3.web Technology

Web Technology
By
Mr. Kale O.V.
Definition
 The Mechanism of communication between various computers through

different languages and multimedia packages is known as web Technology.
 Examples of web technology
 1) Mark-up languages like HTML, XML and HTTP
 2) Programming Languages and Technologies like JAVA, Visual Basic and DOT
NET.
 3) Web Servers and Server Technologies that assist in sharing common network
for worldwide communication.
 4) Databases which are used to store information on a computer network.
 Thus,
 Web Technology helps,
 In providing common platform for effective communication among different
users.
 And different devices which are inter-related through a computer network.
HTML
 1. Introduction to HTML
 HYPER TEXT MARK-UP Language.
 It acts as a foundation to hold every website.
 It is open language which is easy to learn and works on tag system.
 Each tag affects the content that has been placed in that particular tag.
 HTML tags label various pieces of content as “Heading”, “Paragraph”,
“Table”, and so on…
 HTML Elements are known as building blocks of html page.
HTML
 HTML
 This language is used to create web page.
HTMl
 Example:
 <html>
 <head>
 <title> Page Title</title>
 </head>
 <body> In body Section we can write

 Heading Paragraph and other elements
 which are displayed on web page
 </body>
 </html>
HTMl
 HTML is not a programming language.

 HTML is a mark-up language that works on mark-up tags.
 HTML is not a case-sensitive language.
 HTML tags are elements surrounded by angular brackets. < ,>
 HTML tags comes in pairs and first tag is called start tag and other is End Tag.
 The End tag is written like start tag but it contains forward slash. /
 Eg. Start tag is <p> and end tag is </p>.
HTMl
 Structure of HTML Program.

 A Complete executable HTML program contains
 Opening Tag <html> and </html>.
 Whatever written(type) in between these two tags
 is our Program.
 Program contains mainly two parts or sections.
 Head and body presented by tags like <head> and <body>.
HTMl
 Head sections mostly contains title of web page.

 Body section may contain elements like heading,
 Paragraph, and what we want to display on our
 web page.
HTMl
 HTML features:
 It is coding language that makes web-pages;
 It is the skeleton of every web page that exists.
 To see what it looks like, go into web browser (e.g. Internet Explorer, Mozilla
firefox, Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge etc.).
 To see the html code navigate to any web page and right click on it and click
on “view source”. You will see a page of code, and that is HTML.
 One can create html code in text editor like notepad; save it as a.html ( a is
file name; .html is extension of web page)
HTMl
 HTML contains Tag and Attributes;

 Tag is coded HTML command that indicates how part of web page should be
displayed.
 An attribute is a special word used inside tag to specify additional information
to tag such as color, alignment etc.
HTMl
 Tags are having two types basically:

 Container or Non-empty Tags and Empty Tags;
 Container or Non-empty Tags: are pair tags i.e. they require a starting as well
as ending tags. For e.g. <html> </html>; <body></body>, <font></font>
 In which end tag has used forward slash /.
 And the elements or words type in between the two opening and closing tags.
 Non empty tags affect the txt appearing between their start and end tags.
HTMl
 Empty Tags:
 It just having only one tag i.e opening tag , not required closing tag.
 They are predefined tag carry out the job assigned to them.
 No end tag required like </html>
 E.g. <br>; <hr>
XML
 Introduction to XML
 XML means Extensible Markup Language.
 It is another markup language like that of HTML.
 The difference lies in the fact that in xml, tags are not pre-defined and one
has to define his own tags.
 This language is self describing and uses DTD (document Type Definition) to
describe its data.
 Major Difference is: XML was designed to Describe data and HTML was
designed
 to display Data.
XML
 So, XML is complement for HTML.

 XML uses certain set of rules for encoding documents that can be read by both
humans and machines.
 XML is used to provide information about a document.
 Tags are added to the document to provide the extra information.
XML
 XML, extensible markup language, is a simple and flexible markup language.

 It is known as universal language for data on the web because xml documents
can be created and used in any language.
 It is universal standard for information interchange.
 XML Technology facilitates you to create your own markup language.
XML
 Benefits of XML.
 Simplicity: Very easy to read and understand the information coded in xml.
 Openness: it is W3C standard, endorsed by software industry market leaders.
 Extensibility: it is extensible because it has no fixed set of tags. One can define
them as per need.
 Self-descriptive: XML documents do not need special schema set-up like traditional
database to store data. Xml document can be store without such definitions,
because they contain metadata in the form of tags and attributes.
 Scalable: XML is not in binary format so you can create and edit files with anything
and it is also easy to debug.
 Fast Acess: XML documents are arranged in hierarchical form so it is comparatively
faster.
XML
 Uses of XML:
 It has become default format for many office productivity tools.
 It is used as a base language for communication protocols.
 It is also used to interchange data from one computer to another through
internet.
 XML is used in web development.
XML
 XML can separate Data from HTML.

