4/15/2010

Definitions

What’s the matter Matter anything that has mass and volume -the “stuff” of the universe:
books, planets, trees, professors, students

with Matter? Composition the types and amounts of simpler substances that make
up a sample of matter

Properties the characteristics that give each substance a unique identity

Matter, its properties, and the
changes it undergoes Physical Properties
those which the substance shows
by itself without interacting with
another substance such as color,
melting point, boiling point, density
Chemical Properties
those which the substance shows as it
interacts with, or transforms into, other
substances such as flammability,
corrosiveness

MASS: tennis balls and

What is matter? cannons
 Sample consequence of mass:
• The physical material
of the universe, more mass, more momentum (the more matter, the
anything that has harder to change its velocity)
mass and takes up * It is harder to stop a speeding cannonball than a
space. tennis ball
• Mass = measure of
the QUANTITY of
matter a thing
contains

From here to outer space Classifying Matter

 Mass is not Weight
 MASS does not vary with
Weightlessness  Matter can be classified
location according to its
 WEIGHT measures a PHYSICAL STATE : Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma, BEC, etc.
force, so if gravitation is
lower, you can expect to
have lower weight.
COMPOSITION: Element, Compound, Mixture

Ex. Wt on moon = 1/6 Wt. on Earth

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The physical states of matter.

STATES OF MATTER: SOLIDS

 Has a definite shape and volume
 True solids have very rigid, ordered structures
 Molecules held tightly together ; in definite
arrangements ; Molecules “wiggle”

STATES OF MATTER: LIQUIDS STATES OF MATTER: GASES

 Has a definite volume independent of
container ; follows the shape of its container
 Molecules are packed more closely ; move
rapidly enough to slide over one another
 Also known as VAPOR (for those usually liquid)
 No fixed volume or shape ; Conforms to the volume
and shape of its container
 Molecules far apart, moving at high speeds, colliding
with container

STATES OF MATTER: PLASMA AMAZING PLASMA

 A lot like gases but
made up of free
electrons and ions of
the element
 “Ion soup”

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_plasma.html

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BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES TEST YOURSELF

 Created in 1995; Predicted by Steam
Bose and Einstein in 1920s GAS
 Unexcited and cold: opposite
of plasma Fluorescent Light PLASMA
 Near absolute zero, atoms
begin to clump. (A few
billionths of a degree) The Diamonds SOLID
result of this clumping is the
BEC. A group of atoms takes
up the same place, creating a Milk LIQUID
"super atom." There are no
longer thousands of separate
atoms. They all take on the Mercury (rm temp) LIQUID
same qualities and for our
purposes become one blob.
Glass SOLID AMORPHOUS
Not a TRUE solid -looks solid, but can flow
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_plasma.html

CHANGES IN MATTER The distinction between physical and chemical change.

PHYSICAL CHANGE
 Does not entail any change in chemical
composition

CHEMICAL CHANGE
 Involves a change in chemical structure
A Physical change B Chemical change

Distinguishing Between Physical and Chemical Change CHANGES IN STATE: A brief

overview
PROBLEM: Decide whether each of the following process is primarily a
physical or a chemical change, and explain briefly:
(a) Frost forms as the temperature drops on a humid winter night.
(b) A cornstalk grows from a seed that is watered and fertilized.
(c) Dynamite explodes to form a mixture of gases.
(d) Perspiration evaporates when you relax after jogging.
(e) A silver fork tarnishes slowly in air.

PLAN: “Does the substance change composition or just change form?”

SOLUTION:
(a) physical change (b) chemical change (c) chemical change

(d) physical change (e) chemical change

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Energy Changes Accompanying CLASSIFYING BY COMPOSITION

Phase Changes

Gas
COLLOIDS

Vaporization Condensation ALLOYS

AMALGAMS
Energy of system

Sublimation Deposition

Liquid

Melting Freezing

Solid

Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Chemistry 2000, page 405

The Molecular Perspective of Chemistry

PURE SUBSTANCES
 ELEMENTS
 Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
 The ATOM is the smallest characteristic part

 COMPOUNDS
 Composed of two or more elements; contains two
or more kinds of atoms
 The MOLECULE is the smallest characteristic part

MIXTURES
 COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES IN WHICH EACH
SUBSTANCE RETAINS ITS OWN CHEMICAL IDENTITY

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES : Non-uniform

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES: Uniform throughout ; may

also be called solutions
ALLOYS : Mixtures of metals
eg. YELLOW BRASS (Cu, Zn)
STAINLESS STEEL (Fe, Cr, Ni, C)
PLUMBER’S SOLDER (Pb, Sn)
STERLING SILVER (Ag, Cu)
GOLD ALLOYS
Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 1
AMALGAMS : Metal mixtures with mercury
COLLOIDS: Intermediate dispersions or suspensions (Borderline)

