emergency Management Guidelines, (2018). Emergency management guidelines.

Ministry of Health and Long-time Care. Retrieved from Emergency

Management Guideline, 2018 (gov.on.ca) Retrieved on Nov 20, 2020

Espérance, S., Laroche, E., and Mosconi, E., (2020). Use of social media platforms for

promoting healthy employee lifestyles and occupational health and safety

prevention: A systematic review. ScienceDirect. Retrieved from Use of social

media platforms for promoting healthy employee lifestyles and occupational

health and safety prevention: A systematic review - ScienceDirect Retrieved on

October 12, 2020

Gandomi , A., and Haider, M.( 2015). International journal of information management.

ScienceDirect. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/international-journal-of-information-

management/vol/35/issue/2. Retrieved on March 23, 2021

Gafoor, K. A., (2012). Consideration in the measurement of awareness” Retrieved from

2012ED545374.pdfk Retrieved on March 03, 2021

Greysen, S., Kind, T., & Chretien, K., (2010). Online professionalism and the mirror of

social media. Health Sciences Research Commons. Retrieved from "Online

17
 professionalism and the mirror of social media" by SR Greysen, T Kind et al.

(gwu.edu) Retrieved on October 21, 2020

Huang, C.-M., Chan, E., and Hyder A. ,(2010). Web 2.0 and Internet Social Networking:

A New tool for Disaster Management? - Lessons from Taiwan. BMC Medical

Informatics and Decision Making. Retrieved from Web 2.0 and Internet Social

Networking: A New tool for Disaster Management? - Lessons from Taiwan

(psu.edu) Retrieved on March 11, 2021

IGI Global, (2020). What is data mining?. Retrieved from What is Data Mining | IGI

Global (igi-global.com) . Retrieved on February 7, 2021

International Federation Redcross, (2000). International to Disaster Preparedness

retrieved from https://www.preventionweb.net/files/2743_Introdp.pdf Retrieved

on February 24, 2021

International Health Regulations, (2005). Health emergency and disaster risk

management framework. Word Health Organization. Retrieved from

https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/preparedness/health-emergency-and-

disaster-risk-management-framework-eng.pdf?ua=1 Retrieved on March 15,

2021

18
Isabel, MF. (2020) About the State Of Emergency. Retrieved from

https://ph.asiatatler.com/society/taal-2020-eruption-what-you-need-to-know-

about-the-state-of-emergency retrieved on May 2020

Jowers, J., (2020). Resource Discovery: Disaster Preparedness Resources for Military

Families. Military Families Learning Network. Retrieved from Resource

Discovery: Disaster Preparedness Resources for Military Families - Military

Families Learning Network Retrieved on December 10, 2020

Eastern Kentucky University, (2020). Social Media in Emergency Management: Tools

and Applications for Disaster Response Retrieved from
https://safetymanagement.eku.edu/blog/social-media-emergency-
management/ Retrieved on Nov 19, 2020

Lavrakas, P., (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Scribd. Retrieved from

Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods - Lavrakas - 2008 | Sampling

(Statistics) | Science & Mathematics (scribd.com) Retrieved on March 17,

2021.

19
Lena, S., (2016). Disaster Prevention and Preparedness. Retrieved from

www.humanitarianlibrary.org DisasterPreventionPreparedness.pdf on February

20, 2021

Lindsay, B. R., (2011). Social media and disasters: current uses, future options, and

policy considerations. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from

https://preparecenter.org/topic/social-media-disasters/ Retrieved on Nov 22,

2020

Mairs, J., (2012). What does protocol mean?. English Language Learning Publishing.

Retrieved from

https://www.learnersdictionary.com/qa/what-does- protocol-mean

Retrieved on March 22, 2021

Maizura, I. (2018). ASEAN Nations hazard hit by natural disasters. Retrieved from

https://theaseanpost.com/articleiasean-nations-hard-hit-natural-disasters?amp

retrieved on May 22, 2021

Merriam-Webster Dictionary, (n.d.). Safety. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved from

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/safety. Retrieved on March 22,

2021.

20
Merchant, (2011). Integrating Social Media into Emergency-Preparedness Efforts.

Retrieved from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmp1103591

Retrieved on Nov 19, 2020

Pedamkar, P., (2020). Types of quantitative research. EDUCBA. Retrieved from

https://www.educba.com/types-of-quantitative-research/ Retrieved on March

23, 2021

Pershad, T., Hangge, P., Albadawi, H., and Oklu, R., (2018). Social medicine: twitter in

healthcare. Journal of Clinical Medicine. Retrieved from

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29843360/. Retrieved on March 22, 2021

Salazar, V., (2016). Toward a disaster resilient region: examining US-ASEAN

cooperation on disaster management under the Obama administration. Republic

of the Philippines-Foreign Service Institute. Retrieved from Toward A Disaster

Resilient Region: Examining US-ASEAN Cooperation On Disaster

Management Under the Obama Administration | Foreign Service Institute

(fsi.gov.ph) Retrieved on October 2, 2020

21
Salkind, N., (2020). Data mining. Sage Research Methods. Retrieved from

https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-design/n101.xml

Shultz, J. (2018). Emergency management 101 Retrieved from

http://www.disastersrus.org/em101.htm Retrieved on February 7, 2021

Simon, T., Goldberg, A., and Adini, B., (2015). International Journal of Information

Management. Volume 35, Issue 5, October 2015, Pages 609-619. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401215000638#bib0415

Retrieved on September 28 2020

Space and Naval Welfare Systems Center Atlantic, (2013). Innovative Uses of Social

Media in Emergency Management. Homeland Security Science and

Technology. Retrieved from Innovative Uses of Social Media in Emergency

Management (dhs.gov). Retrieved on March 17, 2021

Syed-Abdul, D., (2018). Social media in healthcare: opportunities and challenges.

HealthCareManagement.org. Retrieved from Social media in healthcare:

opportunities and challenges - HealthManagement.org Retrieved on March 17,

2021

22
Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risk Assessment, (2010). Retrieved

from https://www.unisdr.org retrieved on May 22, 2021

Techopedia (2021). Communication protocols. Retrieved from

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/25705/communication-protocol

retrieved on March 05, 2021

The Sustainable Development Goals Fund (SDG Fund), (2014). Retrieved from

www.jointdgfund.org retrieved on March 22, 2021

Tuason, M. T., Guss C. D., & Carroll, L., (2012). The disaster continues: a qualitative

study on the experiences of the displaced Katarina hurricane survivors.

Semantic Scholars. Retrieved from The disaster continues: A qualitative study

on the experiences of displaced Hurricane Katrina survivors. | Semantic Scholar

Retrieved on October 3, 2020

Twigg, J., (2014). The power of social media to change the health and safety landscape.

Safety Management Magazine. Retrieved from

https://www.britsafe.org/publications/safety-management-magazine/safety-

23
 management-magazine/2014/the-power-of-social-media-to-change-the-health-

and-safety-landscape/ Retrieved on Nov 21, 2020

World Atlas, (2021). What is quantitative research?. WorldAtlas. Retrieved from

https://www.worldatlas.com/what-is-quantitative-research.html Retrieved on,

February 4, 2021.

Yasin, R., (2010). 5 ways to use social media for better emergency response. The

Technology that Drives Government IT. Retrieved from 5 ways social media is

changing emergency management -- GCN ) Retrieved on Nov 22, 2020

Zhou, H., (2016). A Way to Sustainability: Perspective of Resilience and Adaptation to

Disaster. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/8/737/pdf

retrieved on March 03, 2021

24