3 I’S (INVESTIGATION, INQUIRY, IMMERSION) REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

LESSON 1
 Related literature refers to studies, inquiries,
RESEARCH investigations and research work undertaken
by other researcher in line with your topic or
 Research is a stepping stone to scientific and
research problem.
technological advancement.
FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
 The hypothesis could be a possible solution to
 Provide solution and problems through new
your research problem. However, a
technological applications and developments.
hypothesis has to go through a series of
 Validate a hypothesis or a theory which leads
investigations before its validated and
to an increase in knowledge and to
accepted.
development.
PROCESSING DATA
INQUIRY
 Processed data are solid evidence that could
 Carried out systematically to bring about new
be used to draw conclusions. These present a
ideas, concepts, technologies and products for
more profound and solid basis for explaining
practical applications.
your results rather than relying on your own
 An inquiry should be relevant, innovative, and
biases.
novel.
COMMUNICATING THE RESULTS
Pressing problems such as:
 You as a researcher, must assume the
 Climate Change
responsibility of conveying the outcome of
 Incurable and infectious diseases
your inquiry.
 Natural disasters
 Security threats PURPOSES OF COMMUNICATING THE RESULT
 Food safety
 Acknowledgment of support from funding
INVESTIGATIONS institution.
 Documented contribution to knowledge and
 To find out the facts about something in order
to learn how it happened. development in a given field of study.
 Eliciting prompt feedback, both negative and
IMMERSION positive.
 Instruction based on extensive exposure to LESSON 2
surroundings or conditions that are native or
pertinent to object of the study. RESEARCH NORMS AND MISCONDUCT

PROCESS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION ETHICS IN RESEARCH

