DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (PUMBA) SAVITRIBAI

PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

A SOCIAL PROJECT ON

Awareness About Stem Cell Donation and How It

Can Save Lives

Submitted by
Master of Business Administration
(2021-23) Roll No. 21301-21323

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Shilpa Bhide
 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (PUMBA), SAVITRIBAI
PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY- 411007

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Social Project Report entitled

“Spreading Awareness About Stem Cell Donation and How It

Can Save Lives”
has been successfully completed by roll numbers 21301-21323 is a bonafide work carried
out by them under the guidance and supervision of Dr. Shilpa Bhide.

Dr. Shilpa Bhide. Dr. Supriya Patil

2
3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and outcome of this Social Project required guidance and assistance from
many people and we are extremely privileged to have received the same during the term of
the completion of the project. All that has been done is on the account of the supervision
and assistance and we would like to express our appreciation.

We owe our deep gratitude to our mentor Dr. Shilpa Bhide who took a keen interest in our
social project and guided us all along till the completion of our term by providing all the
necessary information for developing a good system.

We are thankful to Sahyadri Multispecialty Hospital, Pune for allowing us to conduct the
project at their facility and also to Dr. Pournima Rao and Dr. Malati for providing all the
insights into their rehabilitation program and awareness campaigns.

We are thankful to Dr. Supriya Patil, Head of Department for encouraging and inspiring us
to carry out this project.

We are fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from the
professors of DMS-PUMBA. We express our sincere appreciation to the entire staff for their
timely support.

Lastly, we would like to take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our
friends and family, who helped us to conclude this project within the limited time frame.

Roll number: 21301-21323

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 Group Members

Roll No. Name

21301 Keshav Atal
21302 Akshay Shembade
21303 Deepak Attarde
21304 Rushikesh Dahiphale
21305 Manoj Salve
21306 Nimish Jape
21307 Nikhil Bamble
21308 Kaushiki Palange
21309 Janak Pandey
21310 Garima Karwa
21311 Akhil Mehta
21312 Bhushan Bele
21314 Simran Baig
21316 Pratik Routray
21318 Onkar Kawale
21319 Jivan Patil
21321 Manvi Jain

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 INDEX

Sr. No. Content Page No.

1. Executive Summary 7
2. Introduction to NGO- IHO 8
3. Introduction Sahyadri Hospital 13
4. Blood donation 14
Need identification 17
Blood Components & Process 18
Blood collection and Testing 21
Importance of stem cell and Blood Donation 23
Blood Composition & Test Criteria 24
Importance of Platelets donation 26
11. Challenges faced by Blood Banks 27
12. Awareness of blood donation and Stem cell donation 28
Management: How Blood Operations Can Be Improved 29
14. Types of blood groups 30
15. Healthy lifestyle benefits from the perspective of blood donor 32
screening
16. Blood donation drives 33
17. Learnings 34
18. Conclusion 35

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Executive Summary
Blood donation is a solidarity action that helps save lives and keep many people with certain
diseases healthy. Its importance lies in the need for hospitals to perform daily transfusions,
some of the most recurrent cases for which the blood bank is used are:
 Women with obstetric complications such as ectopic pregnancies or bleeding before,
during, or after childbirth.
 Children with severe anemia, often caused by malaria or malnutrition.
 People with serious injuries caused by accidents or natural disasters.
 Patients undergoing complex surgical and medical interventions.
 Cancer patients.
At Sahyadri Hospital currently and due to the pandemic, blood donations have decreased, so
blood banks reserves are beginning to be affected. In addition to this, the constant need for
regular donations exists because blood can only be stored for a limited time and then becomes
unusable. Blood Donation is essential to guarantee the availability of blood when and where it is
needed, since, despite the contingency, hospitals continue to attend to all kinds of emergencies
daily, in which donation can become a fundamental part to save the life of one or more people.
The decision to donate blood can save a life or even several if the blood is separated into its
components: red blood cells, platelets, and plasma since they can be used individually for
patients with specific diseases. A healthy person can restore donated blood in up to 60 days,
which is why a donor can donate blood every 2 months. Few people know the benefits of blood
donation. In addition to the satisfaction of helping those in need, donating blood has the
following benefits:
 It offers information about our general health.
 Improves blood flow.
 Helps purify triglycerides.
 Reduces the risk of heart attacks and cardiovascular accidents.
 It stimulates the production of new blood cells in the body.
 Balances iron levels in the blood.

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Introduction: Ignited Humanitarian Organisation(IHO)

It belongs to a youth organization based out of Kolhapur, which brings together professionals -
Engineers, Doctors, Pharmacists, Lawyers, Accountants, Lecturers etc. - to strive for socio-
economic development and upliftment of the quality of life of the young generation and society.

