Power PP

Table of content
Sr # Objectives Page #
01 To study the water PH test 01-06
02 07-10
To study the water Chloride Test.
03 11-12
To measure the water hardness by logging meter.
04 To study the boiler by using the Boiler TH 101 13-16
05 Determine the efficiency of water tube saturated boiler by using the Boiler Model TH 17-20
101.
06 21-23
Determine the efficiency of water tube superheated boiler by using the Boiler Model
TH 101.
07 By using the water tube steam boiler Model TH101, Determine the following 24-26
a) Energy input to condenser
b) Energy output from condenser.
c) Energy loss in condenser due to radiation.
d) Efficiency of condenser.
08 27-29
To verify the pressure and temperature relationship for saturated steam and
draw a graph between pressure and temperature at water tube steam boiler
Model TH 101
09 By using miniature steam power plant, find out 30-32
a) Energy input to condenser
b) Energy output from condenser.
c) Energy loss in condenser due to radiation.
d) Efficiency of condenser.
10 To verify the Pressure and Temperature relationship for Saturated steam and 33-35
draw a graph between pressure and temperature.
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Experiment # 01
Objective:
 Water PH Test of Boiler
Apparatus:
 Ph meter
 Screw driver
 Electrode
Theory:
 Calibration:
 Dip the tip of electrode in a sample of Ph 7.01 buffer at room temperature.
 Allow the reading to stabilize.
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 Use a small screwdriver to adjust the ph 7 trimmer until the display reads 7.01.
 Raise the electrode with water and dip it in sample of ph 4.01 or 10.01 buffer solution.
 Allow the reading to be stabilize.
 With a small screwdriver adjust pH 4/10 trimmer until the display reads the chosen buffer value.
 Procedure:
 Clean the tip of electrode with distilled water.
 Wipe gently with soft tissue papers.
 Immerse the electrode in sample solution.
 The instrument will display ph.
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Experiment # 02
Objective:
 To study water chloride test of Boiler
Apparatus:
 Logging meter
 2 cuvet
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Procedure:
 Turn the meter on by pressing ON/OFF.
 When the LCD displays “------‘’it is ready.
 Fill one cuvet no 1 with 10ml of distilled water up to the mark.
 Fill the cuvet no 2 with 10ml of sample up to mark.
 Using the 1 ml syringe add 0.5 ml of HI 93753A-0 displacing reagent to each cuvet.
 Replace the each cap and mix each cuvet for 30 seconds.
 Remove the caps and use the second 1 ml syringe and add 0.5 ML of HI 93753b-0
complexing Reagent to each cuvet.
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 Replace the caps and mix each cuvet by turning the cuvette upside down for 30 seconds.
 Place the cuvet with reacted distilled water into the instrument.
 Press READ TIMED and display will show countdown prior to zeroing the blank or wait
for 2 mints and press 0. In both cases ‘SIP’ will appear during measurement.
 Remove the cuvet.
 Place the other cuvet with reacted sample no 2 into the instrument.
 Press READ DIRECT and SIP will blink on LCD during measurement.
 The instrument directly display in mg/L of chloride on Liquid crystal display.
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Experiment # 03
Objective:
To study the hardness of water by logging meter.
Apparatus:
 Logging meter.
Theory:
The simple definition of water hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in
the water. Hard water is high in dissolved minerals, largely calcium and magnesium. You may
have felt the effects of hard water, literally, the last time you washed your hands. Depending on
the hardness of your water, after using soap to wash you may have felt like there was a film of
residue left on your hands. In hard water, soap reacts with the calcium (which is relatively high
in hard water) to form "soap scum".
7|Page
Procedure:
 Turn the meter on by pressing on/off.
 When the LCD display ‘SCL’ it is ready.
 The meter automatically defaults to hardness low range measurement mode, with the
hardness and LR indications appearing on the LCD.
 Add to drops of H193735A buffer reagent.
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 Press zero or read the display will show a countdown prior to measurements.
 During measurement the bln indication will be shown then –0—will appear.
 Replace the cap and shake gently to mix.
 Reinsert the current into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap to positioned
securely into groove.
 Press the unit button repeatedly to convert the units and press the ‘range ‘key to have the
meter ready for next measurement.
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Experiment # 04
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Objective:
To study the boiler by using Boiler Model TH 101
Apparatus:
 TH 101 Training Boiler
Theory:
Training Boiler System
A boiler may be used in power generation industry where steam is used on a prime mover such
as a steam turbine for power generation. The boiler may also used in other industries where
steam is used is in a process such as a heat exchanger. The exhausted steam can be then
exhausted to atmosphere or recovered by using condenser and a cooling tower.
For a training boiler set, at least a resin filter is required for the feed
water to the boiler. Steam from the boiler can be used in many ways depending on
optional equipment.
 A super heater
 A prime mover
 A process or a condenser for heat exchange
Boiler Principles
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Some important terminologies are as follows:
 Steam
Changing the property of water into from liquid state into a vapor state when
boiling creates steam. The steam created by boiler of water in open space will have a
temperature of 100°C (212°F).
But if the boiling is done in an enclosed space, the created vapor has no way
to escape and it will compress itself causing pressurization. The temperature will increase
likewise and become higher than the original temperature.
 Dry or superheated steam
Dry or superheated steam is the steam without any water mixture by further
heating of saturated steam resulting in the transformation of water mixture completely
into vapor.
This vapor is called dry or cold vapor that has higher temperature than before, but the
pressure remains same.
 Steam rate
Steam rate is a capacity of boiler to produce steam in one (1) hour when the
gauge pressure reading is zero (0) or when the steam has a temperature of 100°C (212°F)
one-ton boiler is the boiler with evaporation capacity to produce steam of one ton per
hour.
Main Boiler Components

