Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

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of

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Sciences
An International Peer-Reviewed Scientific Journal
Financed by the Scientific Research and Innovation Support Fund

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Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences (JJBS)
http://jjbs.hu.edu.jo

Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences (JJBS) (ISSN: 1995–6673 (Print); 2307-7166

(Online)): An International Peer- Reviewed Open Access Research Journal financed by the
Scientific Research and Innovation Support Fund, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research, Jordan and published quarterly by the Deanship of Scientific Research , The
Hashemite University, Jordan.

Editor-in-Chief Assistant Editor

Professor Atoum, Manar F. Dr. Muhannad, Massadeh I.
Molecular Biology and Genetics, Microbial Biotechnology,
The Hashemite University The Hashemite University

Editorial Board (Arranged alphabetically)

Professor Amr, Zuhair S. Professor Lahham, Jamil N.
Animal Ecology and Biodiversity Plant Taxonomy
Jordan University of Science and Technology Yarmouk University
Professor Hunaiti, Abdulrahim A. Professor Malkawi, Hanan I.
Biochemistry Microbiology and Molecular Biology
The University of Jordan Yarmouk University
Professor Khleifat, Khaled M.
Microbiology and Biotechnology
Mutah University

Associate Editorial Board

Professor Al-Hindi, Adnan I.
0B Professor Krystufek, Boris
1B

Parasitology Conservation Biology

The Islamic University of Gaza, Faculty of Health Slovenian Museum of Natural History,
Sciences, Palestine Slovenia
Dr Gammoh, Noor
2B Dr Rabei, Sami H.
3B

Tumor Virology Plant Ecology and Taxonomy

Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Botany and Microbiology Department,
Edinburgh, U.K. Faculty of Science, Damietta University,Egypt
Professor Kasparek, Max
4B Professor Simerly, Calvin R.
5B

Natural Sciences Reproductive Biology

Editor-in-Chief, Journal Zoology in the Middle East, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and
Germany Reproductive Sciences, University of
Pittsburgh, USA
Editorial Board Support Team
Language Editor Publishing Layout
Dr. Shadi Neimneh Eng.Mohannad Oqdeh

Submission Address
Professor Atoum, Manar F
The Hashemite Universit y
P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan
Phone: +962-5-3903333 ext.4147
E-Mail: jjbs@hu.edu.jo
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences (JJBS)
http://jjbs.hu.edu.jo
International Advisory Board (Arranged alphabetically)
Professor Ahmad M. Khalil Professor Aida I. El Makawy
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National
Yarmouk University, Jordan Research Center. Giza, Egypt
Professor Anilava Kaviraj Professor Bechan Sharma
Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, India Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science University of
Allahabad, India
Professor Bipul Kumar Das
Faculty of Fishery Sciences W. B. University of Animal & Professor Bogusław Buszewski
Fishery Sciences, India Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of
Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University Poland
Professor Elias Baydoun
Department of Biology, American University of Beirut Professor Gerald Schatten
Lebanon Pittsburgh Development Center, Division of Developmental
and Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School
Professor Hala Gali-Muhtasib
of Medicine, USA
Department of Biology, American University of Beirut
Lebanon Professor Hala Khyami-Horani
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The
Professor Ibrahim M. AlRawashdeh
University of Jordan, Jordan
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al-
Hussein Bin Talal University, Jordan Professor James R. Bamburg
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado
Professor João Ramalho-Santos
State University, USA
Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Professor Khaled M. Al-Qaoud Professor Jumah M. Shakhanbeh
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Mutah
Department of Biological sciences, Faculty of Science,
University, Jordan
Yarmouk University, Jordan
Professor Mahmoud A. Ghannoum Dr. Lukmanul Hakkim Faruck
Department of Mathematics and Sciences College of Arts and
Center for Medical Mycology and Mycology Reference
Applied Sciences, Dhofar, Oman
Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Case Western
Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Professor Md. Yeamin Hossain
Center, USA Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries , University of
Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Professor Mawieh Hamad
Department of Medical Lab Sciences, College of Health Professor Mazin B. Qumsiyeh
Sciences , University of Sharjah, UAE Palestine Museum of Natural History and Palestine Institute for
Biodiversity and Sustainability, Bethlehem University,
Professor Michael D Garrick
Palestine
Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at
Buffalo, USA Professor Mohamad S. Hamada
Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta
Professor Nabil. A. Bashir
University, Egypt
Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of
Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Professor Nawroz Abdul-razzak Tahir
Jordan Plant Molecular Biology and Phytochemistry, University of
Sulaimani, College of Agricultural Sciences, Iraq
Professor Nizar M. Abuharfeil
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan Professor Ratib M. AL- Ouran
University of Science and Technology, Jordan Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Mutah
University, Jordan
Professor Samih M. Tamimi
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Professor Shtaywy S. Abdalla Abbadi
University of Jordan, Jordan Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The
University of Jordan, Jordan
Professor Ulrich Joger
State Museum of Natural History Braunschweig, Germany Professor Zihad Bouslama
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Badji Mokhtar
University, Algeria
JJBS
Volume 14, Number 3, September 2021
ISSN 1995-6673

Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences

CONTENTS
Original Articles
Molecular Characteristic of Fusarium oxysporum from Different Altitudes in East Java,
383 - 388 1 Indonesia
Henik Sukorini , Erfan Dani Septia, Lili Zalizar and Netnapis Khewkhom
The Characteristics and Predicted of Glycemic Index of Rice Analogue from Modified
389 - 393 2 Arrowroot Starch (Maranta arundinaceae L.)
Damat Damat , Roy Hendroko Setyobudi, Joko Susilo Utomo, Zane Vincēviča-Gaile, Anas Tain and
Devi Dwi Siskawardani
Genotype Distribution and Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Among Russian Women in
395 - 401 3 Rostov, Southern Federal District of Russia
Abbas Hadi AlBosale , Konstantin Alekseevich Kovalenko, Elena Vladimirovna Mashkina
Production of Chemotherapeutic Agent L-asparaginase from Gamma-Irradiated
403 - 412 4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa WCHPA075019.
Amany, B. Abd El–Aziz; Wesam, A. Hassanein; Zakaria, A. Mattar; and Rabab, A. El-Didamony
Parasite Survey in Rastrelliger brachysoma (Short Mackerel) from Selected Fish Markets in
413 - 416 5 Zamboanga City, Philippines
Romenick Alejandro Molina
Cypermethrin-Induced Alterations in Serum Calcium and Phosphate of Rats: Protective
417 - 422 6 Role of Jamun Seed and Orange Peel Extracts
Babita D. Srivastava, Manish Srivastava, Sunil K. Srivastav , Makoto Urata, Nobuo Suzuki and Ajai
K. Srivastav
Acacia auriculiformis Cunn. Ex Benth As Phytoextraction Agent: A Growth Response,
423 - 431 7 Physiological Tolerance and Lead Removal Capability Evaluation
Abderrahmane Zerkout, Muskhazli Mustafa, Hishamuddin Omar, Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim and Rusea Go
Ovicidal, Larvicidal and Pupicidal Efficacy of Crude Methanol and Hexane Extract of
433 - 440 8 Urtica massaica Mildbri on Anopheles gambiae Giles
Khatoro R.T, Yugi, J.O. and Sudoi V
Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Novel Streptomyces Species Isolated from
441 - 451 9 Kurdistan Soil and its Antibacterial Activity Against Human Pathogens
Bayan Kakamand Jalal, Ayad H. Hasan
Phytochemical, Chemical and Biomedical Characterization of Crude Extracts of
453 - 461 10 Macrosphyra longistyla (DC.) Hiern
Ernest U. Durugbo , James O. Ogah , Nwankwo Chukwuemeka , Peter G. Sename , Adedayo T.
Olukanni , Kafayat O. Yusuf , Isioma C. Awuzie Olumide D. Olukanni , and Simbo O. Aboaba
Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extract Abates Oxidative Hepatic Damage and Inflammation
463 - 469 11 Associated with Nitrobenzene in Rats
Johnson O. Oladele , Oyedotun M. Oyeleke, Blessing O. Akindolie, Boyede D. Olowookere , and
Oluwaseun T. Oladele
AFLP Primer Selection for the Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Persimmon (Diospyros kaki
471 - 475 12 L.) Originated From Central and East Java, Indonesia
Marshelina Noor Indah Delfianti, Endang Yuniastuti and Vita Ratri Cahyani
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Clarias
477 - 484 13 gariepinus and Pond Water from Fish Farms in Kaduna State, Nigeria.
Deborah A. Adah, Lawal Saidu, Sonnie J. Oniye,Haruna M. Kazeem, Sylvanus A. Adah
The Correlation between Excess Weight and Duration of COVID-19 Symptoms in a
485 - 491 14 Tertiary Hospital in Amman, Jordan
Laith Khasawneh , Duaa Shaout, Sara Abu-Ghazal, Tishreen Fazza and Mohammad Abdelmajid
Correlation of Chemerin with some Immunological Parameters in Type II Diabetes Mellitus
493 - 501 15 Patients on Hemodialysis in Ramadi General Hospital
Salahaldin M. Fahad , Rashied M. Rashie2 , and Waleed N. Jaffal
JJBS
Volume 14, Number 3, September 2021
ISSN 1995-6673
Pages 389 - 393
Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences

The Characteristics and Predicted of Glycemic Index of Rice

Analogue from Modified Arrowroot Starch (Maranta
arundinaceae L.)
Damat Damat1,*, Roy Hendroko Setyobudi2, Joko Susilo Utomo3, Zane Vincēviča-
Gaile4, Anas Tain1 and Devi Dwi Siskawardani1
1
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Jl. Raya Tlogomas No
246, Malang 65144, East Java, Indonesia;2Department of Agriculture Science, Postgraduate Program, University of Muhammadiyah
Malang, East Java Indonesia;3Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute, Jl. Raya Kendalpayak No.66, Malang 65162, East
Java, Indonesia;4Department of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Room 302, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
Received: Feb 20, 2021; Revised: May 28, 2021; Accepted May 29, 2021

Abstract

The modification of arrowroot starch is able to increase its resistant starch (RS) levels, as the result improve the functional
characteristic of rice analogue for healthy diabetics. Therefore, the purpose was to determine the physical characteristics,
digestibility, hydrolysis index (HI) and predicted glycemic index (PGI) of rice analogue obtained from modified arrowroot
starch. The completely randomized design using single factor was conducted. The proportions of the modified arrowroot
starches used were 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %. The procedure consisted of formulation, extrusion, and analysis
parameter. According to the results, the proportions of the modified arrowroot starch had a significant effect on the
microscopy as well as the rice analogue digestibility. The amount of rice analogue obtained from the 100 % modified
arrowroot starch was 649 μm, which was the highest, the digestibility value at 180 min was 14.23 % ± 0.17 %, HI values
at 32.14 ± 0.20 and PGI 56.79 ± 0.14, which was the smallest when compared with other treatments. It can be concluded
that higher proportions of the modified arrowroot starch, resulted in higher grain size, but lower d i g e s t i b i l i t y,
h y d r o l y s i s index and predicted glycemic index of gluten-free rice analogue.

Keywords: Digestibility, Food diversification, Functional rice, Gluten-free rice, Healthy diabetics, Hydrolysis Index

of functional rice analogue obtained modified arrowroot

1. Introduction
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinaceae L.) is a type of
tuber, which is cultivated in some areas in Indonesia
(Deswina and Priadi, 2020; Sholichah et al., 2019).
Carbohydrate is the main component of this plant and
various studies have been conducted to examine its starch
constituents (Charles et al., 2016; Damat et al., 2017;
Villas-Boas and Franco, 2016). However, the focus of this
research was generally on the physical and chemical
characteristics of arrowroot starch. Also, research has been
conducted on the modification of arrowroot starch through
esterification (Damat et al., 2008), cross-linking (Maulani
et al., 2013), acetylation (Abba et al., 2014),
gelatinization-retrogradation (Damat et al., 2019b; Pepe
et al., 2015) as well as through physical modification
methods (Astuti et al., 2018).
In addition, the previous research was conducted to the
application of arrowroot starch as raw material of rice
analogue (Damat et al., 2019b). However, there was not
research on the modification of arrowroot starch through
gelatinization-retrogradation and its application for
functional rice analogue. Moreover, there was not research
on the digestibility and predictions of the glycemic index
starch.
According to Damat et al. (2019a), the modification of
arrowroot starch through gelatinization-retrogradation
increased its resistant starch (RS) levels. Consequently,
the rice analogue resulting was rich in RS and low in GI.
Damat et al. (2008); Damat et al. (2020) reported the
importance of food products, which are rich in RS in
controlling blood glucose since they had slower digestion
rates. Control of blood glucose level was one goal of a
healthy diet plan for diabetes sufferers (Al-Jamal and
Alqadi, 2011; Bhaskar and Ajay, 2009); therefore, the rice
analogues w e r e usually consumed (Budijanto and
Yuliana, 2015; Wahjuningsih et al., 2018). The
metabolism of RS occurred 5 h to 7 h after eating (Lestari
et al., 2017); hence, it had the ability to reduce the
postprandial glucose levels (Setyobudi et al., 2019). This
research aimed to evaluate the microscopic physical
properties, in vitro digestibility, hydrolysis index (HI)
and the predicted glycemic index (PGI) of the functional
rice analogue from modified arrowroot starch.
2. Materials and Methods
The arrowroot starch was obtained from the farmers
in Malang Regency, East Java. This research was