 XML is used to Exchange Data.
 XML can be used to share Data.
 XML can be used to store Data.
 XML can make your data more useful.
 XML can be used to create New *ML Language.
 Advantages of XML
 XML is text(Unicode) based – Takes up less space.
 - Can be transmitted efficiently.
 One XML document can be displayed differently in different media.
 - HTML, video, cd, dvd
 - you can only have to change the XMl doc in order to change all the rest.
 XML documents can be modularized. Its parts can be reused.
XML
 Tags in XML
 Tags in XML can be expressed in three ways-
 1. Start tag as <section>;
 2. End tag as </section>;
 3.Empty tag as <line-break/>
XML
 Example:
 For a note containing simple reminder from Sam to Tom as
 <note>
 <to> Tom</to>
 <from>Sam</from>
 <heading> Reminder</heading>
 <body>Don’t forget me this weekend!</body>
 </note>
Difference between HTML & XML
No. HTML XML
1 HTML is used to display data and XML is a software and hardware

focuses on how data looks. independent tool used to transport
and store data. It focuses on what
data is.
2 HTML is markup language itself. XML provides a framework to define
markup language.
3 HTML is not case sensitive. XML is case sensitive.
4 HTML is presentation language. XML is neither a presentation nor a

programming language.
Introduction to CSS
 Introduction to CSS
 CSS means Cascading Style sheets.
 These sheets describe how HTML elements will be displayed on the screen.
 CSS can be defined as a design language which is used to make web page
more presentable and easy to write.
 Cascading Style sheets contains the rules for the presentation of HTML web
page.
 CSS was introduced to keep the presentation information separate from HTML
markup(Content)
Introduction to CSS
 Uses of CSS
 CSS is used to design various styles for the different web pages.
 It can be used to control the following elements:
 1. Text color
 2. Font style
 3. Spacing between paragraphs
 4. Layout and size of column
 5.Background images
 6. Background colors
 7. Layout design
 8. Other Effects
Introduction to CSS
 Example:
 <html>
 <head>
 <style> center{text-align:center; Color: red;}</style>
 </head>
 <body> <h1class =“center”> Red and center –aligned heading</h1>
 <p class=“center”> Red and center aligned paragraph</p>
 </body> </html>
Introduction to CSS
 Advantages of CSS
 1. These sheets save lot of time and work as they can control layout of
multiple web pages.
 2. CSS helps load web pages faster as you need not write HTML tag attributes
every time.
 3. CSS is easy to maintain. If you change the style, all other elements will be
automatically updated.
 4. CSS provide superior styles as compared to simple HTML.
Introduction to CSS
 So,
 CSS determines how the elements in our HTML document are displayed and
formatted.
 Designed to separate the content of a web page from the presentation of that
content.
 Enables us to make all pages of our website look similar and consistent (font,
color)
 Allows us to make site-wide formatting changes from a single location (rather
than having to edit each page individually).
Introduction to Programming Language (PL)
 Introduction to Programming Language (PL)

 It refers to set of instructions that are provided to the computer to describe
computations and generate executable programs.
 Every PL has words, symbols and grammatical rules and these rules are known
as syntax.
 Each language has different set of syntax rules.
 Different PL have been developed to execute different programs.
 So,
 Programing language is set of rules that provides a way of telling a computer
what operations to perform.
 A PL is set of rules for communicating an algorithm
 It provides a linguistic framework for describing computations.
Characteristics of PL.
Characteristics of PL.
 These languages are independent of computer system i.e. instead of being
machine-oriented it should be more oriented towards the given problem to be
solved.
 Each Instruction of PL should get converted into machine language
instruction.
 This language should be easy to understand and should use abbreviation and
words that used in everyday communication.
 The PL should be written using common words and mathematical symbols.
Types
Types
1. First Generation PL: This is machine dependent language that can be understood
by the computer. It was mostly used to Addition and subtraction.
2. Second Generation PL: These are known as assembly languages and these need to
be translated into one machine language. These were comparatively easier to
write.
3. Third Generation PL – These were closer to English but included some
mathematical notations as well . E.g. VB,C++, C etc . These are high level
languages (HLL).
4. Fourth Generation PL- These languages required lesser instructions to complete a
particular task. They are used with databases in form designers and report
generators. These are very high level languages like SQL.
5. Fifth Generation PL- These are also known as declarative languages and are based
on mathematical logics. They are also called as natural languages.
First Generation or Machine Language
First Generation or Machine Language: The set of instruction codes which is directly
understood by CPU of computer is known as machine language.
It does not require any translation program.
This is basic computer language.
Such programs vary from computer to computer,
They are machine dependent.
Machine languages consist binary digits for performing internal operations which are
easily understood by the computers.
Having usually two parts- first part contains the command that tells what functions
needs to be performed and second part contains instructions that tells where to store
the data or information.
Such languages are used to adding, subtracting, writing and so on.
Advantages of Machine Languages-

