Chapter 6

DDWC 1573 - PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTAL
CHAPTER 6: REPETITION STRUCTURES AND

LOOP STATEMENTS
Prepared By:
Mdm. Nik Maria Nik Mahamood
Reference:
Hanly, Koffman, C Problem Solving and Program Design in C, Sixth Edition, Pearson
International Edition. Refer chapter 5 (pg. 242 – pg. 301)
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
REPETITION STRUCTURES AND LOOP STATEMENTS
6.1 Repetition in Programs

6.2 Counting Loops and the while Statement
6.3 Computing a Sum or a Product in a Loop
6.4 The for Statement
6.5 Conditional Loops: counter - control and sentinel - control
6.6 Loop Design
6.7 The do-while Statement

6.1 REPETITION IN PROGRAMS
• Loop body – the statements that are repeated in the loop
Figure 6.1 Flow Diagram of Loop Choice Process

source: This figure is taken from Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2009.


C IMPLEMENTATION
KIND WHEN USED
STRUCTURES
Can determine before loop while

execution exactly how many loop
Counting loop for
repetitions will be needed to
solve the problem do..while
while
Input of a list of data of any for
Sentinel-controlled loop
length ended by a special value. do..while
Table 6.1 Comparison of Loop Kinds

6.2 COUNTING LOOPS AND THE WHILE STATEMENTS
• Counter-controlled Loop – a loop that required number of

iterations can be determined before loop execution begins.
• The loop control variable must be

– Initialized
– Tested
– Updated
for the loop to execute properly

• Each step is summarized as:

– Initialization: set to an initial value before the while
statement is reached.
– Testing: tested before the start of each loop repetition
– Updating: updated during each iteration.

• Syntax:
initialization expression;
while (testing expression){

statement;
update expression;
}

Example #1:
int x = 0;
while (x < 4) {
printf(“The value of x is %d”, x);
x = x + 1;
}
Questions:
a) Draw a flowchart for the program fragment above.
b) What output are displayed by the program fragment above?
c) Rewrite the program segment above, using for and do ..while
loop.

Example #2:
Figure 6.2 Program Fragment with a Loop


Draw a flowchart for the program fragment in figure 6.2
Figure 6.3 Flowchart for a while Loop


6.3 COMPUTING A SUM AND A PRODUCT IN A LOOP
Pseudocode:
• Question Start
Write a program that sum = 0
computes and displays bil = 0
the sum of five values while (bil < 5)
entered by user.
begin_while
Display “Enter value:”
Read value
sum = sum + value
bil = bil + 1;
end_while
Stop
• Loop often accumulate a sum or a product by repeating an

addition or multiplication operation as demonstrated in
Figure 5.4 (Next Slide) - Program To Compute Company
Payroll (pg. 249 – 250)

Figure 5.4 Program to Compute Company Payroll (Part 1)

Source: This figure is taken from Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2009.





6.4 THE FOR STATEMENT
• C provides the for statement as another form for implementing

loops.
• Syntax:
for (initialization expression; testing expression; update expression){
statement;
}
• Example:
int x;
for (x = 0; x < 4; x++) {
printf (“The value of x is %d”, x);
}
Figure 5.5 Using a for Statement in a Counting loop


Increment and Decrement Operators

• The counting loop that you have seen have all included
assignment expression of the form
Counter = Counter + 1;
Counter = Counter - 1
or
Counter += 1;
Counter -= 1;
• The increment operator ++ means that the value of its
operand in incremented by one.
• The decrement operator -- means that the value of its
operand in decremented by one.
Increment and Decrement Other than 1

• Example
Counter = Counter + 5;
Counter = Counter - 2
or
Counter += 5;
Counter -= 2;
• See Figure 5.8 (Next Slide) at page 260: Program To Convert

Temperature From Celsius To Fahrenheit.

Figure 5.8 Display a Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion


Figure 5.8 Display a Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion


6.5 CONDITIONAL LOOPS:
COUNTER CONTROL & SENTINEL CONTROL
• In many programming situations, we will not be able to

determine the exact number of loop repetitions
before loop execution begin.
• In this case, we still able to write a condition to control

the loop by prompting the user to input a data value.