Some of the projects are undertaken by IHO

1. Visited a cremation ground in Raichur, Karnataka

 Distributed healthcare needs like masks, gloves, face shields, sanitisers, etc. in
Raichur, Karnataka

2. Blood donation campaigns

Voluntary blood donation is perhaps one of the most perfect examples of altruism in action.
They were sure that the donors were kept healthy and hearty after the donation, so we had
them be served with appropriate glucose supplements. Objectives of this campaign:
 Provide safe and quality blood and blood components collected from voluntary
donors, round the clock, at an affordable cost to the general public and free of cost to
the poor.
 Motivate and maintain a permanent well-indexed record of voluntary blood donors.
 Educating the community on the benefits of blood donation and the harmful effect of
collecting blood from paid donors.
 Actively encourage voluntary blood donation and gradually eliminate professional
blood donors.
 Promote AIDS awareness and education to the general public.
 Assists the various Organizations, Clubs, Colleges, and Public & Private Institutions
and the Public to conduct voluntary blood donation drives and arrange for
motivational talks to enable a progressive increase in the number of voluntary non-
remunerated blood donors every year.

3. Blind school visits

The objective of the visit was to make students understand the power of empathy,
integration, and empowerment to a special section of society who are special for living their
lives beautifully with self-confidence, dignity and self-control.
The blind people were completely focused on their respective tasks and felt overwhelmed by
the presence of students asking them their queries. Our students distributed chocolates and
juices as a token of love to all of them. They realized that we are blessed and we can bless
many others by giving love, support, empathy and empowerment.

4. Personality development session

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  Organized as part of IHO Speakers Showcase 2020 at Swami Vivekanand English
Medium School, Raichur, Karnataka
 Session was oriented by Vishwajeet Kashid, Internation speaker and Goodwill
Ambassador of India for platelets donation.

5. Blood bank tourism

The main objective is to make people aware of the various activities related to blood
banking, blood collecting, blood storing and human issuing
It’s a 20-minute session in a blood bank, where you are shown around the blood bank, and
the processes and protocols would be explained

9
6. Shramadaan at SP office Raichur

Basic information about tree plantation and monitoring them

Carefully selected saplings that are of a minimum of 3 to 4 feet in height. Such saplings are
easier to nurture and grow.
Specific species of plants are chosen for plantation keeping in mind the following aspects; -
Plants that are suitable for the local environment and soil conditions at the site chosen for
plantation – It’s capacity to absorb carbon from the atmosphere

7. 25 litres Sanitizer Distribution in the SP office at Raichur Karnataka

The reaction of the audience was very encouraging and positive. They were thankful for the
things distributed to them and were pleased to know the information given to them

8. Food distribution to people outstate workers and to schools

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9. IHO Distribution of Arsenic album 30 Homeopathic pills in Solapur

The AyushMinistry of India had suggested taking the ArsenicumAlbum-30

Homeopathic Medicine for three days to avoid getting infected by Covid19

10.Feeding stray animals

Feeding the cos consistently- and generally live off the scraps they can find or depend on
people to feed them. If you’re inconsistent, pups and kittens that have come to depend on
you for food will be left to fend for themselves.
 Feeding them in the same place- It’s best to stick to the same spot so that the animals
know exactly where to come to get fed. Additionally, sticking to the same time will
also help build a routine for the animals and foster greater trust.
 Keeping a bowl of water- Clean water is very important and extremely hard to come
by for a stray. You can also pour them a bowl of clean water after they’re done eating.
11
 Just be sure to keep the bowl clean, and filled with room temperature water – the
water bowl should not become dirty and contaminated, which will pose a risk of
spreading deadly diseases.
 Be careful about what you feed them- Generally, home-cooked food like plain rice,
rotis, boiled vegetables, etc. easily suffice for pets and stray animals. They should not
be fed spicy, sweet, deep-fried, salty food, as it is extremely harmful to their bodies. 
 Feeding cows- Living in India, cows are very much a stray animals nowadays. If
you’re feeding cows, be careful to avoid spicy, sweet, deep-fried, salty food, meat, fish
or eggs. But they would be happy to get any plants, fruits or vegetable remains that
are generated in your house each day, such as vegetable leaves and stalks, fruits and
vegetables, peels, corn and corn husks, unwanted grass and weeds, plant trimmings,
etc. If you use any chemical-based pesticides or insecticides, avoid feeding cows plant
waste as it’s capable of killing them.
 IHO fed more than 100 cows in Raichur, Karnataka, India. The donated fodder has
kept the cows in their Gaushalas healthy and well-fed. They are hopeful that your
kind donations will make a huge difference for these innocent animals in the days to
come. 

11.IHO has organized a free physiotherapy consulting activity for Kolhapur residents

12.Platelets donation with Roche Diagnostics

A journey of 90 days, with a mission to create platelet donors in India has impacted over
10,000 lives. SDP Platelets Donation Campaign supported by Roche Diagnostics India has
created 50+ Active Platelets Donors who are engaged in saving the lives of people.
SDP Platelets Donation Awareness was a movement to sensitize and encourage people to
come forward to donate platelets.