 It is directly understood by the computer.
 No translating program is required.
 It is very fast and easy to be processed by the computer.
Disadvantages:
 It is machine dependent and vary from one computer to another.
 It is easily understood by computer but it is difficult for programmers to
remember dozens of code numbers for different commands or refer to a
reference card every time.
 It is difficult to locate errors in machine languages and therefore it is very
difficult to modify errors.
Assembly or Second generation language
Assembly or Second generation language:

 These are low-level languages that allow users to use various abbreviations or
other words instead of binary numbers.
 Each assembly language gets translated into machine instructions by
assembler program;
 These languages are hardware dependent.
Advantages of Assembly Language:

 It is easier to use and understand (as compare to Machine Lang.)
 It is easier to locate and rectify errors in this language.
 It is quite easier to modify the programs written in these languages.
Disadvantages of Assembly Language

 It is hardware dependent.
 Knowledge of hardware is required to write program in this language.
Third Generation Language
High Level Language or Third Generation Language

 To overcome the difficulties with machine language and assembly language,
These kind of languages were developed that allow programmers to describe
various tasks in a form which is problem oriented instead of computer oriented.
Such instructions that are written in high level programmers are called
statements.
Advantages of High Level Languages

 It is independent of machine.
 It is easy to use and learn.
 It has reduced occurrence of errors as the programmer need not write all
small steps that are being carried out by the computer.
 Errors if any can be easily located in this language.
 It requires less time and effort and hence reduces the cost of programming.
 Instructions and commands much easier to remember by programmer.
 Its logic and structure are much easier to understand.
 Portable .
Disadvantages of High Level languages or Third Generation PL

 The programs written in these languages take more time to run and requires
more main memory.
 These are less flexible as they are not under much control of programmer.
 They are based on more automatic features.
Fourth Generation Languages
Fourth Generation Languages

These are very high level languages which are more user oriented.
Such languages have a lot of time for programmers as they need not write as
many lines of code as they usually write for other programs.
These languages are used for report generation and interactive database
management system.
Fifth Generation Languages
Fifth Generation Languages or Natural Languages

These languages allow questions or commands that can be frames in an
interactive manner.
Eg. You can easily state that I want sales data of last quarter.
Natural languages are part of artificial intelligence.
Introduction to Web Servers and Server
Products
Introduction to Web Servers and Server Products

Web server is computer program that provides requested files to the users via
HTTP and distributes information on worldwide web.
Products
The major function of web server is to store and process required information
and provide web pages to its clients.
The whole process of communication between the client and the server takes
place through Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP).
The delivered pages are mostly in HTML format.
Products
So, Web server can also be defined as an internet server that responds to client’s
request through http and deliver the required web pages.
For eg. If you are sitting in front of a computer and surfing internet, you get an
email from your friend asking you to check latest fashion updates and offers on
http://www.myntra.com/offers. You can simply type this URL into your web
browser and press enter key.
The website with existing offers will open up in front of you despite the fact that
website or web page is hosted anywhere else in the world.
A web server is always connected to the internet and has unique address with a
series of four numbers between 0 to 255 separated by . Or periods.
This unique address is known as IP address of the computer.
There are different types of web servers available in internet world.
Web hosting companies select any web server based on their client’s
requirements as the number of clients going to work o a single server, software
being used by the client and amount of traffic they would be going to generate.
Products
Types of Web servers

