CERe 201 Lec 2 TwoD Symmetry

08/10/2022
CERE 201
LECTURE NO. 2 :TWO DIMENSIONAL
SYMMETRY
LORI-ANN I. CABALO October, 2022

Department of Materials and Resources Engineering &
Technology (DMRET)
College of Engineering and Technology (COET)
lori-ann.cabalo@g.msuiit.edu.ph
Two-Dimensional Patterns and Tiling
Question:
How is it possible to conveniently specify a crystal structure in which
the unit cell may contain hundreds or even thousands of atoms?
Answer:
Make use of symmetry of crystals to reduce the list of atom positions
to reasonable proportions.
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Why study symmetry?

• Physical properties of all crystalline solids(including crystal forms, cleavage,
fracture, hardness, thermal conductivity, and interactions with light) tend to vary
in directions that have the same symmetry as the atomic structure of the solid
• Therefore, symmetry can be tremendous aid in identifying , characterizing, and

understanding crystalline materials.
Symmetry of an isolated shape: Point symmetry
Symmetry– is described in terms of transformations that

leave an object apparently unchanged.
Transformations are mediated by
---Symmetry Elements such as mirrors (reflection) and axes
(rotation)
The action of transformation by a symmetry element is called
Symmetry Operation.
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CABALO,OCTOBER,
September 21| Page 4
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Consideration of the symmetry of an isolated object:
-- they are divided into two identical parts by a mirror (m)
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-- Equilateral triangle contains three mirror lines and an axis of rotation lying
through the centre of the triangle and normal to the plane.
-- Associated operation: counter-clockwise (360/3)o generates the initial shape
each time.
-- The axis is called a triad axis or a three-fold axis of rotation.
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-- Isosceles triangle has only one mirror line

and a scalene triangle has none.
Note: A general (non-equilateral) triangle does

not possess the combination of symmetry
elements.
Implication:
More symmetrical objects contain more symmetry elements
than less symmetrical ones.
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2022
The most important symmetry operators for a planar shape

consist of:
a)Mirror operators–can change the handedness or chirality of an
object that is a left hand is transformed into right hand by reflection.
b)Inifinite number of rotation axes.
Note: Two mirror image objects cannot be superimposed simply by

rotation in the plane. The only way in which the two figures can be
superimposed is by lifting one from the page (i.e. using a third
dimension), and turning it over.
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Rotation axes:
(a)Monad, (360/1)o (b) Diad, two-fold, (360/2)o

(c) Triad, three-fold, (360/3)o (d) tetrad, four-fold, (360/4)o
(e) Pentad, five-fold, (360/5)o (f) hexad, six-fold, (360/6)o
(g) Center of symmetry, equivalent to (b)
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Symmery elememts :
Important symmetry operator is the Center of mirror plane and inversion center
symmetry or inversion center (denoted by one
bar) Figure a. The effect of
a mirror and of an
inversion center
-- Any object at a position (x,y) with respect to
the center of symmetry is paired with an
identical object at (-x, -y). In two dimensions, the The handedness is
presence of a center of symmetry is equivalent changed.
to a diad axis.
The collection of symmetry elements of

an isolated shape is called the Point
Group and the combination of elements
is called the General Point Symmetry
of the shape.
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The symmetry elements that characterize the point group are collected together
into a Point Group Symbol.
---------- International or Hermann-Mauguin --------------------

Nomenclature:
---- The point symmetry is described by writing the rotation axes present, followed
by the mirror planes.
Example: the equilateral triangle has the point symmetry,
3m.
Alternative symbol: Proposed by Schoenflies that are commonly used by chemists.
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Rotation symmetry of a plane lattice:

The rotation operation will generate two
new rows of points, lying at angles 2pi/n to
the original row containing points C and D.
The separation of C and D must be an

integral number , m, of the distance t.
For a lattice to exist:
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• 5-fold axis or higher than 6-fold are not possible since the unit cells having such
symmetry cannot be made to fill up space without leaving gaps
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The symmetry of the 5 plane lattices
■Diads: through every lattice point, center of each of the unit cell sides, and also one at the center of the cell.
■Mirror symmetry (c, d) represented by line

