An ECG device detects and amplifies the tiny electrical changes on the skin that arise when

the heart muscle undergoes depolarization during each heartbeat. Each cardiomyocyte has
a negative charge (membrane potential) across its outer wall (or cell membrane). (via the
influx of positive ions, Na+ and Ca++) It is called depolarization, which activates the
mechanisms in cells that cause contraction. The regulator advances a wave of
depolarization that is triggered by cells in the SA node, during each beat by a healthy heart.
It spreads through the atria, passes through the "intrinsic conduction pathways", and then
spreads throughout the ventricles. This process is detected by a small spike, which falls in
the voltage between two electrodes on either side of the heart and is displayed as a wavy
line either on a screen or on paper. This symptom indicates the general rhythm of the heart
.and weaknesses in different parts of the heart muscle

Electrocardiogram: reading waves

An electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the electrical current moving through the heart as it
beats. The movement of the electrical current is divided into parts, and each part is given an
.alphabetical designation on the ECG

Each heartbeat begins with a pulse or signal from the heart's pacemaker (the SA or sinus
node). This signal stimulates the two upper chambers of the heart (the atria). The P wave
.indicates the activation of the atria

Next, the electrical current flows down to the two lower chambers of the heart (the
.ventricles). The QRS component represents the activation of the ventricles on the ECG

The electrical current then propagates back into the ventricles in the opposite direction.
.This activity is called a recovery wave, which is represented by the T wave

Many types of disorders can be distinguished from an ECG reading. These include a previous
heart attack (myocardial infarction), abnormal heart rhythms, inadequate blood and oxygen
supply to the heart (ischemia), and thickening (or enlargement) of the muscular walls of the
heart
 ?Where does the heart's electricity come from

The electrical signal originates from a group of specialized cells in the heart's upper right
chamber (or right atrium), called the sinus node, or SA node,[2] which sends a pulse.
Normally 60 to 100 times per minute in an adult, but the rate of the heartbeat or the
electrical impulse sent by these cells may vary with age,[3] or according to the needs of the
] body, nervous stress, or various hormonal factors.[4]

Mechanism of electrical transmission of the heart .

The transmission of electricity through the heart during its contraction can be shown as
:follows

The electrical signal from the SA node travels through the muscle cells in the right and left
atria, activating these cells and contracting the atria, which helps pump blood into the right
.and left ventricles

After blood is pumped to the ventricles, and before the electrical signal is transmitted to
them, contributing to their contraction, the atrioventricular node, or AV node, will receive
the electrical signal. The incoming electrical signal is for a short time, giving the ventricles
.enough time to receive blood from the atria

The electrical signal leaves the AV node and travels down through conduction pathways
that divide these signals into two branches; One goes to the left ventricle and the other to
the right ventricle, and these pathways are a bundle of conduction cells called the Bundle of
.His, and when the electrical signal reaches the ventricles, this causes them to contract

When the right ventricle contracts, it pumps blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle
.contracts blood to the rest of the body

.Each contraction of the ventricles represents one heartbeat

The electrical system is reset again, as the sinus node then sends another signal to the atria
.to contract, and this cycle begins again

This electrical system works in a complex mechanism to adjust the rhythm and rate of the
heart to the appropriate levels and ensure that the right amount of blood is pumped
throughout the body. At rest, the SA node maintains the heart rate between 50 and 100
beats per minute. In the case of exercise or any activity that requires effort, the body
responds by increasing the frequency of electrical impulses, the heart rate accelerates to
pump more oxygen-rich blood, and then returns to respond again when returning to a state
.of rest by reducing the frequency of pulses
So that, any abnormality in this rhythm may be dangerous, especially in the event of an
.unexpected acceleration in the heart rate