Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and
accessing the applications online. It offers online data storage,
infrastructure and application.
Characteristics of cloud computing
There are four key characteristics of cloud computing. They are
shown in the following diagram:
1. On demand self-service
Cloud Computing allows the users to use web services and
resources on demand. One can logon to a website at any time and
use them.
2. Broad network access
Since Cloud Computing is completely web based, it can be
accessed from anywhere and at any time.
3. Resource pooling
Cloud Computing allows multiple tenants to share a pool of
resources. One can share single physical instance of hardware,
database and basic infrastructure.
4. Rapid elasticity
It is very easy to scale up or down the resources at any time.
Resources used by the customers or currently assigned to
customers are automatically monitored and resources. It makes it
possible
5. Measured service
In this service cloud provider controls and monitors all the
aspects of cloud service. Resource optimization, billing, and
capacity planning etc. depend on it.
To help clarify how cloud computing has changed the nature of
commercial system deployment, consider these three examples:
 Google: In the last decade, Google has built a
worldwide network of datacenters to service its search
engine. In doing so Google has captured a substantial
portion of the world’s advertising revenue. That revenue
has enabled Google to offer free software to users based
on that infrastructure and has changed the market for
user-facing software. This is the classic Software as a
Service.
 Azure Platform: By contrast, Microsoft is creating the
Azure Platform. It enables .NET Framework
applications to run over the Internet as an alternate
platform for Microsoft developer software running on
desktops.
 Amazon Web Services: One of the most successful
cloud-based businesses is Amazon Web Services, which
is an Infrastructure as a Service offering that lets you
rent virtual computers on Amazon’s own infrastructure.
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Benefits of cloud computing
Cloud Computing has numerous advantages. Some of them are
listed below:
1. One can access applications as utilities, over the
Internet.
Manipulate and configure the application online at any
time.
2. It does not require to install a specific piece of software
to access or manipulate cloud application.
3. Cloud Computing offers online development and
deployment tools, programming runtime environment
through Platform as a Service model.
4. Cloud resources are available over the network in a
manner that provides platform independent access to
any type of clients.
5. Cloud Computing offers on-demand self-service. The
resources can be used without interaction with cloud
service provider.
There are several challenges and disadvantages of cloud
computing, including:
1. Security: Storing data and applications on remote
servers can make them vulnerable to cyber-attacks.
2. Internet dependency: Cloud computing services need
internet connection which can be a problem in case of
poor network.
3. Reliability: Cloud services may be subject to outages or
downtime, which can impact the availability of data and
applications.
4. Compliance: Organizations may have to comply with
various regulations, such as HIPAA or PCI-DSS, which
can be difficult to do in a cloud environment.
5. Latency: Accessing data and applications over the
internet can result in latency, which can impact
performance.
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Security: Security refers to the measures that are taken to protect
systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access or attacks.
In the context of cloud computing, security is a critical concern,
as organizations need to ensure that their data is safe and secure
when it is stored or processed on a third-party provider's servers.
Trust: Trust refers to the confidence that organizations have in
the ability of a cloud provider to secure their data and maintain
the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of their systems.
Trust is an important factor in the adoption of cloud computing,
as organizations need to be confident that their data is being
handled responsibly.
Privacy: Privacy refers to the protection of personal information
from unauthorized disclosure or use. In the context of cloud
computing, privacy is a concern as organizations may be hesitant
to store sensitive data on a third-party provider's servers due to
concerns about data privacy. It is important for cloud providers
to have strong privacy policies in place to reassure users that
their data is being handled responsibly.
Explain cloud service models / Reference model 2. Abstraction: PaaS offer a way to deploy and manage
applications on the cloud rather than a virtual machine on
top of which the IT infrastructure is built and configured.
3. Automation: PaaS deploy the applications automatically.
4. Cloud services: Provide services for creation, delivery,
monitoring management, reporting of applications.

Software as a Service (SaaS): This is the highest level of cloud

computing, where users can access and use applications over the
Internet, without the need to install and run them on their own
computers. SaaS providers host and maintain the applications,
and users can access them through a web browser or other client
software. SaaS is often delivered on a subscription basis, and is
typically used for business applications such as customer
relationship management and enterprise resource planning.
Some examples:
a. Gmail
b. Google drive c. Dropbox
d. WhatsApp

