How hybrid vehicles are auto friends of environment

Submitted by:
2K20/A5/65
Katyani Gupta

INNOVATIVE PROJECT
(environmental engineering)

SUBMITTED TO

MR. ANUNAY GOUR

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
 Bawana Road, Delhi- 110042

DECLARATION
I KATYANI GUPTA(2K20/A5/65) student of B. Tech. (ENGINEERING
PHYSICS) hereby declare that the project titled “ case study on hybrid
vehicles as boon to environment submitted to MR. ANUNAY GOUR –
Our foundation electives -Introduction to Environmental Sciences ,
Delhi in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology is original and not copied from any
source without proper citation. This work has not previously formed
the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma Associateship,
Fellowship, or other similar title or recognition.

KATYANI GUPTA(2K20/A5/65)
 INDEX

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. HEV OBJECTIVES
4. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF HEV
● Battery
● Electric Motor
● Differential
● Brake System
● Internal Combustion Engine
● DC/AC Converter
5. THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
6. HOW THE HYBRID CARS ARE ACTUALLY MAXIMISING
FUEL ECONOMY
7. SOLAR ENERGY- A HELP TO HYBRID CARS
8. REFERENCES
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In performing my major project, I had to take the help and

guideline of some respected persons, who deserve my greatest
gratitude. The completion of this assignment gives me much
pleasure. I would like to show my gratitude to MR. Anunay Gour-
Mentor for a major project. Giving me a good guideline for
reporting throughout numerous consultations. I would also like to
extend my deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and
indirectly guided me in writing this assignment.
Many people, my classmates themselves have made valuable
comment suggestions on this proposal which gave me the
inspiration to improve my assignment. I thank all the people for
their help directly and indirectly to complete my assignment. In
addition, I would like to thank the Department of Foundation
electives
Delhi Technological University for giving me the opportunity to
work on this topic.
 INTRODUCTION

A hybrid electric vehicle is a type of hybrid vehicle that

combines a conventional internal combustion engine
system with an electric propulsion system. T
he presence of the electric powertrain is intended to
achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional
vehicle or better performance.
A vehicle that has two or more energy conversion
technologies combined with one or more energy storage
units. HEVs combine the benefits of high fuel economy
and low tailpipe emissions with the power and range of
conventional vehicles.
Now this is about the hybrid electric vehicles who despite
of being auto alternatives for the 21 st century has still
shown they are eco friendly and boon to the environment.
we all know, automobiles are constituents of our economy
and our daily lives in this era of technology but even today
 also we use exhaustible resources like coal ,petroleum
forgetting- the goal of sustainability ,these hybrid electric
vehicles are introduced with the very agenda of being eco
friendly alternatives as we know with technology, many
automobiles would be manufactured-we can’t think that
use of vehicles can be reduced but the use can be
modified by our needs.

HEV OBJECTIVES

Objectives the HEV wants to obtain:

● Maximize fuel economy
● Minimize fuel emissions
● Minimize propulsion system cost to keep affordable
● Maintain acceptable performance with a reasonable cost
● Reduce the conventional car weight
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF HEVs

● Battery
● Electric Motor
● Differential
● Brake System
● Internal Combustion Engine
● DC/AC Converter
Let us see how the components and working of
these HEV cars actually help in the conservation
of environment, their features would tell us how
they are designed keeping environmental impact
as low as possible:
BATTERY
in hybrid cars, the strategy that allows people to go for it due
to its eco- friendly tactics are:
the reconditioning of battery allows us to maximize battery
life, recharge the car without spoiling the environment-here
they take the battery away from vehicle then begin testing
power capability and then balance the battery pack. This
restores power and prolongs hybrid battery life.

ELECTRIC MOTORS
A linear motor is an electric motor that has had its stator
and rotor ‘unrolled’ so that instead of producing rotary
motion due to torque it produces linear motion due to the
force along its length.
Internal combustion engine fuel consumption will vary as a
function of the engine speed and torque. A traditional
automobile engine will have its operating point of engine
speed and torque primarily determined by the driver throttle
demand. However, a vehicle with electrified motor assist
can divide the driver torque demands of the vehicle between
the engine and battery-driven electric motor, thereby
allowing the engine controller to shift the engine operating
point to a more efficient region of the speed/torque engine
map.