*
Corresponding author e-mail: damatumm@gmail.com
390 © 2021 Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved - Volume 14, Number 3

conducted in two stages, i) the production of the modified arrowroot starch granules showed different, it
modified arrowroot starch through gelatinization- had a rough and irregular surface (Figure 1).
retrogradation method (Damat et al., 2018) and ii) the Modified arrowroot starch granules had a size of 88 µm
production of the rice analogue. The Completely to 591 µm, which is larger than natural arrowroot starch.
Randomized Design (CRD), with one factor, which Majzoobi et al. (2016) suggested that the increase in grain
included K0 (Control), K1 (100 % Natural Arrowroot size might be related to the absorption of acid, causing
Starch); K2 (75 % Natural Arrowroot Starch: 25 % some internal transformation in the granules. The
Modified Arrowroot Starch); K3 (50 % Natural Arrowroot alteration in the size of starch granules can cause starch
Starch: 50 % Modified Arrowroot Starch); K4 (25 % digestibility and increase resistant starch level (Damat et
Natural Arrowroot Starch: 75 % Modified Arrowroot al., 2019b). Modification of starch through gelatinization-
Starch); and K5 (100 % Modified Arrowroot Starch) were retrogradation accompanied by cooling changed in the
applied. The result expected was to increase the resistant surface of the starch grains becomes uneven. Starch
starch, followed to reduce the degree of hydrolysis and retrogradation generate the granules are difficult to swell
predict the glycemic index of rice analogue. and strengthen the grains, to be more heat and shear
2.1. Formulation resistant leading to a lower viscosity. Changes in the
structure, size and shape of starch grains induced alteration
The ingredient formulation consisted of cornstarch, in the regularity structure of short distances, viscosity,
modified cassava flour, natural arrowroot starch, modified solubility and swelling (Lin et al., 2015).
arrowroot starch, and water. Moreover, GMS (glycerol
monostearate) as an emulsifier was added. The exact
formula is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Formula of rice analogue
Raw material Ko K1 K2 K3 K4 K5
Cornstarch (g) 250 0 0 0 0 0
Modified cassava 250 0 0 0 0 0
flour (g)
Natural arrowroot 0 500 375 250 125 0
starch (g)
Modified 0 0 125 250 375 500
arrowroot starch
(g)
Water (mL) 110 110 110 110 110 110 Natural arrowroot starch granules
Emulsifier: GMS 5 5 5 5 5 5
(g)

2.2. Extrusion
The ingredients were mixed and steamed for 30 min at
80 °C. The steamed materials were directly inserted into an
extruder in order to form the analogue rice. After
analogue, rice granules were formed; they were dried in a
dryer cabinet at 50 °C for 20 h.
Then, analyses of the microscopic properties of the
rice analogue was carried out using the modified version
of Scanning Electron Microscope by Han et al. (2018), the
resistant starch levels (Fabbri et al., 2016), and those of Modified arrowroot starch granules
the digestibility, hydrolysis index (HI) and predicted
Figure 1. Granules of natural arrowroot starch and modified
glycemic index (PGI) conducted in vitro in accordance to
arrowroot starch
Ratnaningsih et al. (2017). The research data were
expressed as mean ± deviation standards in triplicate The sizes and the shapes of starch granule rice analogue
independent analyzes. One-way ANOVA was conducted produced were shown in Figure 2. The K1 treatment (100
on the data using SPSS version 17. % natural arrowroot starch) was almost the same as K0,
with the size was smaller r a n g i n g f r o m 136
3. Results and Discussion μm to 229 μm. Furthemore, enhancement of modified
arrowroot starch induced more irregular and larger size of
Arrowroot starch with different granule morphology rice analogue granule. This was due to the incorporation of
were scanned used SEM (Figure 1). Unmodified arrowroot amylose in the cooling process to form crystals, w h i c h
starch resulted round to elliptical granules with a size different to natural starch. The granule size of rice
9 µm to 36 µm. The starch granules had a smooth surface, analogue ranged from 175 μm to 649 μm, with the
and it was consistent with the granular shape of arrowroot biggest size ranging from 334 μ m t o 649 μm, found in
starch reported by Charles et al. (2016). While, in the the K5 treatment (100 % modified arrowroot starch).
 © 2021 Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved - Volume 14, Number 3 391

a) K0 starch granule rice analogue b) K1 starch granule rice analogue c) K2 starch granule rice analogue