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Introduction Sahyadri Hospital

About Sahyadri Hospital:

Sahyadri Hospital, Pune is a renowned healthcare facility located in Pune, Maharashtra, India. It
is part of the Sahyadri Hospitals group, which is one of the largest chains of hospitals in
Maharashtra. With a strong emphasis on providing quality healthcare services, Sahyadri
Hospital has become a trusted name in the medical community.

Sahyadri Hospital, Pune offers a comprehensive range of medical specialties and super-
specialties, ensuring that patients receive the highest standard of care. The hospital is equipped
with state-of-the-art infrastructure and cutting-edge medical technology to support accurate
diagnosis and effective treatments. The medical staff consists of highly skilled and experienced
doctors, surgeons, nurses, and support staff who are dedicated to delivering exceptional medical
care.

The hospital provides a wide spectrum of services across various departments, including
Cardiology, Neurology, Orthopedics, Gynecology, Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Urology,
Oncology, and many more. It has well-equipped operation theaters, intensive care units,
diagnostic laboratories, and radiology facilities to cater to the diverse healthcare needs of
patients.

One of the notable aspects of Sahyadri Hospital is its commitment to patient-centric care. The
hospital aims to provide personalized attention to every patient and create a warm and
comforting environment. The staff members are trained to prioritize patient satisfaction and
ensure that the patients and their families feel supported throughout their healthcare journey.

Sahyadri Hospital also focuses on medical research and education. It actively participates in
clinical trials, research studies, and medical conferences, contributing to advancements in
healthcare. The hospital also offers various training programs and workshops for medical
professionals to enhance their skills and knowledge.

Apart from its medical expertise, Sahyadri Hospital is known for its ethical practices and
transparency in billing. It strives to make healthcare services affordable and accessible to a wide
range of patients. The hospital accepts multiple insurance providers, making it easier for
patients to avail themselves of the necessary treatments.

In addition to its main facility in Pune, Sahyadri Hospital has expanded its presence across
Maharashtra, with several branches in cities like Mumbai, Nashik, Karad, and Nagpur. This
network of hospitals ensures that patients can receive quality healthcare services closer to their
homes.

Overall, Sahyadri Hospital, Pune stands as a leading healthcare institution that combines
expertise, technology, and compassionate care to deliver excellent medical services. With its
commitment to patient welfare and continuous improvement, the hospital continues to make a
significant impact on the healthcare landscape in Pune and beyond.

13
Blood donation and why to donate blood?

Blood donation is the process of voluntarily giving blood, typically through a medical facility or
blood bank, with the intention of using it for transfusions or medical treatments. Blood donation
plays a crucial role in healthcare systems worldwide, and there are several reasons why
donating blood is important and beneficial:

1. Saving lives: Blood transfusions are vital in treating various medical conditions, including
surgeries, organ transplants, cancer treatments, severe injuries, and blood disorders. By
donating blood, you can contribute to saving someone's life or improving their health.

2. Meeting the demand: There is a constant need for blood due to the high number of
medical procedures that require it. By donating blood, you help ensure a sufficient supply
for those in need, including accident victims, patients undergoing surgeries, and
individuals with chronic illnesses.

3. Emergency preparedness: Natural disasters, accidents, and other emergencies can lead
14
 to an increased demand for blood. Regular blood donations help maintain an adequate
reserve that can be quickly utilized during these critical situations, enabling healthcare
providers to respond promptly.

4. Treating chronic conditions: Many individuals with chronic illnesses, such as sickle cell
disease or thalassemia, require regular blood transfusions to manage their condition. By
donating blood, you provide an ongoing lifeline for those living with these conditions and
improve their quality of life.

5. Health benefits for the donor: Blood donation can have positive health effects on the
donor as well. It stimulates the body to produce new blood cells, promoting the
replenishment of the donor's blood supply. Additionally, donating blood may help in
identifying potential health issues as each donated unit undergoes a thorough screening
process for infectious diseases.

6. Promoting community solidarity: Blood donation is a selfless act that brings communities
together. It creates a sense of unity and solidarity, as people from diverse backgrounds
come forward to help one another. It fosters a culture of compassion and support within
society.

7. Personal satisfaction: Donating blood is a simple yet impactful way to make a difference
in someone's life. It provides a sense of fulfilment and satisfaction, knowing that you have
contributed to the well-being of others and potentially saved lives.

It is important to note that not everyone is eligible to donate blood, as certain criteria, such as
age, weight, and overall health, must be met. It is advisable to consult with a healthcare
professional or blood donation centre to determine your eligibility and to ensure the safety and
well-being of both the donor and the recipient.

In India, there is a significant need for Blood donation due to the country's large population and
the demand for blood transfusions. Here are some statistics related to blood donation in India:

1. Blood Requirement: It is estimated that India requires around 12 million units of blood
annually. The demand for blood is particularly high in cases of medical emergencies,
surgeries, and treatments for conditions like thalassemia and cancer.