Although boilers of all types may have different structrures of construction,
they consists mainely of three sections namely furnance, water space and steam space as shown
in figure.
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A. Furnace:
A furnace is an area in which combustion of fuel takes place. It is a space which has the
highest temperature within boiler.
B. Water space:
A water space is a water storage area in the boiler where the evaporation into steam
takes place. The water level in the boiler should change more than two centimeters
particularly for fired-tube boiler. In the case of two boiler of the same capacity, the boiler
which has less water space will be able to produce steam faster.
C. Steam space:
Steam space is a steam storage area/section normally located above the water space
section in the boiler. Steam produced by the boiler will be stored in this section. A boiler
generally produces steam all time but is steam demand is not constant.
Classification of Boiler
Boiler can be classified as the fire-tube or water-tube boiler. Fire-tube is normally
used in industrial applications while water-tube boiler is for power plants.
 Water-tube Boiler
In water tube boilers, the water is present inside the tubes and the fire or hot gases
surrounds these water tubes.
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 Fire-tube Boiler
In a fire tube boiler the fire or hot gas is present inside the tubes and water surrounds
these fire tubes. Since fire is inside the tubes and hence it is named as fire tube boiler.
The heat from the hot gases is conducted through the walls of the tube to the water.
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Thermodynamics of Training Boiler
The Thermodynamic processes are as follows:
 Feed water is at atmospheric pressure pa, Temperature T1 and has an enthalpy of h°.
 After the feed pump, the water pressure increases p1 at temperature T1 and has
enthalpy of h1
 Heat is supplied to the boiler by fuel. The saturated steam pressure is p1, temperature
T2 and has an enthalpy of h2.
 When the saturated steam is further heated in a superheater, its pressure remains at
p1, temperature increases to T3, and enthalpy increases to h3.
 When the steam is throttled before the turbine, its enthalpy is assumed to remain
unchanged at h3 but the pressure and temperature change to p2 and T4. At this point,
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the superheated steam becomes further superheated or the saturated steam becomes
superheated.
 When the steam is used to drive a steam turbine or steam engine, there is a power
output W° and the steam pressure, temperature and enthalpy reduce atmospheric
pressure pa or below depending the condenser position.
 When the condenser is cooled by water from the cooling water, the steam is
condensed to an atmospheric pressure pa, temperature T6 ( the actual temperature is
about to 100 or slightly below), and the enthalpy is h5.
 When the condensate is returned to the feed water tank, it is mixed with incoming
feed from filter and temperature becomes T1 and enthalpy h° at pressure pa.
Experiment # 05
Objective:
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Determine the efficiency of water tube saturated boiler by using the Boiler Model
TH 101.
Apparatus:
 Th 101 Training Boiler
Procedure:
a) Softener tank
First close all valves
 Operation
i. Open valves on.1, no.5 and no.11 until water is observed coming out from over
flow valve no.11.
ii. Close valve no.11 and open valve no.10 to release water for a few minutes.
iii. Close valve no.10 to allow the tank to fill with water.
 Cleaning
iv. Close valves no.5, no.8 and then open valves no.6 and no.7 slowly for a few
minutes until clear water is observed.
v. Close valves no.6, no.7 after then open valves no.10 and no.11 to drain water
from softener tank until it is empty dry and then close valve no.10.
 Cleaner the softener tank with salt