• Example #1:
Counter-controlled Loop Based On The User Input
int sum = 0, bil = 0, noOfInput, value;
printf (“Enter number of input:”);
scanf (“%d”, &noOfInput);
while (bil < noOfInput) {

printf (“Enter value: ”);
scanf (“%d”, &value);
sum = sum + value;
bil = bil + 1;
}
printf (“The sum is %d”, sum);

Sentinel-Controlled Loops
• The sentinel value - to signal the program to stop reading

and processing new data.
• Sentinel value is an end marker that follows the last item in

a list of data.
• See Figure 5.10: A program that calculates the sum of

collection of exam is a candidate for using a sentinel value.

• Example #2:
Sentinel-controlled Loop
int sum = 0, value;

printf (“Enter value (-1 to stop): ”);
while (value != -1) {

sum = sum + value;
printf (“Enter value (-1 to stop): ”);
}
printf (“The sum is %d”, sum);

Figure 5.10 Sentinel-Controlled while Loop


Using a for statement to implement a Sentinel Loops
/* Accumulate sum of all scores */
printf (“Enter first score (or %d to quit) > ”, SENTINEL);
for(scanf (“%d”, &score);score != SENTINEL; scanf (“%d”, &score)) {

sum += score;
printf (“Enter next score (or %d to quit) > ”, SENTINEL);
}
6.6 LOOP DESIGN
• Problem solving questions for loop design as following table

(based on program the sum of a list of exam scores).
QUESTIONS ANSWER IMPLICATION FOR THE ALGORITHM
What are the Input variable needed score

score
inputs? Value of score must be input once.

6.6 LOOP DESIGN
IMPLICATION FOR THE

QUESTIONS ANSWER
ALGORITHM
Values of sum are echoed in
What are the the output.
sum
output? Output variable needed:
sum
Yes.
One repeatedly
Is there any 1. Sum the scores entered Program variable needed
repetition? 2. Get the next score Sentinel value (-99)
3. Checks to see whether
the score is - 99.

6.7 THE DO..WHILE STATEMENT
• Do-while statement evaluate a loop repetition condition at

the end of the loop body.
• Syntax:
initialization expression;
do {
statement;
update expression;
} while (testing expression);

6.7 THE DO..WHILE STATEMENT
• Example:
int x = 0;
do {
printf (“The value of x is %d”, x);
x = x + 1;
} while (x < 4);

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DDWC 1573 - PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTAL

CHAPTER 6: REPETITION STRUCTURES AND

6.1 Repetition in Programs

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

• Loop body – the statements that are repeated in the loop

Figure 6.1 Flow Diagram of Loop Choice Process

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Can determine before loop while

Table 6.1 Comparison of Loop Kinds

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

• Counter-controlled Loop – a loop that required number of

• The loop control variable must be

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

• Each step is summarized as:

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

while (testing expression){

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Figure 6.2 Program Fragment with a Loop

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Draw a flowchart for the program fragment in figure 6.2

Figure 6.3 Flowchart for a while Loop

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

• Loop often accumulate a sum or a product by repeating an

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Figure 5.4 Program to Compute Company Payroll (Part 1)

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Figure 5.4 Program to Compute Company Payroll (Part 2)

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Figure 5.4 Program to Compute Company Payroll (Part 3)

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

• C provides the for statement as another form for implementing

Figure 5.5 Using a for Statement in a Counting loop

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Increment and Decrement Operators

Increment and Decrement Other than 1

• See Figure 5.8 (Next Slide) at page 260: Program To Convert

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Figure 5.8 Display a Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Figure 5.8 Display a Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

• In many programming situations, we will not be able to

• In this case, we still able to write a condition to control

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

while (bil < noOfInput) {

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

• The sentinel value - to signal the program to stop reading

• Sentinel value is an end marker that follows the last item in

• See Figure 5.10: A program that calculates the sum of

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

int sum = 0, value;

while (value != -1) {

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Figure 5.10 Sentinel-Controlled while Loop

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Using a for statement to implement a Sentinel Loops

/* Accumulate sum of all scores */

printf (“Enter first score (or %d to quit) > ”, SENTINEL);

for(scanf (“%d”, &score);score != SENTINEL; scanf (“%d”, &score)) {

• Problem solving questions for loop design as following table

QUESTIONS ANSWER IMPLICATION FOR THE ALGORITHM