2. Blood Deficit: Despite the significant requirement, there is often a shortage of blood in
India. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), India faces a blood deficit of
around 1.9 million units annually, leading to a shortfall in meeting the demand.

3. Blood Donation Rate: The blood donation rate in India is relatively low. According to the
WHO, India has a blood donation rate of 0.8 donations per 1,000 population, which is
below the recommended rate of 1% of the population.

4. Voluntary Blood Donation: Voluntary blood donation is considered the safest and most
reliable source of blood supply. The National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) in India
aims to achieve 100% voluntary blood donation to ensure the safety and availability of
15
 blood.

5. Blood Types: There is a specific need for certain blood types in India, especially O-
positive and O-negative, as they are the most common blood types and can be used in
emergency situations when the patient's blood type is unknown.

6. Blood Screening: To ensure the safety of donated blood, strict screening protocols are
followed. Donated blood is tested for various infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B
and C, syphilis, and malaria.

7. Initiatives and Campaigns: Several organizations, government agencies, and non-

governmental organizations (NGOs) in India actively promote blood donation and
conduct awareness campaigns to encourage people to donate blood regularly.

8. National Blood Transfusion Council: The National Blood Transfusion Council (NBTC) in
India plays a crucial role in coordinating and regulating blood donation activities across
the country. It establishes guidelines, promotes quality standards, and supports
initiatives to increase blood donation rates.

9. Blood Donation Drives: Blood donation drives are frequently organized across India,
both at blood banks and through mobile blood collection units. These drives aim to make
the donation process convenient and accessible to a wider population.

10. Eligibility: To donate blood in India, individuals must meet certain criteria, including age
(18-65 years), weight (above 45 kg), and good health. Donors also undergo a screening
process to ensure the safety of the donated blood.

It is important to keep in mind that these statistics may vary over time, and the most up-to-date
information can be obtained from government health agencies, blood banks, and organizations
involved in blood donation in India.

16
Blood donation: Need identification –

1. Market size:

The market size of the blood donation drive in India is significant, with over 12 million units of
blood being collected annually. The demand for blood is consistently high due to the country's
large population and high incidence of accidents and medical emergencies. Additionally, with
the increasing prevalence of diseases such as cancer, thalassemia, and sickle cell anaemia, the
need for blood and blood products has only been on the rise.

2. Need:

The need for blood is met through voluntary blood donation drives organized by blood banks,
hospitals, and non-profit organizations. These organizations work to raise awareness about the
importance of blood donation and encourage individuals to donate blood regularly. Blood
donation drives are also conducted in schools, colleges, and workplaces to increase
participation.

3. Supply Chain:

The supply chain of blood donation in India starts with the donor screening process, which
includes a medical history review and a physical examination to ensure the donor is healthy and
eligible to donate. Once the donor is deemed eligible, the blood is collected through a needle
placed in the donor's arm, and the collected blood is then transported to a blood bank for
processing.
The blood is first tested for infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, and malaria. If the
blood is deemed safe, it is separated into its various components, such as red blood cells,
plasma, and platelets, and stored in appropriate conditions.

4. Storage Cost:

The storage cost of blood in India can vary depending on the type of storage facility used and the
duration of storage. Blood banks need to maintain a consistent supply of blood to meet the
demand for blood, which can require significant storage costs. Additionally, the cost of testing
blood for infectious diseases and separating it into its components can also add to the overall
cost of the blood donation drive.
To ensure the efficient use of blood resources and minimize storage costs, blood banks prioritize
the use of blood products that have a shorter shelf life and encourage regular blood donations to
maintain a steady supply of blood. Non-profit organizations and government agencies also offer
support in the form of funding and infrastructure to help manage the cost of blood donation
drives.

17
Blood Components & Process –

Blood is composed of various components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets,
and plasma. These components play different roles in the body and are used for different
medical purposes. After blood is collected, it goes through a series of processes to separate these
components for different medical treatments.

Detailed overview of the blood collection process and how the components are separated:

1. Donor screening:
The blood donation process begins with a screening process to ensure the donor is eligible to
donate blood. This involves taking a medical history, conducting a physical examination, and
checking the donor's haemoglobin levels to ensure they meet the minimum requirements for
blood donation.

2. Blood collection:
After screening, the blood is collected through a needle placed in the donor's arm. Typically,
about 450-500 ml of blood is collected during each donation.

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 3. Processing:
After collection, the blood is transported to a blood bank, where it undergoes processing to
separate the different components. The first step is to add an anticoagulant to prevent the blood
from clotting. The blood is then centrifuged, which separates the plasma (the liquid component
of blood) from the red blood cells and other components.

4. Component separation:
The separated plasma is used to make various blood products such as albumin, clotting factors,
and immunoglobulins. The red blood cells are typically used for transfusions in patients with
anaemia, blood loss due to surgery or injury, or other medical conditions that affect the
production of red blood cells. Platelets are used for patients with bleeding disorders or who are
undergoing chemotherapy, as they help the blood clot.