DIFFERENTIALS
The differential is a system of gears that allows
different drive wheels (the wheels to which power
is delivered from the engine) on the same axle to
rotate at different speeds, such as when the car
is turning. A differential is also the component
through which a rotating driveshaft can change
direction; for example, in a rear-wheel-drive car
whose driveshaft runs the length of the car, it
joins and transfers its power to an axle that runs
perpendicular to the car to drive the left and right
wheels.
Differentials are low-maintenance, sealed
components that are expected to last the life of
the vehicle but may have a recommended
service interval to check and/or replace the oil.
Note that a car with four-wheel drive can have
two or more differentials. A failing differential can
cause vibration, binding during turns, and/or
sounds ranging from clunking to howling.
 THE BRAKING SYSTEM IN HYBRID
ELECTRIC VEHICLES

We know energy can neither be created nor be

destroyed when your car slows down, the kinetic
energy that was propelling it forward has to go
somewhere. Most of it simply dissipates as heat
and becomes useless. That energy, which could
have been used to do work, is essentially
wasted.
Now to avoid this wastage, we have a kind of
braking system that can recapture much of the
car's kinetic energy and convert it into electricity,
so that it can be used to recharge the car's
batteries. This system is called regenerative
braking.
 Moving vehicles have a lot of kinetic energy and
when brakes are applied to slow a vehicle all of
that kinetic energy has to go somewhere. This
energy is utilized in regenerative braking.
Regenerative braking uses an electric vehicle’s
motor as a generator to convert much of the
kinetic energy lost when decelerating back into
stored energy in the vehicle’s battery.
Then, the next time the car accelerates, it uses
much of the energy previously stored from
regenerative braking instead of tapping in further
into its man-powered inspired energy reserves.
THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE

Hybrid electric vehicles are characterized by the

presence of two different typologies of energy
storage systems, usually a battery and a gasoline or
diesel fuel tank.
An ICE in a hybrid vehicle is required to produce
electricity or hydraulic pressure depending on the
drive train technology (traction motors) deployed.
This means the engine is not the only source of
power and therefore can be smaller and driven,
when it is powered on, in the range of its most
efficient operations - where it gives the most bang (or
power) for the buck!

CURRENT EXAMPLES OF ICE IN

SOME OF THE HYBRID CARS
Nowadays if we see many cars of the current
hybrid vehicles, vehicles like the Ford Escape
and the Toyota Prius, use Atkinson cycle
engines. This engine is actually 10 percent more
efficient than the conventional engine that we
have been using.
In the case of the Ford escape new model -
engineers convert the conventional engine to an
Atkinson cycle by changing the intake camshaft
to one with a very late valve closing and installing
pistons that decrease combustion clearance
volume.
One of the new tech is the HYDROGEN ICE:
Hydrogen has lower energy density and burns
faster and hotter than gasoline.
So, compression ratios can be increased and
more air can be mixed with the fuel, resulting in
cooler running and lower exhaust emission than
a comparable petrol/gasoline ICE.
Many see the main advantages of the hydrogen
ICE in the potential to use it to build momentum
for hydrogen as next generation for the fuel:
and thereby create the bridge between today's
gasoline-powered engine and tomorrow's
hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles- the
difference of today and tomorrow.
Other advantages of the Hydrogen ICEs are
that:
● they can run on a blend of hydrogen and
compressed natural gas
● they perform well under all weather
conditions,
● they have no issues at source and sink
conditions (even at zero temperatures).

THE DC-AC CONVERTOR

This device is known as a DC/DC converter,
and without it, the modern electric car
wouldn’t be possible. This is the essential
device used in hybrid electric cars.

Let us look at its working: While DC/DC

converters can be based on a number of
different designs, the underlying function
remains the same.

In electric vehicles which use a DC motor,

actually running the motor can use up to
three times the voltage provided by the
battery.
 With the help of the right converter, we can
bridge this gap without having to resort to a
larger, prohibitively heavy battery.

THE WORKING OF HYBRID

CARS
After discussing the components that make
up this exciting environment friendly
automobile product,

They are an internal combustion engine and

electric battery and motor/generator. - the
backbone of the hybrid electric vehicle.

There are 4 ways in which a hybrid

electric vehicle work:

Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle

 In this type of hybrid electric vehicle, the
engine must always be ON while the vehicle
is moving.

When a vehicle is in IDLE condition, a

motor/generator can be used to enable
IDLE to stop in which the engine remains in
OFF condition.

At high loads, a motor/generator can be

used to assist the engine to increase its
performance of the vehicle.

At low loads, the motor/generator increases

the load on the engine and recharges the
electric battery.

Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle

This series hybrid can also be designed using a
fuel cell-powered inspired us by hydrogen. This
is the most common hybrid electrical vehicle
used that comprises all components:
regenerative braking, battery with/without
traction. battery charging, hybrid battery
changing.
Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle
This HEV type uses two parallel paths to power
the vehicle hence the name. The transmission
module couples both the motor/generator and
engine. Basically, in a parallel hybrid electric
vehicle - it has certain limitations: unlike series
hybrid works.
 THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
The cars powered by conventional resources
like gasoline is a huge concern for
environmental activists but we can't overlook
the fact that despite everything-automobiles
constitute a larger part of our technology and
economy. For this -hybrid cars use both
gasoline and rechargeable electric motor to
power it. So of course, the result would be
fewer emissions of toxic fumes and hence less
pollution.
Hybrid cars help in reducing

carbon footprints?
as we studied the components of hybrid electric

cars- they run on internal combustion engine as

well as an electric motor, it runs on gas engine

as well as an electric engine reducing amount

of fuel thus emitting lower greenhouse gases.