vi. To add some sodium chloride in water and stir until it becomes a saline. After that
connect the saline by rubber tube to valve no.4.
vii. Open valves no.2 and no.3 and close valve no.1 to fill the softener tank with
saline and open valve no.4 to allow saline solution to flow through valve no.2 to
the softener tank until it is full and then observe the overflow from valve no.11.
viii. Open valve no.10 and close valve no.11 to allow the saline to over through valve
n.10 then close valves no.10, no.3 and no.4 so tank observe saline 3-5 minutes.
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 Washing the saline is done as fellows
ix. Open valves no.10 and no.11 to drain the saline then turn off valves no.10
x. Open valves no.1 and no.5 to fill the tank until water flows out from valve no.11.
xi. Open valves no.6 and no.7 slowly then close valve no.5 and valve no.11 to drain
water for a few minutes.
xii. Open valve no.10 and close valve no.11 to release saline around 5-10 minutes or
until no salt can be tasted.
 To check water hardness

xiii. Use a solution to check water hardness at valve no.10.
xiv. If water coming out is violet, it is not useable.
xv. If water coming out green, sky blue, or blue, it is useable.
xvi. Open valve no.8 close no.10 to deliver water to next process.
 Feed water system

xvii. Close all valves at water tank.
xviii. Open valves no.12 and no.13 and observe water level in the water tank ensure
there is sufficient water to operate the boiler.
xix. Open valve no.15 and start pump to deliver water to steam boiler.
b) Fuel Supply System

i. Close all valves of fuel supply.
ii. Open valves no.44 and no.45 and observe the fuel level in the fuel storage tank to
ensure enough fuel.
iii. Fuel is distributed 3 ways:
o Firstly to burner of steam boiler via an oil meter by turning on valves no.46
no.50 and close valve no.50 and close valve no.47.
o Secondly to burner of steam boiler by-passing oil meter by closing off valves
no 47 and no.50 and close valve no.47.
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o Thirdly to burner of superheated steam boiler via oil meter by operating on
valves no.46 and no.49.
c) Steam boiler
The boiler maximum pressure is 10 kg/ cm 2 gauge. However, for safety and long service,
the working pressure is set at the factory to operate between 6 and 7 bar gauge.
i. Close all valves of the steam system
ii. On the main breaker and circuit breaker, inside the control panel.
iii. Open valve no. 16 to operate feed water pump by turning the switch to “AUTO” and
observe the water level at the sight glass of the steam boiler.
iv. To release fuel to fuel supply system, see previous section above.
v. Start the burner by turning on switch at burner to “ON” (automatic operation).
vi. Wait until pressure rises to required level.
vii. Steam can be distributed 3 ways:
o To superheater by turning on valve no.18.