5. Storage and testing:

The various blood components are then stored in appropriate conditions until they are needed
for medical treatments. Before use, the blood components are tested for infectious diseases such
as HIV, hepatitis B and C, and malaria to ensure their safety for transfusion.

6. Transfusion:
When a patient needs a blood transfusion, the appropriate component is selected based on their
medical condition. The transfusion process involves carefully matching the patient's blood type
with the donor’s blood to prevent an adverse reaction.

19
In summary, after blood is collected, it undergoes a series of processes to separate the different
components, which are then used for various medical treatments. The process involves donor
screening, blood collection, processing, component separation, storage and testing, and
transfusion. The careful handling and processing of blood components are essential to ensure
their safety and efficacy for medical use.

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Blood collection and Testing –

Blood collection and testing involve the use of various machines and equipment that are
specifically designed for these purposes. Here are some of the machines commonly used for
blood collection and testing:

1. Blood collection equipment:

The most common equipment used for blood collection is a sterile needle and collection bag.
The needle is inserted into the donor's vein, and the collected blood flows into the collection
bag.

2. Centrifuge:
A centrifuge is a machine that spins blood samples at high speeds to separate the different
components of blood. The centrifuge separates the plasma from the red blood cells and
platelets, which allows for the collection of specific blood components.

3. Blood typing equipment:

Blood typing equipment is used to determine a person's blood type. This equipment includes
reagents, test tubes, and pipettes, which are used to mix blood samples with different antibodies
to identify the specific antigens on red blood cells.

4. Automated Hematology Analyzer:

This machine is used to perform a complete blood count (CBC) to determine the number and
types of cells in a blood sample, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

21
 5. Blood bank refrigerator:
Blood bank refrigerators are specially designed to store blood and blood products at a specific
temperature. They are equipped with alarms to alert staff if the temperature falls outside of the
acceptable range.

6. Blood gas analyzer:

This machine measures the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases in a blood sample.
It is used to diagnose and monitor respiratory and metabolic disorders.

7. Coagulation analyzer:
This machine measures the ability of blood to clot and is used to diagnose and monitor bleeding
disorders and assess the risk of blood clots.

Overall, the machines used for blood collection and testing are specialized and require trained
personnel to operate them. Regular maintenance and calibration of the equipment are also
essential to ensure accurate results and safe blood products for transfusion.

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Importance of stem cell and Blood Donation –

1. Both processes involve the use of donated tissue: Blood donation involves the
donation of whole blood or specific blood components, such as red blood cells, platelets,
or plasma. Stem cell donation involves the donation of bone marrow, peripheral blood
stem cells, or umbilical cord blood.
2. Both processes can help save lives: Blood transfusions are used to treat a variety of
medical conditions, such as anaemia, bleeding disorders, and cancer. Stem cell
transplants can be used to treat leukaemia, lymphoma, and other blood disorders, as well
as certain genetic and immune system disorders.
3. Both processes require donors to meet specific eligibility criteria: To donate blood
or stem cells, donors must meet certain eligibility criteria, such as age, weight, and
overall health status. This is to ensure that the donated tissue is safe for use and to
prevent adverse reactions in the recipient.
4. Both processes require strict screening and testing procedures: Donated blood and
stem cells must undergo thorough screening and testing to ensure they are safe for use.
This includes testing for infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis, and West Nile virus,
among others.
5. Both processes rely on the generosity of donors: Blood and stem cell donation are
voluntary processes that rely on the generosity of donors to help others in need.
In summary, while stem cells and blood donation are two different medical processes, they do
share some similarities, such as the use of donated tissue, the ability to save lives, eligibility
criteria, strict screening and testing procedures, and the reliance on the generosity of donors.

23
Blood composition & Test Criteria

Main blood components and their medical significance:

1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) or Erythrocytes:

Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and
removing carbon dioxide. They contain a protein called haemoglobin, which binds and
transports oxygen. The medical significance of RBCs lies in their role in preventing anaemia,
which is characterized by a low red blood cell count or a haemoglobin deficiency. Anaemia can
lead to fatigue, weakness, and impaired oxygen delivery to the body's organs.

2. White Blood Cells (WBCs) or Leukocytes:

White blood cells are a crucial part of the body's immune system and help fight off infections
and diseases. They are involved in identifying and destroying pathogens, such as bacteria,
viruses, and fungi. The medical significance of WBCs lies in their role in diagnosing and
monitoring various conditions, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain cancers.
An abnormal white blood cell count can indicate an underlying medical issue.

3. Platelets or Thrombocytes:
Platelets are responsible for blood clotting and play a vital role in preventing excessive bleeding.
When there is an injury or damage to blood vessels, platelets gather at the site and form a clot to
stop bleeding. Low platelet counts can lead to increased bleeding tendencies, while high platelet
counts may increase the risk of blood clot formation. Monitoring platelet levels is essential for
diagnosing and managing bleeding disorders and clotting disorders.