Nginx web server
Internet Information services (IIS)
Lighttpd
Sun JAVA System web server
Jigsaw Server
Apache Tomcat
Google Server.
Products
Summary:
Web Server is the computer on which you host your website. It is connected
directly to the Internet and sends hosted web pages to the client using the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
If you host your Front page site through an Internet Service Provider (ISP) etc.
You may have different types of web servers as:
Windows based servers running IIS i.e Internet Information Services.
Unix based servers running APAche.
Introduction to Databases
Database Refers to systematic and structured collection of data.
Printed catalogues, brochures, telephone, telephone directories etc are all
examples of databases.
This data can be stored in the form of tables, charts,views, reports and queries.
The data is usually stored on the disk and can be accessed by many users at a
time.
Databases are managed by Database Management Systems (DBMS) which is a

computer application including set of programs used to manage and store data in
a set format.
DBMS is responsible for access of data, updation of data, security, back up,
recovery, maximal availability and to support interface packages for better
access to its users.
Examples:
Some of the major DBMS include MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, SAP HANA,
MemSQl, SQL Lite, IBM DB2.
Functions of DBMS:
 Contains query language
 Manage database structure
 Controls access to data.
Benefits of DBMS-
After introduction of DBMS, it has become easier for all organizations to keep a
record of all necessary details.
It has become faster to search information on any topic at any time and any
location, which in turn has increased effectiveness of work.
Applications of DBMS:
Railway Ticket Reservation:- It has become easier to keep a track of ticket
booking, availability of seats, train arrival and departures.
Banking: it is because of DBMS that banks can track every transaction related to
any account. Banking has become easier and we can send and receive money
through our bank account while sitting at our home.
Online Courses and Examination; Through, DBMS, Various Universities and
colleges can provide online training and can also conduct examination at various
centers at the same time. Complete record of student’s registration, fee status,
grades, scores, roll numbers, passing year etc can be maintained.
Social Media: Today, we can see that each and every person is connected to
number of friends and relatives through various social media. They can share
their views and post their comments on different topics. People can connect to
each other while sitting comfortably in their homes. It is all because of DBMS.
Online Shopping : Due to today’s busy life style, we have seen that people are
getting attracted towards online shopping as it is much easier and faster.
Moreover, return policies provided by various companies further add to
customer’s satisfaction. A complete record of products ordered, delivery address,
dispatch date, bill, payment and return policy is kept till the product is safely
delivered to each and every customer.
Who uses Computer Databases?
Who uses Computer Databases?

 Stores use DBMS to keep track of inventory
 Customers online when shopping
 Travel agents can keep up with their customers and reservations
 Hospitals track patient information
 Students online when researching information for school and college.
Therefore, we can say that databases and DBMS has become an integral part of
our life. We are solely dependent on these systems for proper functioning of our
day to day activities.
These databases are the structural unit of internet without which we cannot
imagine our life.
Examples of DBMS
Examples of DBMS
SQL : Introduction to MYSQL
MySQL is a multi-user and multi-threaded DBMS which is quite popular on the web
MYSQL is Structured Query Language.
It is an open source relational database management system that comes in two
versions : MySQL Server System and MySQL embedded system.
MySQL Products: it includes Servers, GUI Tools and Drivers
1. Servers can be community server, enterprise server or embedded server.
2. GUI Tools include administrator, migration tool kit, query browser & visual studio
3. MySQL Drivers include .JDBC, .odbc, .net and .php
4. This server provides multi user access to large number of databases.
5. MySQL server is fast, reliable and easy to use server.
Benefits of MySQL
Benefits of MySQL
1. It’s easy to use : While a basic knowledge of SQL is required and most
relational databases require the same knowledge MySQL is very easy to use.
With only a few simple SQL statements, you can build and interact with
MySQL.
2. It’s secure: MySQL includes solid data security layers that protect sensitive
data from intruders. Rights can be set to allow some or all privileges to
individuals. Passwords are encrypted.
3. It’s inexpensive: MySQL is included for free with Netware 6.5 available by free
download from MySQL Website.
Why to Use MySQL?
Why to Use MySQL?

 MySQL server can handle very large databases.
 Offers rich and very useful set of functions.
 Connectivity, speed and security make MySQL very suited for accessing
databases on a network.
 A lot of contributed software available.
Therefore, we can say that MySQL is the most Popular SQL Databases
Management System being used in development of Various web-based software
applications.
Microsoft Access as DBMS
Microsoft Access as DBMS.

MS access is a database management System (DBMS) from Microsoft which
combines relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine and graphical User Interface
with software development tools.
It has it’s own format to store data and it can import or link directly to data
stored in other applications and databases.
Various software developers use MS Access to develop Application Software.
MS Access is supported by VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) which is an object
based Programming Language used develop programs.
Components of MS Access:
Is made up of following components.