d) K3 starch granule rice analogue e) K4 starch granule rice analogue f) K5 starch granule rice analogue
Figure 2. Starch Granule Rice analogue under the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at 100× magnification
The highest starch resistant rice analogue was found in modification through gelatinization-retrogradation method.
the treatment K5, which was 16.71 % ± 0.40 %. The rice The results obtained were similar to those of Ratnaningsih
analogue with the lowest hydrolysis index and predicted et al. (2017), the ability of enzymes to hydrolyze starch
glycemic index obtained this treatment were 32.14 ± 0.20 was strongly influenced by amylose content, resistant
and 56.79 ± 0.14 respectively (Table 2). The r e s u l t s starch content and granule size. In accordance with Damat
s h o w e d t h a t t h e higher amount of modified et al. (2008) and Damat et al. (2020), food products with
arrowroot starch added produced higher levels of the high contents of resistant starch (RS) had a
resistant starch in rice analogue. However, there was a hypoglycemic effect as well as a low glycemic
positive correlation between the resistant starch content index. Resistant starch included to food fiber.
enhancement, to the decreasing degree of hydrolysis (HI) Supparmaniam et al. (2019) described that increasing
and predicted glycemic index (PGI). According to levels of food fiber from starch were able to reduce the
Figure 3, the rice analogue with the lowest total glycemic index of the product. In addition, resistant starch,
hydrolyzed starch was found in treatment K5, which was ratio of amylose-amylopectin, the interaction between
7.80 % at 30 min and 14.23 % at 180 min. starch, and other components contained in the product also
Table 2. The Resistant Starch (RS), Hydrolysis Index (HI), and influenced the glycemic index (Bakar et al., 2019).
Predicted Glycemic Index (PGI) of Rice Analogue Moreover, starchy foods with low glycemic index are
very good for diabetic and hypertriglyceridemia patients.
F Treatment RS level Hydrolysis Predicted
Ratnaningsih et al. (2017) reported that functional such
(%) Index (HI) Glycemic
Index (PGI) food products provide a longer feeling of satiety and
increase the fermentation process in the colon.
K0 (Control) 3.92 ± 66.15 ± 0.12f 76.03 ± In vitro, analogue rice starch hydrolysis was presented
0.31a 0.32f
in Figure 3. The analogue rice starch hydrolysis speed and
K1 (NAS 100 %, 5.81 ± 65.68 ± 0.17e 75.77 ± bread as a control increased with time. Analogue rice
MAS 0 %) 0.23b 0.19e produced from modified arrowroot starch (MAS) had a
K2 (NAS 75 %, 8.36 ± 44.79 ± 0.23d 64.30 ± lower starch hydrolysis speed than plain bread and natural
MAS 25 %) 0.35c 0.24d arrowroot starch at all observation times. Analogue rice
K3 (NAS 50 %, 11.22 ± 40.81 ± 0.20c 62.11 ± made from 100 % MAS has the lowest hydrolysis rate.
MAS 50 %) 0.27d 0.20c The analogue rice starch hydrolysis speed was similar to
K4 (NAS 25 %, 14.21 ± 35.37 ± 0.19b 59.13 ±
raw green bean starch (Kaur et al., 2015), but it was lower
MAS 75 %) 0.24e 0.22b than that reported by Ambaigapalan et al. (2014) on black
bean, and pinto bean starch, also on field pea starch (Liu et
K5 (NAS 0 %, MAS 16.71 ± 32.14 ± 0.20a 56.79 ±
al., 2015). The analogue rice digestibility of modified
100 %) 0.40f 0.14a
arrowroot starch was influenced by the absence of pores
Note: Number followed by the same letter is not significantly on the starch granule surface and the strong interaction
different according to Duncan’s Test α= 5 %, between amylose chains due to the gelatinization-
This is due to the differences in granule size and the retrogradation process. The low digestibility of analogue
levels of resistant starch in the rice analogue. In rice starch was considered related to high amylose content
ad d itio n, Dundar and Gocmen (2013) stated that the and starch granule size (Hoover et al., 2010; Liu et al.,
increased level of the resistant starch was caused by 2015).
392 © 2021 Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved - Volume 14, Number 3
Figure 3. Starch hydrolysis pattern
4. Conclusion
The modified arrowroot starch's proportion had a
significant effect on the microscopy and digestibility of
rice analogue. The modified arrowroot starch
enhancement resulted in larger granule size and resistant
starch (RS) of rice analogue produced. M o r e o v e r , the
increasing levels of RS and digestibility, the hydrolysis
index (HI), and predicted glycemic index (PGI) of the rice
analogue decreased, and rice analogue with low PGI is
recommended for healthy diabetics.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the Ministry of
Research and Technology, Republic of Indonesia, for
funding for this research (E.5c/092/DPPM/L/IV/2019).
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