4. Plasma:
Plasma is the liquid component of blood and makes up the largest portion of blood volume. It
contains water, proteins, hormones, electrolytes, and other substances. Plasma serves as a
transportation system for nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It also
24
helps regulate body temperature and maintains the body's fluid balance. The medical
significance of plasma lies in its use for transfusions, as it contains proteins like albumin,
clotting factors, and immunoglobulins, which can be administered to individuals with specific
medical conditions.

Blood Tests Criteria:

The criteria for blood tests can vary between countries and regions based on healthcare
standards, regulations, and specific guidelines. While I cannot provide the exact criteria for
blood tests in India and Europe, I can provide a general overview:

1. India: In India, blood tests are typically conducted based on the patient's symptoms,
medical history, and the healthcare provider's clinical judgment. Common blood tests in
India include a complete blood count (CBC), blood glucose test, liver function tests,
kidney function tests, lipid profiles, and tests for infectious diseases such as HIV,
hepatitis, and malaria. The specific criteria for conducting these tests may vary
depending on the healthcare facility and the individual patient's needs.

2. Europe: European countries generally follow standardized guidelines for blood tests,
which may vary slightly between countries. The criteria for blood tests in Europe are
usually based on evidence-based medicine and clinical guidelines. Similar to India,
common blood tests in Europe include CBC, liver function tests, kidney function tests,
lipid profiles, and tests for infectious diseases. The specific criteria for conducting these
tests are typically determined by national healthcare authorities, professional medical
societies, and individual healthcare providers.

It's important to note that specific blood test criteria can vary based on factors such as age,
gender, medical history, and risk factors for certain diseases. It's best to consult with a
healthcare professional or refer to local guidelines for accurate and up-to-date information
regarding blood test criteria in a specific country or region.

25
Importance of Platelets donation-

Platelet donation is important because platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting. Platelets are
small, colourless cell fragments that are present in the blood and help stop bleeding by forming
clots when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets are especially important for individuals
undergoing chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and certain surgical procedures, as these
treatments can damage bone marrow cells and reduce platelet production.

Platelet transfusions are commonly used to treat individuals with low platelet counts, or
thrombocytopenia, which can result from a variety of medical conditions, including cancer,
leukemia, liver disease, and autoimmune disorders. Platelet transfusions can also be necessary
for individuals who have undergone major surgeries or sustained traumatic injuries, as these
events can lead to significant blood loss and platelet depletion.

Unlike whole blood donation, which can only be donated every 56 days, platelets can be donated
every 7-14 days, as the body replenishes platelets more quickly. However, platelet donations are
more time-consuming than whole blood donations and require a special donation process called
apheresis, which involves the use of a machine to separate platelets from other blood
components and return the remaining blood components to the donor's body.

Platelet donation is essential for ensuring that there is an adequate supply of platelets available
for those who need them, particularly individuals with medical conditions that require regular
transfusions. By donating platelets, individuals can help save lives and improve the quality of
life for those who are undergoing medical treatment.

26
Challenges faced by Blood Banks –

1. Blood shortages: Blood banks often struggle to maintain an adequate supply of blood,
particularly during times of increased demand or unexpected emergencies.
2. Donor recruitment: Finding and retaining a diverse pool of blood donors can be
difficult, particularly in areas with low population density or limited access to healthcare
services.
3. Donor screening: Ensuring that donated blood is safe for transfusion requires
extensive donor screening, including testing for infectious diseases and other risk
factors.
4. Blood testing: Testing donated blood for infectious diseases and other factors can be
costly and time-consuming, particularly in low-resource settings.
5. Blood storage and transportation: Blood must be stored and transported under
specific conditions to maintain its quality and safety, which can be challenging in areas
with limited resources or infrastructure.
6. Regulatory compliance: Blood banks must adhere to strict regulatory requirements
related to donor screening, blood testing, and other safety measures, which can be costly
and time-consuming.
7. Public trust: Building and maintaining public trust in the safety and efficacy of blood
donation and transfusion can be a challenge, particularly in the face of misconceptions
or fear around the process.

Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including increasing awareness

and education around blood donation, developing more efficient and cost-effective testing and
storage methods, and building strong partnerships between blood banks, healthcare providers,
and regulatory agencies. By working together to address these challenges, blood banks can
ensure that patients in need have access to safe and effective blood products when they need
them most.