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■ Point symmetry does not change as compared to the op lattice, (e) and (f)
■Tetrad rotation axis through each lattice point, additional tetrad at the cell center,
and diads at the center of each unit cell side. (g) and (h) with a point symmetry symbol
of 4mm
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It has a hexad rotation axis at each lattice point. This generates diads and triads.
There are six mirror lines through each lattice point
Two mirror lines intersect at diads and three mirror lines intersect at triads
The lattice point symmetry is described by the symbol 6mm.
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CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PLANE POINT GROUPS
-- They are point groups obtained by excluding all rotation

operations in compatible with a lattice.
-- These are formed by combining the rotation axes 1,2,3 ,4,
and 6, with mirror symmetry.
-- After combining, there are ten (2D) crystallographic plane
point groups:
1, 2, m, 2mm, 4, 4mm, 3, 3m, 6 and 6mm.
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The ten plane crystallographic point groups
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■The action of the mirror alone is to form a chiral

image of the motif with a point group m.
■The combination of a mirror line with a diad

produces four copies of the motif and an additional
mirror having a point group 2mm.
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The combination of a mirror with a triad,

tetrad or hexad, yielding point groups 3m,
4mm, and 6mm as illustrated in Figure h,
i, j.
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It is convenient to illustrate the symmetry elements with

respect to a unit of pattern called a MOTIF, placed at a
general position with respect to the rotation axis.
Motif – is an asymmetric three atom planar molecule. In
crystals, the motif is a group of atoms.
So, there are five patterns obtained when the allowed
rotation operations act on the motif.
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The order of the symbols in the point group labels are

allocated in the following way:
a) The first position gives the rotation axis if present.
b) The second and third positions record whether a mirror element, m, is
present.
2mm
Remarks:
An m in the secondary position has a normal parallel to [01] direction, in all
lattices. If only one mirror is present it is always given with respect to this
direction.
An m in the secondary position has a normal parallel to [01] in a rectangular
unit cell, and to[1-1] in both a square and a hexagonal unit cell.
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The symmetry of patterns: the 17 plane groups
-- 2D patterns can be created by one of the five plane lattices

and adding a design (one atom or many atoms to each lattice
point).
-- m and 2mm are only compatible with plane groups op and
oc lattices
***** results into two mirror image molecules
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1-fold rotation 2-fold rotation
The plane groups p1 and p2:

(a) The motif of point group 1 added to the plane lattice mp; The pattern formed by repetition of (b),
representative of plane group p1;
(c) The motif in point group 2 added to the plane lattice mp; (d) the pattern formed by repetition of (c),
representative of plane group p2.
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Note:
That just as the operation of a mirror
through the cell origin automatically
generates a parallel mirror through the
cell centre, a glide line through the cell
origin automatically generates another
parallel glide line through the unit cell
centre.
Glide operator--combination
of translation properties with
mirror operator
The plane groups pm and cm: (a) the plane lattice op; (b) the pattern formed by adding the motif of point
group m to the lattice in (a), representative of plane group pm; (c) the plane lattice oc; (d) the pattern
formed by adding the motif of plane group m to the lattice in (c), representative of plane group cm.
Mirror lines a heavy, and glide lines in (d) are heavy dashed.
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The glide operation: (a) reflection across a mirror line; (b) translation parallel to the
mirror plane by a vector t, which is constrained to be equal to T/2, where T is the
lattice repeat vector parallel to the glide line.
The lattice unit cell is shaded.
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Other plane groups:

-- tetrad axis can only combined with a square (tp) lattice
-- triad or hexad axes can only be combined with a hexagonal
(hp) lattice
17 plane groups
When all the translations inherent in the five plane
lattices are combined with the symmetry elements found
in the ten point groups plus the glide line
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The location of the symmetry elements within the unit cells of the 17 plane groups
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Correspond symbols that summarize the symmetry properties

of the pattern:
--- The first letter gives the lattice type, primitive (p) or
centered (c).
--- Second place in the symbol represents a rotation axis, if
present, is represented by a number, 1, (monad), 2, (diad), 3,
(triad), 4, (tetrad) and 6, (hexad).
--- Mirrors (m) or glide lines (g) along the directions are placed
last.
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p1m1 p1g1 c1m1
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Observations:
-- p1 is the least symmetrical oblique lattice and has monad axis through lattice
point
-- p2 is also oblique but with a diad axis through a lattice point at the origin of the
unit cell
-- The other plane groups with a single rotation axis are p4, p3 and p6. In all of
these , the rotation axis passes through a lattice point at the origin of the unit cell,
(figures j, m, p)
Plane groups do not include rotation:
--- these are the groups with a mirror line (m) or glide line, (g), through a lattice
point at the origin of the unit cell running perpendicular to the a-axis of the unit cell,
pm, pg and cm (figures c, d, e)
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These plane groups are sometimes described by ‘long’

symbols p1m1, p1g1 and c1m1.
They stress the monad axis through the lattice point at the
origin of the unit cell and the fact that the mirror or glide line
runs perpendicular to the a-axis.
The symbol p11m would mean that the mirror line was
perpendicular to the b-axis, [01],
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p2mm,
• op lattice
• diad axis through
the lattice point at
the origin of the unit
cell
• mirror line
perpendicular to the
a-axis, [10]
• mirror line
b-axis, [01]
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p2mm,
• op lattice
the origin of the unit
cell
• mirror line
a-axis, [10]
• mirror line
b-axis, [01]
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The remaining plane groups are described by a string of four