o To condenser by turning on valve no.19.
o To blow down by turning on valve no.20.
d) To start the Boiler

i. Close the feed water tank outlet valve and the fuel tank outlet valve.
ii. Open the boiler outlet valve to relief vacuum, if any and then close the valve.
iii. Start the boiler.
iv. Open the resin filter valves to allow softened water to feed water tank.
v. Open the fuel tank outlet valve.
vi. Open the feed water tank outlet valve.
vii. Wait until boiler set pressure is reached before slowly open the boiler outlet valve to
obtain required steam rate e.g. 50 kg/hr.
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e) Boiler Test
i. Ensure that steam outlet is connected to a prime mover or a heat exchanger
(condenser) or vented to atmosphere.
ii. Slowly open the steam outlet valve to a steady condition with steam rate of a bout
50kg/hr.
iii. Record: - Feed water temperature 0C.
iv. Steam pressure. (Both steam pressure and temperature can be used as a reference for
determining steam enthalpy. However, steam pressure is more reliable).
v. Fuel flow rate (1pm).
vi. Feed water flow volume (I) and time(s).
vii. Repeat at different steam rate and/or pressure.
viii. Calculate: - Power input from fuel consumption.
ix. Power gained by steam.
f) Boiler Efficiency
i. To start the superheater.
ii. Close the superheater steam outlet valve.
iii. When the boiler set pressure is reached, start the superheater.
iv. Open the boiler outlet valve in full.
v. After the superheater set temperature is reached, open the superheater outlet valve
slowly to obtained required steam rate e.g.50 kg/hr.
vi. The super-heater is now ready for the test.
g) Shut down
i. Boiler shut down.
ii. Close the feed water and fuel valves to the boiler.
iii. Turn off the Boiler.
iv. Condenser and cooling tower.
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v. Close the condenser steam inlet valve and condenser cooling water inlet valve.
vi. Turn off the cooling water pump.
vii. Turn off the cooling tower circulating water pump.
Observation:
Fuel Feed Water Boiler
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Fuel Running Vol. Temp Feed Running Vol. Water Steam Steam
Test pump time (ml) (°C) water time (1) tank pressure outlet
Cycle status pump (ms) temp Temp

status T6 T1
(°C) (°C)
1 begin Start Start
Stop Stop
1end/ Start Start

2 begin
Stop Stop
2 ends/ Start Start

3 begin
Stop Stop
3 end/ Start Start

4 begin
Different
Average
Calculation:
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Boiler Efficiency
¿
Ƞb = Enthalpy of saturated steam ¿ boiler−Enthalpy of feed water heat ¿ fuel ¿
× 100
mc (h2−h1 )
= mf Qf
×100
h1 can be determined from the equation below:

h1 = h° + (p1 – pa) × v°
v° = specific volume of the saturated feed water at T1
Experiment # 06
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Objective:
Determine the efficiency of water tube superheated boiler by using the Boiler Model
TH 101.
Apparatus:
Procedure:
a) Softener tank
 Operation
flow valve no.11.
 Cleaning

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ensure enough fuel.
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o Firstly to burner of steam boiler via an oil meter by turning on valves no.46
no.50 and close valve no.50 and close valve no.47.
o Secondly to burner of steam boiler by-passing oil meter by closing off valves
no 47 and no.50 and close valve no.47.
o Thirdly to burner of superheated steam boiler via oil meter by operating on
valves no.46 and no.49.
c) Steam boiler

d) Superheated Steam System
The superheater maximum pressure is 10 kg/ cm 2 gauge. However, it is to operate at

the same operating pressure as a boiler.
i. Turn off valves on the superheater steam boiler.
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ii. On the main Breaker and circuit breaker, inside control panel.
iii. Reset the emergency Switch by pressing and turning it clockwise. Press the control
Voltage lamp Switch.
iv. Open valves no. 40 and no. 41, no.42 and no.43 so observe and control pressures of
steam inlet and outlet of superheated steam boiler (P2 and P3)
v. To release fuel to fuel supply system.
vi. Set the superheated steam temperature to 270 °C by using temperature controller.
vii. Set the stack temperature 300 °C.
viii. Open valve no.18 to start.
ix. To adjust temperature of superheated steam by adjusting the controller at control
panel.
x. To operate the burner, turn on switch of the force draft fan to the “ON” position after
that turn on
the burner switch to “FULL LOAD” position (OFF, PAR, FULL,) for automatic
operation.
xi. Superheated steam can be distributed in 2 ways:

o To condenser, open valve no.21.
o To blow down, open valve no.22.
e) To start the Boiler