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How youths can contribute to increasing awareness of blood donation and
Stem cell donation –
Following are the ways that young people in India can help increase awareness about platelet
donation, blood donation, and stem cell donation:

1. Social media: Young people can use social media platforms like Instagram, Facebook,
Twitter, and Instagram to raise awareness about blood donation, platelet donation, and
stem cell donation. They can create posts, stories, and videos that share information
about the importance of donating blood and platelets, as well as how to become a stem
cell donor.
2. Volunteer with local blood banks: Young people can volunteer with local blood banks
to help organize and promote blood and platelet donation drives. They can also help with
registration and donor screening, as well as with outreach efforts to promote donation
among their peers and community members.
3. Organize donation drives: Young people can organize their own blood and platelet
donation drives in their schools, colleges, and communities. They can work with local
blood banks and healthcare providers to set up donation sites, promote the drive, and
recruit donors.
4. Partner with local organizations: Young people can partner with local organizations,
such as youth groups, sports teams, and community associations, to promote blood and
platelet donation. They can work together to plan events and activities that raise
awareness about the importance of donation and encourage people to become donors.
5. Participate in stem cell donation drives: Young people can participate in stem cell
donation drives and encourage their friends and family members to do the same. They
can also share information about how to become a stem cell donor and encourage others
to sign up.
By taking these actions, young people in India can help increase awareness about the
importance of blood and platelet donation, as well as stem cell donation, and encourage more
people to become donors.

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Management: How Blood Operations Can be Improved –

Improving the operational efficiency of blood banks can help ensure that patients have access to
life-saving blood products when they need them. some steps that blood banks can take to
improve their operational efficiency:

1. Adopt a data-driven approach: Blood banks can use data to track key performance
indicators, such as the number of donations, the inventory of blood products, and the time
it takes to process and distribute blood products. By analyzing this data, blood banks can
identify areas for improvement and make data-driven decisions.
2. Automate processes: Blood banks can use technology to automate processes, such as
donor registration, blood testing, and inventory management. Automation can help
reduce errors, save time, and improve efficiency.
3. Implement quality management systems: Blood banks can implement quality
management systems, such as ISO 9001 or AABB accreditation, to ensure that their
operations meet established standards and best practices. These systems can help
improve efficiency, reduce errors, and enhance patient safety.
4. Streamline workflows: Blood banks can review their workflows to identify areas where
processes can be streamlined or eliminated. This can help reduce the time and resources
needed to process and distribute blood products.
5. Invest in staff training and development: Blood banks can invest in staff training and
development to improve their skills and knowledge. This can help staff work more
efficiently, reduce errors, and improve the overall quality of blood products.
6. Engage with the community: Blood banks can engage with the community to promote
blood donation and encourage more people to become donors. This can help increase the
supply of blood products and reduce the strain on blood banks.
7. Partner with healthcare providers: Blood banks can partner with healthcare providers,
such as hospitals and clinics, to better understand their needs and ensure that blood
products are distributed efficiently and effectively.

Overall, improving the operational efficiency of blood banks requires a multifaceted approach
that involves adopting a data-driven approach, automating processes, implementing quality
management systems, streamlining workflows, investing in staff training and development,
engaging with the community, and partnering with healthcare providers. By taking these steps,
blood banks can improve their efficiency, enhance patient safety, and ensure that patients have
access to life-saving blood products when they need them.

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Types of blood groups –
There are four main types of blood, which are determined by the presence or absence of certain
antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The four blood types are:

1. Type A: People with type A blood have A antigens on the surface of their red blood cells and
produce anti-B antibodies in their plasma.

2. Type B: People with type B blood have B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells and
produce anti-A antibodies in their plasma.

3. Type AB: People with type AB blood have both A and B antigens on the surface of their red
blood cells and do not produce anti-A or anti-B antibodies in their plasma.

4. Type O: People with type O blood do not have A or B antigens on the surface of their red blood
cells and produce both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma.

It is important to study the different blood types for several reasons:

1. Blood transfusions: The different blood types are important when it comes to blood
transfusions. A person can only receive blood from a donor with a compatible blood type. For
example, a person with type A blood can receive blood from a type A or type O donor, but not
from a type B or type AB donor.

2. Organ and tissue transplants: Blood type is also important when it comes to organ and tissue
transplants. A person's blood type must be compatible with the donor's blood type for the
transplant to be successful.

3. Medical research: Understanding blood types can also help researchers better understand the
immune system and how it responds to different pathogens and diseases.

4. Genetic studies: Blood types are inherited, so studying blood types can also provide insights
into the genetic makeup of individuals and populations.

Overall, understanding the different blood types is important for medical treatments, research,
and genetic studies.
Plasma storage challenges: use of Freezer to maintain low temperatures –
Plasma is a blood component that contains a variety of proteins, including clotting factors,
immunoglobulins, and albumin. These proteins are sensitive to heat, light, and other
environmental factors, which can cause them to break down and lose their effectiveness. To
prevent this from happening, plasma must be stored at very low temperatures.

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Plasma is typically stored at -18°C to -30°C, which is cold enough to prevent the breakdown of
the proteins in the plasma. However, some plasma products, such as cryoprecipitate, require
even lower storage temperatures of around -70°C to ensure their stability.

The reason for this is that cryoprecipitate contains clotting factors that are used to treat
bleeding disorders such as haemophilia. These clotting factors are very sensitive to heat and can
rapidly lose their activity if exposed to higher temperatures. By storing cryoprecipitate at -70°C,
blood banks and hospitals can ensure that the clotting factors remain stable and effective for
long periods.

