wgµmµ,,m

word Science
Origin of the

↓
Latin word
'
Scientia
'

Origin of the word Physics

↓
"

Greek word
"
Fux is
t,

which means Nature .

Physics →
study of nature and it's
law 's .

Physics is the
King of science and

mathematics is the queen of science .

Steeg tifd :
-

① Systematic observation

② Controlled experiment
③ Qualitative and quantitative reasoning .

⑨ Mathematical calculation -

⑤ Prediction
⑥ Vari frication
of theories .
 Two Basic Principle of physics -

[Unification S Reduction ]

Unifies ! -

unification is an attempt
explain various physical
phenomena in terms
of just few concepts
and laws .

e¥
Law Gravitation
of
ñ÷n
8-

① fall of apple on ground .

② motion of moon around the earth

③ motion
of planets around the run .
 → Lenz 's law ( magnetism)
Law f-
of EnergyConxervatimfs
→
Principle of
Heat loss =

Bernoulli 's Equation

calorimetry
Heat gain
.
.

↳ Kirchhoff 's second law

 [
Maxwell Equations -
Electrostatics
Electrodynamics
→

µ magnetism
E. M
↳ .
wave .

R¥inEm : -
Reductionism is an

attempt to
explain a

bigger more

complex system in to small parts .

> Temp
Thermodynamics -1
.

→ volume
→ Preserve
↳ Internal
energy
↳
Entropy .
 scope of physics : -

↓ ↓

fcn-is.my
Macroscopic Microscopic
-

C classical ( Quantum )
physics )
.

( It is the
study of ↓
(
(phenomena of object
of modern
physics )
finite size
)

→ meanies or

[
atomic ,
molecular and
" "" Unami "
nuclear phenomena )
.

Electromagnetism
→

→ optics
i. ÷:
→

↳
Electron

Neutron .
 Mechanics ①
→ motion
of particles
.

② friction .

③ Banking of Roads
.

④ sound wave .

⑤ water wave
.

⑥ Gravitation .

→
charge

fi
Electrodynamics -

→ current

::9:
→
A. c .

→ Transformer .

→ mirror

µ
optics -

tens

→
microscope
Telescope
1-
.

↳ eye
.

↳ Rainbow
↳ sunrise s sunset
'
 [
Thermodynamics -
Heat
→
Temp .

→ Heat engine
↳ conduction
↳ convection
↳ Radiation .
Mesoscopic
-
physics ! - → it developed after 1900 .

micro<Mero<mae÷
In mesoscopic we consider →

[Few tens or few hundred atoms ]

 [ Fundamental Forces ]
-
-

Tv-am
#

#
_

Gravitational
① F
Force = 4 Mimi

T
① It is universal attractive force
-

② F 2 Mima 1 F 2¥
③ It
obey inverse revise lane

④ (
It is
long range force )
as -

⑤ It does not need medium

any
.

⑥ It is the weakest force in nature .

⑦ It is a central force .

⑧ It is conservative force means work

done of gravitational force is not

depend on the path .

⑨ It act due to
exchange of
a
particle called graviton .
② Electromagnetic force ! -
o"r→
- -
×

F=k÷
① Electrostatic force may
be attractive

or
repulsive .

I
⑦ ④→

⇐
←

⑦ → ←
⊖

② lane
It
obey inverse square
.

③ It is a Central force .

⑥ It it Conservative in nature .

⑤ It is long range force - Cos ] .

⑥ It does not need

any medium
.

⑦ It is 1036 times stronger that

gravitational force .

② It act due to
exchange of
a
particle called photon .
Examte! -

① Friction force .

② String force .

③
spring force
⑨ Van der wall 's force 1- it act blue
two neutral molecules
of gas .

③ The
strong nuclear force : -

- -
x

① It is the strongest force in nature .

it is 1038 times
stronger than gravitational
force .

② depend

}
P ← P It does not

{
-

the
n ←n on
charge
- .

p - en

③ It is short
range force -

( 10-15 met ) .

⑨ It is attractive force but becomes

repulsive when the distance blue

nucleons becomes less than 0.5

Fermi
[
.

1515
g- Fermi
]
=
met
⑤ It is non -
central force .

⑥ It is non -

conservative force .

⑦ It act due to
exchange of
a
particle called a- -

meson .
⑨ The weak nuclear force ! -

-
-
X - x

① It appears in some nuclear priced

like nucleons
13 decay of
.
-

② it blue neutrino ( uncharged particle

act
)
and electrons

③ weak nuclear force is Monger than

gravitational force .

⑥ It is a short force
range
.

( 1514 met to 10-16 met)

⑤ It act due to
exchange of
a
particle called Bosons .
 fundamental
Q compare the strength 4
of
: -

forces .

⑦:6:.|§7;,j÷
Fu : FWN : FE : Fsu .

÷
 Co -

① Lane of Conservation
of Energy .

-
× -
× -

This law states that energy can

neither be created nor be destroyed

but it form to other
can
change one

form .
② Law
of conservation
of linear momentum ! -

-
× -
x -
X -

Ff net external force on a

lyetem
is zero ,
then it's linear momentum

remains constant -

F=m
③ Lane of conservation
of angular
_

IEumi
-
×

If net external Torque on a

lyetem
is zero ,
then it's angular momentum
remains constant -

I=
Law
-
of Conservation
× - ×
of charge :
-
-

Total
charge

for an isolated system remains

constant

=
 Conservation Laws and
symmetry
añ→ :-.
- -

The space and time

eymmetn.es of
role in the varifi
plays an important -

cation Conservation laws

of
.

The properties of epaee and time are -

① Homogeneity of space .

② Homogeneity of time .

③
Isotropy of space .
Homogeneity of space : -

If an
experiment
✗
-
-

performed at
at
different places same time ,
the
same results are obtained ,

this statement tells about symmetry

to the
of nature with respect
This
translation in space .

property
give rise to law of conservation
linear momentum
of
.
Homogeneity of
-
time ! -

If an experiment
-

performed at
same place in universe at different
times then same results are obtained

this statement tells about symmetry

nature respect to time
of with in

space .
this property give rise the

lane
of conservation of energy
.
 T.it#aie : _
It means there is

direction
no
particular
is preferred in space , all the

directions
of space are
equally
preferred .

4- an experiment is performed in

direction
laboratory in certain

and lame experiment performed in

other direction , then both experiments

will give exactly same results .

This is called Isotropy of

space .

This property give rise to lane

of
conservation of angular momentum .
 Axiom

§
→

s It is a truth which
Postulates is self -

evident .

Euclids Axioms → Related to whole

mathematics .

E#ÉÉes → Related to
geometry
only .