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f) Boiler Test
50kg/hr.
g) Boiler Efficiency
i. To start the superheater.
ii. Close the superheater steam outlet valve.
iii. When the boiler set pressure is reached, start the superheater.
v. After the superheater set temperature is reached, open the superheater outlet valve
vi. The super-heater is now ready for the test.
h) To Start the Super heater

i. Close the super heater steam outlet.
ii. When the boiler set pressure is reached, start superheater.
iii. Open the boiler outlet valve in full.
iv. Open superheater the outlet valve slowly obtained required steam rate e.g. 50kg/hr
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v. The super heater is now ready for the test.
i) Super heater Test

i. Record data as 5,4,2 and also temperature and pressure for both boiler and super
heater.
ii. The increase in fuel consumption from boiler test alone is attributed to super heater.
iii. Repeat 5.5.1 at different steam rate, pressure and super heater temperature.
iv. Calculate:
o Power input from additional fuel components.
o Power gained by the superheated steam.
o Super heater efficiency
j) Shut down
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Observation:
Calculation:
Boiler Efficiency
¿
× 100
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mc ( h2−h1 )
= mf Qf
×100

h1 = h° + (p1 – pa) × v°
Super Heater Efficiency

Super heater efficiency is determined in the same manner as the efficiency. In this case, the
steam rate is assumed to be the same as boiler, and the fuel consumption is determined the same
manner as the boiler if there is a separate fuel meter or determined from increase in fuel
consumption in the case that the super heater uses fuel meter as boiler.
mc (h3−h 2)
ȠS = ×100
mf Qf
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Experiment # 07
Objective:
By using water tube steam boiler Model TH 101, determine the following
a. Energy input to Condenser.
b. Energy output from Condenser.
c. Energy Loss in Condenser due to Radiation.
d. Efficiency of Condenser.
Apparatus:
Procedure:
a) Softener tank
 Operation
flow valve no.11.
 Cleaning
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33 | P a g e

ensure enough fuel.
o Firstly to burner of steam boiler via an oil meter by turning on valves no.46 no.50 and
close valve no.50 and close valve no.47.
o Secondly to burner of steam boiler by-passing oil meter by closing off valves no 47
and no.50 and close valve no.47.
o Thirdly to burner of superheated steam boiler via oil meter by operating on valves
no.46 and no.49.
c) Steam boiler
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panel.
that turn on the burner switch to“FULL LOAD” position (OFF, PAR, FULL,) for
automatic operation.
xii. Superheated steam can be distributed in 2 ways:

e) Condenser system
i. Close all valves at the condenser unit and condensate tank.
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ii. Transfer cooling water to condenser system by operating valve no.33 and drain
transfer water out by open valve no.35.
iii. Switch on cooling water pump.
iv. Cooling water used should be from mains water supply and hot cooling water after
the condenser should be discharge to the drain valve (identify).
v. To release steam condenser from the boiler or superheater.
vi. Open air vent at condensate tank by valve no.30.
vii. The condensate should have level gauge.
viii. Open valve no.23 no. 24 no.26, no.27 and no.29 after that switch on condensate pump
until condensate level is low.
ix. Steam in the condenser will condense to water after transferring heat to cooling water.
x. Steam and/or condensate is distributed in two ways:
o Blow down by opening valve no.36
o To steam trap and condensate tank by opening valves no.23 and no.24.
f) To start the Boiler

g) Boiler Test
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50kg/hr.
h) Boiler Efficiency
vii. To start the superheater.
viii. Close the superheater steam outlet valve.
ix. When the boiler set pressure is reached, start the superheater.
x. Open the boiler outlet valve in full.
xi. After the superheater set temperature is reached, open the superheater outlet valve
xii. The super-heater is now ready for the test.
i) To Start the Condenser