This being stored at low temperatures, plasma products are also typically frozen and thawed
multiple times during their processing and distribution. This can further stress the proteins in
the plasma and make them more prone to degradation if they are not handled properly. For this
reason, blood banks and hospitals must be very careful in their handling and storage of plasma
products to ensure their safety and efficacy for patients in need.

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Healthy lifestyle benefits from the perspective of blood donor screening –
To maintain a healthy lifestyle and be eligible to donate blood often, here are some tips to keep
in mind:

1. Stay Hydrated: It's important to drink plenty of fluids, especially water, in the days leading up
to your donation. This will help ensure that your blood flows freely and can make it easier to
find a vein during the donation process.

2. Eat a Healthy Diet: Consuming a well-balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean
protein, and whole grains can help maintain healthy iron levels. Avoid consuming fatty or fried
foods right before donating blood as it can affect the blood tests that are performed on your
donation.

3. Get Enough Rest: Make sure you get a good night's sleep before donating blood to help you
feel more energized and ensure that your body is well-rested and prepared.

4. Avoid Alcohol and Smoking: Refrain from drinking alcohol or smoking cigarettes for at least
24 hours before donating blood. Alcohol can dehydrate you, and smoking can interfere with the
oxygen-carrying capacity of your blood.

5. Follow the Eligibility Criteria: Make sure to review the eligibility criteria for donating blood
set by your local blood donation organization. If you're not feeling well, have an infection, or are
taking certain medications, you may not be able to donate blood temporarily.

6. Regular Blood Donation: Regularly donating blood, if eligible, can help maintain healthy iron
levels and blood flow, and promote blood cell regeneration. It's recommended to donate blood
every 56 days (eight weeks) for men and every 84 days (12 weeks) for women.

By following these tips and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, you can ensure that you're eligible to
donate blood more often, which can make a significant impact on the lives of those in need.

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Blood donation drives –
India has a high demand for blood due to its large population and the prevalence of various
medical conditions that require blood transfusions. According to the National Blood Transfusion
Council (NBTC), India needs an estimated 13 million units of blood annually, but only 10 million
units are collected through voluntary blood donation drives and blood banks. This leaves a
shortfall of around 3 million units of blood per year.

Here are some additional statistics on the availability of blood in India:

1. Blood donation rates: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the blood donation
rate in India is around 0.8 donations per 1000 people, which is lower than the WHO-
recommended rate of 1 donation per 1000 people.

2. Blood banks: India has around 3,000 licensed blood banks, including both government-run
and private blood banks. However, many of these blood banks are located in urban areas, and
there is a shortage of blood banks in rural areas.

3. Blood types: The most common blood type in India is O positive, followed by B positive and A
positive. However, all blood types are needed, and some rare blood types may be in short
supply.

4. Blood transfusions: Blood transfusions are used to treat a variety of medical conditions in
India, including anaemia, cancer, thalassemia, and sickle cell disease. According to the NBTC,
around 60% of blood transfusions in India are for women, primarily due to pregnancy-related
complications.

It is important to note that while there is a shortfall of blood in India, there are ongoing efforts
to increase blood donation rates and improve the availability of blood in blood banks. The NBTC
and other organizations are working to raise awareness about the importance of blood donation
and to improve the infrastructure for blood collection, testing, and storage.

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Learnings we had through this visit at Sahyadri Hospital, Pune –

Visiting blood banks as part of a social project can be a great learning experience. Here are some
possible learnings that gained from the visit:
1. The importance of blood donation: Visiting a blood bank can help you understand the critical
need for blood donations and the impact that they have on patients in need.
2. The process of blood collection: During your visit, you may have learned about the process of
blood collection, including the donor screening process, blood testing, and storage.
3. The different types of blood products: Blood banks may collect and process different types of
blood products, such as whole blood, platelets, and plasma. You may have learned about the
uses and benefits of each of these products.
4. The role of blood banks in the healthcare system: Blood banks play a critical role in the
healthcare system by providing blood products to hospitals and clinics. You may have gained a
better understanding of how blood banks work with healthcare providers to ensure that
patients have access to the blood products they need.
5. The importance of volunteerism and community involvement: Blood banks rely on volunteers
and community involvement to help organize blood drives, promote donations, and support
their operations. You may have gained an appreciation for volunteers and community
organizations' role in supporting blood banks and ensuring that patients have access to life-
saving blood products.
6. The challenges facing blood banks: Blood banks face a range of challenges, such as
maintaining an adequate supply of blood products, ensuring the safety of donated blood, and
managing costs. You may have gained an understanding of the challenges that blood banks face
and the strategies that they use to overcome them.
Overall, visiting a blood bank as part of a social project can be a valuable learning experience
that can help you understand the importance of blood donation and the role that blood banks
play in the healthcare system.

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