 Tables: They are considered as the backbone of the data stored in database.
 Relationships: They refer to the bonds which join tables of associated elements.
 Queries: They can be used to start, calculate, group, filter, sort and delete data as
per requirements.
 Forms: They act as an interface for the users to enter data into database.
 Reports: They refer to the results generated after entering data into database
 Macros: These can be referred to as an automatic way of MS Access to carry out a
series of actions for the database. These actions are carried out in the order you
entered the data.
 Modules: it is the basis of programming language that supports MS Access.
Limitations of MS Access:
 Maximum table size: 1gb

 No.of fields in a record or table: 255
 No.of indexes in table or record : 32
 No of fields in an index: 10
 No of table in query :32
 Maximum size of a form or report: 22”
 Characters in a memo field 64000
 MDB Size 2gb
 Concurrent Users 255
 No. of characters in object names 64
Uses MS Access
This database can be used to perform following functions

 Data Management
 Display complex queries and data subsets
 Databases management for multiple users
 Generate reports for data summarization
 Automation of common events.
 Access enables to arrange the data in a fixed structure. Its structure makes
the information easy to: Manipulate, Sort, Display, Print.
Pharmacy drug Database:
Pharmacy Drug database refers to collect and compilation of data related to

various drugs that can be used by physicians and other healthcare professionals
to ensure provision of best pharmaceutical services to the patients.
Examples of Pharmacy Drug database:
DynaMed: It is a reference tool created by physicians that contains clinically

organized summaries that can be used by other physicians and healthcare pro.
Essential Evidence Plus: It is an evidence based clinical research database with
access to information on different pharmaceutical topics, guidelines, abstracts,
and summaries.
Drugs@FDA: it refers to catalog of FDA approved drugs including both prescription
and over the counter drugs.
LactMed: it sis a peer-reviewed and referenced database of drugs which are
considered safe for lactating mothers.
Pharmacy Computer systems are used for variety of functions like printing
patient records, checking drug interactions, updating patient profile and
automated drug dispensing.
 Right now computers and pharmacy go hand in hand
 Drug and patient databases management; order entry systems; drug
information; billing; purchasing; automated dispensing units; and on and on.
 Today we can exchange health information and provide services across
geographic, time and social boundries.
Functions of Pharmacy management Systems

 Patient profiles
 Physician database
 Pharmacy Drug Inventory
Purpose of Pharmacy Drug database
Pharmacy Drug database is created in order to maintain effective and clear data
saving network which can be assessed by any healthcare professional at the time
of need.
Such database reduces time and effort and ensures availability of best available
treatment in a given situation.
As complete information on any drug can be searched, a physician can
simultaneously review various drug indications, side effects, contraindications,
dosages, alternate options, allergic reactions etc.
Hence, one can decide the most effective drug to be prescribed to a patient in
hour of need.

Such system are required by all medical personnel to access relevant information
about various drugs whether it is their dosage, usage, mode of action, side
effects, drug interactions, shelf life or any such details.
Such systems have helped a lot to improve the quality and quantity of drug
usages at appropriate time and place. Life expectancy has increased and people
have started living quality life free from various diseases.

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Web Technology

 The Mechanism of communication between various computers through

 <body> In body Section we can write

 HTML is not a programming language.

 Structure of HTML Program.

 Head sections mostly contains title of web page.

 HTML contains Tag and Attributes;

 Tags are having two types basically:

 So, XML is complement for HTML.

 XML, extensible markup language, is a simple and flexible markup language.

 XML can separate Data from HTML.

No. HTML XML

1 HTML is used to display data and XML is a software and hardware

4 HTML is presentation language. XML is neither a presentation nor a

 Introduction to Programming Language (PL)

Advantages of Machine Languages-

Assembly or Second generation language:

Advantages of Assembly Language:

Disadvantages of Assembly Language

High Level Language or Third Generation Language

Advantages of High Level Languages

Disadvantages of High Level languages or Third Generation PL

Fourth Generation Languages

Fifth Generation Languages or Natural Languages

Introduction to Web Servers and Server Products

Types of Web servers

Databases are managed by Database Management Systems (DBMS) which is a

Who uses Computer Databases?

Why to Use MySQL?

Microsoft Access as DBMS.

Is made up of following components.

 Maximum table size: 1gb

This database can be used to perform following functions

Pharmacy Drug database refers to collect and compilation of data related to

DynaMed: It is a reference tool created by physicians that contains clinically

Functions of Pharmacy management Systems

Purpose of Pharmacy Drug database

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