1.it emits 46 percent less greenhouse gas than

a regular vehicle. It is a good option for

consumers who want to start the energy

transition without taking risks.

2.these vehicles due to electricity drive cleaner

than gas vehicles, the average vehicle driving

on electricity produces global warming

emissions with a better fuel economy rating.

3.it does require more energy to create the

hybrid batteries, but the long -term

environmental impact is less than gasoline

powered cars.

4. as long as the people enjoy using hybrid

electrical vehicles-there will be a significant

decrease in carbon emissions across the world.

Thus, a step towards moving green vehicles,

green technology.

HOW THE HYBRID CARS ARE

ACTUALLY MAXIMISING FUEL
ECONOMY?
Apart from its amazing features and technical
aspects in its components be it battery, use of
regenerative braking - do inspire energy in the
hybrid cars to maximize fuel economy?

1.Economy mode for efficiency

For the long run and fuel-saving, it comes with

car sensors to help the driver in saving it.

2.Keep your battery charged

A charged battery will help drivers to use less

gasoline and more electricity leading to
 conservation of gasoline and no much
emissions.

3.BRAKES
It uses the amazing concept of regenerative
braking where automatically energy from
brakes is converted into electric energy and
stored in a battery.

4. Lightens load
One of the objectives that we also discussed at
the beginning of a project is that how hybrid
cars easily pull of conventional car weight. Here
they use less fuel to move less weight by using
small light engines and automobiles and cuts
weight further

5. Engine shut off

When the vehicle is not moving, the gasoline
engine is turned off instead of idling and wasting
gas.
These are the features through which hybrid cars
are maximizing fuel efficiency thus resulting in an
amazing area of scope in the 21st century.

SOLAR ENERGY- A HELP TO

HYBRID CARS
One of the main drawbacks that lies with this
interesting eco-friendly hybrid cars that despite
its advantages-it still is not accessible and be
brought to daily use easily. Many people are
unable to afford a new car and hence there is a
boon to even practical usage of these cars.

Clean energy-not only price accessible but also

helps in saving energy due to its benefits. So
the best way is to switch to hybrid cars and
usage of clean energy will lead to fuel-saving
and lead to very fewer emissions compared to
conventional sources.
“Making the switch to solar energy takes less
than 5 minutes and impact is long-lasting”

The environmental benefits of the

cars:
o better gas mileage: there is no doubt in this
that electric motors provide extra power and
when driving local speed, the electric motor
will work instead of motor engine.
o Less harmful emissions for gas: global
warming one of the bigger concerns for
environment and it is caused by emissions
from automobiles but it use is never
discouraged as gone are days to advise the
people to use public transport instead it is
suggested to modify the vehicles to use less
emissions as it uses electric motor.

o It uses electricity: there are plenty of hybrid

cars that can create electricity on its own in
 times of braking. The electricity does not
harm the environment hence, there is no
need of natural resources

o Reduces use of pollutants and toxins: after

reading about hybrid cars, it does not
release harmful pollutants into air as
compared to gas powered vehicles.
Statistically, conventional cars change oil
after 3000 miles but in hybrid need does not
rise until 6000 miles.

Conclusion of the project

the project was started with the need of hybrid
vehicles as auto alternatives as a friend, we
worked on the instance while doing this study:

Why technology and advancements are

considered harm to environment, why it can’t be
made as an asset to environment? Can’t we
 give our future generations such environment
where there would be technical aspects,
inventions but at same time the nature-the force
above all which created ecosystem would be
accompanied with the helping hand of new
advancements.
This is the sole motto of accomplishing a study
based on this project where we introduced
hybrid cars, discussed its components
designed and modified keeping the harm a
vehicle cause, its working ,its benefits and the
new proposal of solar energy usage in these
cars while all the time stressing upon the need
of considering present scenario how same
technical development can be modified for the
sustainable development for the generation
that is coming to be advanced, scientific but at
same time bask in glory of preservation of
nature and enjoy this precious gift of god and
we lived true to promise:
“we have not inherited resources from our ancestors but
borrowed from our future generations who are
considered steps ahead of what we are present”
 REFERENCES

The following sources helped us to read insights and make

our analysis:

 www.googlescholar.com

 fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybridtech.shtml

 www.inspirecleanenergy.com/blog/sustainable-living/

impact-clean-energy-vs-driving-hybrid-car

 Britannica encyclopedia