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COLLOIDS EVERYWHERE

Pure
Substances
and Mixtures

Chapter 1

Energy Changes Accompanying

Separation of Mixtures Phase Changes

 Filtration
Gas
 Distillation
Vaporization Condensation
 Chromatography
Energy of system

Sublimation Deposition

Liquid

Melting Freezing

Solid

Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Chemistry 2000, page 405

SOME PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF MATTER PROPERTIES
 CHARACTERISTICS that allow us to
RECOGNIZE and DISTINGUISH a  Temperature
 Freezing Point
substance from other substances  Mass
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Heat Capacity
- Measurable without - Describe the way a  Structure
 Hardness
changing the identity and substance may change or
composition of the react to form other
 Color
 Conductivity
substance substances  Taste
 Solubility
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES  Odor
-Do not depend on the amount - Depend on the amount of  Density
of sample being examined. sample being examined. Eg.  Boiling Point
-Useful in identification Eg. Mass, Volume
Temp., Melting point, Density

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SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES WHAT KIND?

 Oxidation Properties (as seen in Rusting &

Tarnishing)
 Flammability
 Explosiveness
 Inertness

Density Properties of Matter

• Density is an
INTENSIVE property
of matter.
Pyrex Pyrex

- does NOT depend

on quantity of Styrofoam Brick

matter.
- color, melting point, boiling point, odor, density
Extensive volume: 100 mL 15 mL
• Contrast with Properties mass: 99.9347 g 14.9902 g

EXTENSIVE Intensive density: 0.999 g/mL 0.999 g/mL

Properties temperature: 20oC 20oC
- depends on
quantity of matter.
- mass, volume, heat content (calories)
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld001.htm

Styrofoam Brick

It appears that the brick is ~40x

more dense than the Styrofoam.
D =
M
D =
M
V V
Styrofoam
? Brick
Brick
Styrofoam

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Which liquid has the highest density?

least dense 1 < 3 < 5 < 2 < 4 most dense
Density
M
D =
V

1
M ass M = DxV

M
3 D ensity V olume
V =
D
2 5 4

Coussement, DeSchepper, et al. , Brain Strains Power Puzzles 2002, page 16

Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3

1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3
K = 0C + 273.15
mass m
density = d= V 273 K = 0 0C
volume 373 K = 100 0C

A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5

g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass? 0F = 9 x 0C + 32
5
m
d= V 32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C
m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g

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Scientific Notation
Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:
= 9 x 0C + 32
0F
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
5
0F – 32 = 9 x 0C
5 6.022 x 1023
5 x (0F – 32) = 0C The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:
9
0C = 5 x (0F – 32) 0.0000000000000000000000199
9
0C = 5 x (172.9 – 32) = 78.3
1.99 x 10-23
9 N x 10n
N is a number n is a positive or
between 1 and 10 negative integer

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Scientific Notation Scientific Notation

568.762 0.00000772
move decimal left
Multiplication
move decimal right (4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
n>0 n<0 1. Multiply N1 and N2
(4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =
2. Add exponents n1 and n2
568.762 = 5.68762 x 102 0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6 28 x 10-2 =
2.8 x 10-1
Addition or Subtraction
Division 8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =
1. Write each quantity with 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =
the same exponent n 1. Divide N1 and N2 (8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 =
2. Combine N1 and N2 4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 = 2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2 1.7 x 10-5
3. The exponent, n, remains 4.70 x 104
the same

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Significant Figures
How many significant figures are in
•Any digit that is not zero is significant each of the following measurements?
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
•Zeros between nonzero digits are significant 24 mL 2 significant figures

606 m 3 significant figures 4 significant figures

3001 g
•Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure 0.0320 m3 3 significant figures
•If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the
decimal point are significant 6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
560 kg 2 significant figures
•If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the
end and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures

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Significant Figures Significant Figures

Addition or Subtraction Multiplication or Division
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original
point than any of the original numbers. number that has the smallest number of significant figures
89.332 4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5
+1.1 one significant figure after decimal point
90.432 round off to 90.4
3 sig figs round to
3 sig figs
3.70 two significant figures after decimal point
-2.9133 6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061
0.7867 round off to 0.79
2 sig figs round to
2 sig figs
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Significant Figures Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value

Exact Numbers Precision – how close a set of measurements are to each other

Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered

to have an infinite number of significant figures

The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?

6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70

= 6.67333 = 6.67 = 7
3
accurate precise not accurate
Because 3 is an exact number & but &
precise not accurate not precise

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Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is
this speed in miles per hour?
1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed
2. Carry units through calculation meters to miles
seconds to hours
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.
1 mi = 1609 m 1 min = 60 s 1 hour = 60 min
How many mL are in 1.63 L?

1 L = 1000 mL m 1 mi 60 s 60 min mi
343 x x x = 767
s 1609 m 1 min 1 hour hour
1000 mL
1.63 L x = 1630 mL
1L
1L L2
1.63 L x = 0.001630
1000 mL mL
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