i. Start the cooling water circulating pump.
ii. Close the condenser cooling water intlet.
iii. When the boiler set pressure is reached, start superheater.
v. Adjust the condenser cooling tower outlet valve slowly obtained required steam rate
e.g. 50kg/hr temperature 80°C
vi. The condenser is now ready for the test.
j) Condenser and Cooling Tower Test
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i. Record data as 5,4,2 and also temperature and pressure for both boiler and super
heater.
ii. The increase in fuel consumption from boiler test alone is attributed to super heater.
iii. Record flow rate of cooling tower, temperature of cooling water in and out from
cooling tower and wet bulb temperature.
k) Shut down
Calculation:
Boiler Efficiency
¿
× 100
mc ( h2−h1 )
= mf Qf
×100

h1 = h° + (p1 – pa) × v°
38 | P a g e
Super Heater Efficiency
Super heater efficiency is determined in the same manner as the efficiency. In this case, the
steam rate is assumed to be the same as boiler, and the fuel consumption is determined the same
manner as the boiler if there is a separate fuel meter or determined from increase in fuel
consumption in the case that the super heater uses fuel meter as boiler.
mc ( h3−h 2)
ȠS = ×100
mf Qf
Condenser Heat Transfer Efficiency
ȠC = mw C p ¿ ¿×100
Cooling Efficiency of Cooling Tower

T 8 −T 7
Ƞ Ct =
T 8−T W
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Experiment # 08
Objective
To verify the pressure and temperature relationship for saturated steam and draw a graph
between pressure and temperature at water tube steam boiler Model TH 101.
Apparatus:
Procedure:
a) Softener tank
 Operation
flow valve no.11.
 Cleaning
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41 | P a g e

ensure enough fuel.
o Firstly to burner of steam boiler via an oil meter by turning on valves no.46 no.50
and close valve no.50 and close valve no.47.
o Secondly to burner of steam boiler by-passing oil meter by closing off valves no
47 and no.50 and close valve no.47.
o Thirdly to burner of superheated steam boiler via oil meter by operating on valves
no.46 and no.49.
c) Steam boiler

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panel.
that turn on the burner switch to“FULL LOAD” position (OFF, PAR, FULL,) for
automatic operation.
xi. Superheated steam can be distributed in 2 ways:

e) Condenser system
i. Close all valves at the condenser unit and condensate tank.
ii. Transfer cooling water to condenser system by operating valve no.33 and drain
transfer water out by open valve no.35.
iii. Switch on cooling water pump.
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iv. Cooling water used should be from mains water supply and hot cooling water
after the condenser should be discharge to the drain valve (identify).
v. To release steam condenser from the boiler or superheater.
vi. Open air vent at condensate tank by valve no.30.
vii. The condensate should have level gauge.
viii. Open valve no.23 no. 24 no.26, no.27 and no.29 after that switch on condensate
pump until condensate level is low.
ix. Steam in the condenser will condense to water after transferring heat to cooling
water.
x. Steam and/or condensate is distributed in two ways:
o Blow down by opening valve no.36
o To steam trap and condensate tank by opening valves no.23 and no.24.
f) To start the Boiler

g) Boiler Test
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50kg/hr.
h) Boiler Efficiency
xiii. To start the superheater.
xiv. Close the superheater steam outlet valve.
xv. When the boiler set pressure is reached, start the superheater.
xvi. Open the boiler outlet valve in full.
xvii. After the superheater set temperature is reached, open the superheater outlet valve
xviii. The super-heater is now ready for the test.
i) Shut down
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Observation:
Fuel Feed Boiler Saturated

water
Fuel Running Vol. Temp Feed Running Vol. Water Steam Steam
Test Cycle pump time (ml) (°C) water time (1) tank pressure outlet Temp, Sat.
status (ms) pump (ms) temp Temp T°C pre
status T6 T1 (bar)
(°C) (°C)
1 begin Start Start
Stop Stop
1end/ Start Start