 Formulating Research Question ETHICS

- A scientific research problem has to
 Pertains to the moral principle that govern
be addressed. You may identify a
one’s behavior in relation to any activity.
research problem by going over
specific situations. NONCOMPLIANCE OF ETHICAL STANDARDS CAN BE
CLASSIFIED TO TWO:
A research question must be clear and specific.
 Research Misbehavior
SMART
 Research Misconduct
 SPECIFIC
Deviation from generally accepted research practices
 MEASURABLE
are considered UNETHICAL
 ATTAINABLE
 REALISTIC  Conflict of interest
 TIME-BOUND
  Poorly maintained research records and
laboratory notebook.
 Violation of an animal welfare in handling
laboratory notebook.
 Sabotaging your colleague’s or someone’s
work.
 Guest of ghost authorship even if a colleague
has no significant contribution to the paper.
 Proceeding with presentation of your results
to the public even without going through a
peer-review process.
 Enhancing your research using inappropriate
statistical techniques.
 Improper waste disposal.
RESEARCH MISCONDUCT:
FABRICATION & FALSIFICATION
FABRICATION
 An act of composing data results and
recording or reporting them.
FALSIFICATION
 An act of manipulating research materials,
equipment or processes, changing or omitting
data or results such as the research is not
accurately represented in the research record.
Research Misconduct is a grave sin in the scientific
community.
CONSEQUENCES OF RESEARCH MISCONDUCT:
 It affects primarily the integrity of the whole
process of inquiry.
 It also means retraction of journal articles. It
damages the reputation of the researchers.
 The essence of inquiry is tarnished.
RESEARCH MISCONDUCT: PLAGIARISM
 According to the US Federal Policy, plagiarism
is the appropriation of another person’s idea,
processes, results, or words without giving
appropriate credit.
FORMS OF PLAGIARISM
 Cheating
 Presentation of commissioned work
 Presentation of work or ideas of another
person.
 Presentation of collaborative work as an
individual.
 Improper citations of sources.
 Non-acknowledgement of references.
 Stealing a work done by another person.
IMPORTANCE OF CITATION
 Performing proper citation and observing the
ethic while conducting your research will
determine how much work of a researcher in
his or her field of study. Citation is important
for as to not be accused of plagiarism or
anything that falls under copying of another
person’s work that would make our
researchers as product of cheating.
LESSON 3
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
In This Digital Age
“The best way to have a good idea is to have a lot of
ideas.” -Linus Pauling
• Strengthening a research problem needs a
comprehensive and intensive literature
survey.
Literature Search Satisfies the functions of:
1. Establishing the knowledge that is available in
the field.
2. Developing the next logical skill step to
generate new facts.
 Developing an argument requires
information, which is found in many forms of
literature. An argument may be classified as
discovery or advocacy (McEvoy, 2009).
DISCOVERY
 Deals with realizing the concept already
found by other researchers in the field.
 Involves searching for information and
synthesizing what is relevant to a proposed
study.
ADVOCACY
 Focuses on the limitations of past studies.
 Requires objective evaluation and
constructive criticism in relation to whatever
information is useful.
A RESEARCHERS TAKES RESPONSIBILITY FOR:
  Digging deeper into the extent of the
knowledge that was reported.
INTERVIEW
 Checking the accuracy of that knowledge
disseminated to the public
 Linking it to your proposed study.
FUNCTIONS OF AN EFFECTIVE LITERATURE REVIEW:
1. Updated reports and well-tracked
chronological events shown in your review of
related literature give the impression that the
researcher has a complete grasp of what is
happening in that discipline.
2. An effective literature review avoids biases
that may influence the outcome of the
SURVEY
proposed study.
3. Comparing your thoughts with other research
findings will fortify your assertions, otherwise,
you need to look for more data or information
to validate and improve on your assumptions.
LITERATURE REVIEW
 A review of related literature will help see the
relevance and objectives of a proposed study
and decide whether to award a research grant
PEER REVIEWING
or not.
 An effective literature review provides a solid
theoretical framework for your proposed
study.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
PRIMARY
 Those containing firsthand information or
those that have not been edited.
(ex: transcript of interviews of experts about a certain
JOURNAL ARTICLES
topic, survey results including questionnaires,
observations derived from focused group discussions,
and others.)
SECONDARY
DATABASES
 Those that have been checked for accuracy
and proofread by other parties. These sources
may integrate annotations from another party
other than the interviewees.
(ex: books, Websites, lectures and presentations,
journal articles, newspaper articles, indexes,
databases, bibliographies, and abstracts.)
 Can be done with an expert or any individual
that may have direct knowledge of the subject
matter.
 Interview questions have to be focused on
what you intend to find out.
 Can be done via e-mail, over the phone, or in
person.
 Sometimes an interview is outsourced or
commissioned, that is, conducted by an
independent third party.
 More formal means of acquiring information.
It enables the researcher to acquire both
qualitative and quantitative information – a
far cry from an interview in which quantitative
information is limited.
 Like an interview, a survey can be
administered online, in person, or over the
telephone.
 Done by the editors of these publication
groups or experts known in their field or
discipline.
 The peer reviewers evaluate the scientific
merit of the study, the reliability and
appropriateness of the methods employed,
the correctness of the interpretation of data,
and the overall impact on the contribution of
the study to existing knowledge.
 Contain an abstract or a section that
summarizes the content of the paper
including significant findings.
 Online repositories of various sources of
information. Like an interview, a survey can
be administered online, in person, or over the
telephone.
 There’s a wide range of topics that can be
accessed such as academics, movies, hobbies,
computers, cars, and so on. But access to
these sources of information requires
 subscription unless free access is explicitly
indicated.
HOW DO YOU CONDUCT A LITERATURE SEARCH?
bibliography is a list of all of the sources you
have used in the process of researching your
work. In general, a bibliography should
include: the authors' names. the titles of the
works.

A researcher can simply go to a library or use the The basis for designing a new research inquiry is an
Internet through which information can be accessed outcome of your comprehensive and intensive
within the comforts of one’s home or anywhere by review.
simply using smart phones, tablets, and laptops.
Through a WiFi connection, one has only to type key
word(s) or index terms to retrieve information from a EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:
catalog, a database, or any search engine.
 Observation
WHICH SOURCES ARE CREDIBLE?  Speeches
 Letter
In evaluating sources, you must have read the
 Translations
abstract or the summary of each material.
 Diaries
 Oral History
The abstract consists of condensed information -what
the study is about, the research problem, the EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES:
methodologies used, and the results of the study. The
abstract provides an overview of what you will be  Newspaper
expecting from that material.  Books
 Websites
SYNTHESIZING RELEVANT INFORMATION FROM  Bibliographies
VARIOUS SOURCES  Lectures
HOW DO YOU EXTRACT IMPORTANT CONCEPTS  Abstract
FROM EACH MATERIAL?  Database

Critical thinking - to ensure better comprehension of

key points raised in different materials as these will be
important in stating the theoretical background of
your proposed study.

You have to set up exclusion and inclusion criteria in

the preparation of an effective review of literature. In
view thereof, in synthesizing related literature, a
checklist of inclusion criteria must also include the
following:

 Clear statement of objectives

 Relevance and scope of the study
 Integrity and expertise of the authors
 Suitability and reliability of the methodology
 Accuracy of results
 Appropriateness and specificity of the
interpretation

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Once you have selected your materials,

bibliographic entries must be made. A