symbols, typified by p2mm and p2mg. The first two symbols
give the lattice and the rotation axis present.
Thus,
the meaning of the symbol p2mm, which is derived from the
op lattice, is that the lattice is primitive, there is a diad axis
through the lattice point at the origin of the unit cell, and a
mirror line perpendicular to the a-axis, [10], and a mirror line
perpendicular to the b-axis, [01], (Figure f).
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p2mg,
• lattice is primitive,
the origin of the
unit cell,
• a mirror line
perpendicular to
the a-axis, [10],
• a glide line
perpendicular to
the b-axis, [01],
(Figure g).
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The meaning of the symbol p2mg is that the lattice is primitive,

there is a diad axis through the lattice point at the origin of the
unit cell, and a mirror line perpendicular to the a-axis, [10],
and a glide line perpendicular to the b-axis, [01], (Figure g).
The addition of a monad axis, 1, is often used as a place

holder, to ensure that the mirror or glide line is correctly placed,
as described above for the groups p1m1 and p11m.
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Thus the plane groups p31m and p3m1 are both derived from
p3 by the addition of mirrors. The group p3m1 has a mirror
perpendicular to the a-axis, [10], while the group p31m has a
mirror perpendicular to [11-]
To determine the plane group of a pattern, write down a list of

all of the symmetry elements that it posses, (not always easy),
order them and then compare the list to the symmetry
elements associated with the point groups given in the table.
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Two-dimensional ‘crystal structures’

Space group diagrams for planar group
p1:
(a) symmetry elements;
(b) equivalent general positions;
(c) position of a triangular molecule

motif;
(d–f) specification of the coordinates (x,

y) of an atom
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Space group diagrams for planar group

p2:
(c–e) specification of the coordinates

(x, y) of an atom in a general
position;
(f) the overall pattern
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Space group diagrams for planar groups pm and pg:
(a) symmetry elements present in group pm; (d) symmetry elements present in group pg;
(b) equivalent general positions for group pm; (e) equivalent general positions for group pg;
(c) an overall pattern consistent with group pm; (f) an overall pattern consistent with group pg
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Space group diagrams for planar

group p4:
(c–g
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08/10/2022

LORI-ANN I. CABALO October, 2022

Two-Dimensional Patterns and Tiling

LECTURE NO. 2: 2D SYMMETRY CABALO, OCTOBER, 2022| Page 2

Why study symmetry?

• Therefore, symmetry can be tremendous aid in identifying , characterizing, and

LECTURE NO. 2: 2D SYMMETRY CABALO, OCTOBER, 2022| Page 3

Symmetry of an isolated shape: Point symmetry

Symmetry– is described in terms of transformations that

Consideration of the symmetry of an isolated object:

-- they are divided into two identical parts by a mirror (m)

-- The axis is called a triad axis or a three-fold axis of rotation.

-- Isosceles triangle has only one mirror line

Note: A general (non-equilateral) triangle does

The most important symmetry operators for a planar shape

Note: Two mirror image objects cannot be superimposed simply by

(a)Monad, (360/1)o (b) Diad, two-fold, (360/2)o

The collection of symmetry elements of

---------- International or Hermann-Mauguin --------------------

Alternative symbol: Proposed by Schoenflies that are commonly used by chemists.

Rotation symmetry of a plane lattice:

The separation of C and D must be an

For a lattice to exist:

The symmetry of the 5 plane lattices

■Mirror symmetry (c, d) represented by line

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PLANE POINT GROUPS

-- They are point groups obtained by excluding all rotation

The ten plane crystallographic point groups

■The action of the mirror alone is to form a chiral

■The combination of a mirror line with a diad

The combination of a mirror with a triad,

It is convenient to illustrate the symmetry elements with

The order of the symbols in the point group labels are

The symmetry of patterns: the 17 plane groups

-- 2D patterns can be created by one of the five plane lattices

1-fold rotation 2-fold rotation

The plane groups p1 and p2:

Other plane groups:

Correspond symbols that summarize the symmetry properties

p1m1 p1g1 c1m1

These plane groups are sometimes described by ‘long’

The remaining plane groups are described by a string of four

The meaning of the symbol p2mg is that the lattice is primitive,

The addition of a monad axis, 1, is often used as a place

To determine the plane group of a pattern, write down a list of

Two-dimensional ‘crystal structures’

(a) symmetry elements;

(b) equivalent general positions;

(c) position of a triangular molecule

(d–f) specification of the coordinates (x,

Space group diagrams for planar group

(a) symmetry elements;

(b) equivalent general positions;

(c–e) specification of the coordinates

(f) the overall pattern

Space group diagrams for planar groups pm and pg:

Space group diagrams for planar

(b) equivalent general positions;

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