2 begin
Stop Stop
2 ends/ Start Start

3 begin
Stop Stop
3 end/ Start Start
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4 begin
Different
Average
Experiment # 09
Objective:
By using miniature steam power plant find out the following
a. Energy input to Condenser.
b. Energy output from Condenser.
c. Energy Loss in Condenser due to Radiation.
d. Efficiency of Condenser.
Apparatus:
 Miniature Steam Power Plant.
 Match Box.
 Beakers.
Procedure:
i. Set the flow rate of cooling water to 400cm3/min.
ii. Ignite the boiler and increase its pressure upto 1.6 bar.
iii. Note inlet temperature of cooling water.
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iv. Open steam valve and collect condensate.
v. Note the time which has been taken to collect condensate.
vi. Note the water outlet temperature and steam condensate temperature.
vii. Find the temperature and latent heat of steam against pressure.
viii. Energy input to Condenser.
ix. Energy output from Condenser.
x. Energy Loss in Condenser due to Radiation.
xi. Efficiency of Condenser.
Observation:
Cooling water Cooling water Steam

Exhaust steam
inlet outlet Condensate
Temperature
Temperature Temperature Temperature
T1(°C) T2(°C) T3(°C) T4(°C)
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Energy input to Condenser =
Energy output from Condenser =
Energy Loss in Condenser due to Radiation =
Efficiency of Condenser =
Experiment # 10
Objective:
To verify the Pressure and Temperature relationship for Saturated steam and draw a
graph between pressure and temperature.
Apparatus:
 Miniature Steam Power Plant
Procedure:
i. Set the flow rate of natural gas and fire up boiler.
ii. Note the temperature when gauge pressure is zero.
iii. When pressure start increasing note temperature for every 0.2 bar increment in
pressure.
iv. Note temperature up to pressure of 3 bar.
v. Convert gauge pressure to absolute pressure by adding atmospheric pressure.
vi. From steam table note the temperature against these pressures.
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vii. Draw a graph between pressure against actual temperature and steam table
temperature.
Observation:
Sr. Gauge Pressure Absolute Temperature From

# Pressure (Experimental) steam
Table
(Bar) (kpa) (kpa) (°C) (°C)
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Table of content

01 To study the water PH test 01-06

04 To study the boiler by using the Boiler TH 101 13-16

 Water PH Test of Boiler

 Dip the tip of electrode in a sample of Ph 7.01 buffer at room temperature.

 Allow the reading to stabilize.

 Allow the reading to be stabilize.

 Clean the tip of electrode with distilled water.

 Wipe gently with soft tissue papers.

 Immerse the electrode in sample solution.

 The instrument will display ph.

 To study water chloride test of Boiler

 When the LCD displays “------‘’it is ready.

 Fill one cuvet no 1 with 10ml of distilled water up to the mark.

 Fill the cuvet no 2 with 10ml of sample up to mark.

 Remove the cuvet.

 The instrument directly display in mg/L of chloride on Liquid crystal display.

 When the LCD display ‘SCL’ it is ready.

 Add to drops of H193735A buffer reagent.

 Replace the cap and shake gently to mix.

Main Boiler Components

The Thermodynamic processes are as follows:

 Cleaner the softener tank with salt

 To check water hardness

 Feed water system

b) Fuel Supply System

o To superheater by turning on valve no.18.

d) To start the Boiler

Fuel Feed Water Boiler

Cycle status pump (ms) temp Temp

1 begin Start Start

1end/ Start Start

2 ends/ Start Start

3 end/ Start Start

h1 can be determined from the equation below:

 Cleaner the softener tank with salt

 Washing the saline is done as fellows

 To check water hardness

 Feed water system

b) Fuel Supply System

o To superheater by turning on valve no.18.

d) Superheated Steam System

The superheater maximum pressure is 10 kg/ cm 2 gauge. However, it is to operate at

xi. Superheated steam can be distributed in 2 ways:

e) To start the Boiler

h) To Start the Super heater

i) Super heater Test

h1 can be determined from the equation below:

Super Heater Efficiency

 Cleaner the softener tank with salt

 Washing the saline is done as fellows

 To check water hardness

b) Fuel Supply System

d) Superheated Steam System

The superheater maximum pressure is 10 kg/ cm 2 gauge. However, it is to operate at

xii. Superheated steam can be distributed in 2 ways:

f) To start the Boiler

i) To Start the Condenser

j) Condenser and Cooling Tower Test

h1 can be determined from the equation below:

Cooling Efficiency of Cooling Tower

 Cleaner the softener tank with salt