Characteristics of SaaS:
1. The product sold to customer is application access.
Cloud service models refer to the different levels at which cloud 2. The application is centrally managed.
computing services are provided to users. There are three main 3. The service delivered is one-to-many.
cloud service models: 4. The service delivered is an integrated solution delivered
on the contract, which means provided as promised.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): This is the most basic level
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of cloud computing, where users can rent computing
Deployment models
infrastructure such as servers, storage, and networking resources
NIST Cloud computing also has 4 deployment models, which are
on an as-needed basis. IaaS providers offer a range of
as follows:
infrastructure resources that can be accessed over the Internet,
and users are responsible for installing and configuring their own
1. Public
operating systems, applications, and middleware.
This is the model where cloud infrastructure and resources are
Some examples:
given to the public via a public network. These models are
1. Amazon Web Services (AWS),
generally owned by companies that sell cloud services.
2. Microsoft Azure,
3. Google Compute Engine (GCE)
2. Private
This is the model where cloud infrastructure and resources are
There are the following characteristics of IaaS -
only accessible by the cloud consumer. These models are
1. Resources are available as a service o Services are
generally owned by cloud consumers themselves or a third party.
highly scalable
2. Dynamic and flexible
3. Community
3. GUI and API-based access
This is the model where a group of cloud consumers might share
4. Automated administrative tasks
their cloud infrastructure and resources as they may have the
same goal and policies to be achieved. These models are owned
Platform as a Service (PaaS): This is a higher level of cloud
by organizations or third-party.
computing, where users can build and deploy applications on top
of a cloud-based platform. The platform provides the underlying
4. Hybrid
infrastructure, as well as development tools and services, to
This model consists of a mixture of different deployment models
allow users to focus on building and running their applications.
like public, private, or community. This helps in the exchange of
PaaS providers typically offer a range of development tools, such
data or applications between various models.
as databases, programming languages, and integration services,
to support the development and deployment of applications.
Examples of Cloud Computing Reference Model Apart From
Some examples:
NIST
a. Google App Engine
 IBM Architecture
b. Force.com
 Oracle Architecture
Characteristics of PaaS:  HP Architecture
1. Runtime framework: The runtime framework executes  Cisco Reference Architecture
end-user code according to the policies set by the user
and the provider. ======================================
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
It is a stage in the evolution of application development and/or Cloud Computing
integration. It defines a way to make software components
reusable using the interfaces. Cloud computing is used to
provide pools and automated
resources that can be
accessed on-demand.
Virtualization
While It is used to make
various simulated
environments through a
physical hardware system.

While virtualization setup is

Cloud computing setup is simple as compared to cloud
tedious, complicated. computing.

While virtualization is low

Cloud computing is high scalable compared to cloud
scalable. computing.

There are two major roles within Service-oriented Architecture: While virtualization is less
1. Service provider: The service provider is the maintainer of the Cloud computing is Very flexible than cloud
service and the organization that makes available one or more flexible. computing.
services for others to use. To advertise services, the provider can
publish them in a registry, together with a service contract that
specifies the nature of the service, how to use it, the requirements In the condition of disaster
for the service, and the fees charged. recovery, cloud computing While it relies on single
relies on multiple machines. peripheral device.
2. Service consumer: The service consumer can locate the service
metadata in the registry and develop the required client ==============================================
components to bind and use the service. Virtualization
Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share a single
Advantages of SOA physical instance of a resource or an application among multiple
Platform independent: SOA allows making a complex customers and organizations. It does by assigning a logical name
application by combining services picked from different sources, to a physical storage and providing a pointer to that physical
independent of the platform. resource when demanded.

Availability: SOA facilities are easily available to anyone on
request.
Reliability: SOA applications are more reliable because it is easy
to debug small services rather than huge codes
Scalability: Services can run on different servers within an
environment, this increases scalability
Disadvantages of SOA
High overhead: A validation of input parameters of services is
done whenever services interact this decreases performance as it
increases load and response time.
High investment: A huge initial investment is required for SOA.
Complex service management: When services interact, they
exchange messages to tasks. the number of messages may go in
millions. It becomes a cumbersome task to handle many
messages.
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Server virtualization: This involves creating virtual versions of
physical servers, allowing multiple operating systems to run on a
single physical server.
Desktop virtualization: This involves creating virtual versions of
desktop computers, allowing users to access their desktops
remotely.
Storage virtualization: This involves creating virtual versions of
storage devices, allowing multiple storage devices to be accessed
as if they were a single device.
Network virtualization: This involves creating virtual versions of
networks, allowing multiple virtual networks to be created on a
single physical network.
Application virtualization: This involves creating virtual versions
of applications, allowing them to run on any platform without the
need for installation.
Hardware virtualization: This involves creating virtual version of
hardware devices, allowing multiple operating systems to share
the same physical hardware.
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A hypervisor is a software that enables virtualization by creating
and managing virtual machines (VMs). It acts as a "mediator"
between the physical hardware and the virtual machines,
allowing multiple VMs to share the same hardware resources.
The hypervisor allows each VM to run its own operating system
and applications, as if they were running on their own physical
machine. There are two types of hypervisors:

Type 1 hypervisors, also known as native or bare-metal

hypervisors, run directly on the host's physical hardware. This
means that they have direct access to the underlying hardware
resources, such as CPU, memory, and storage. This allows for a
more efficient use of resources and better performance, as there
is less overhead. Examples of Type 1 hypervisors include
VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, and Citrix Hypervisor.

Type 2 hypervisors, also known as hosted hypervisors, run on top

of a host operating system. This means that they use the
resources of the host operating system to create and manage
virtual machines. This can result in more overhead and less
efficient use of resources. Examples of Type 2 hypervisors
include Oracle VirtualBox and VMware Workstation.

In general, Type 1 hypervisors are more suitable for enterprise

environments, while Type 2 hypervisors are more suitable for
development and testing environments.

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