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Predicting Outcomes
Predicting Outcomes
PREDICTING OUTCOMES
Reading Strategy
for
KEY STAGE 2
1
Reading Materials for Non-Comprehenders
First Edition, 2022
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such
work for a profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the
payment of royalties.
Development Team
Management Team:
Robert E. Osongco PhD – Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
Reymar D. Paguio PhD – Education Program Supervisor in English
Lily Beth B. Mallari – Education Program Supervisor in LRMS
i
KEY STAGE
PREDICTING OUTCOMES
Reading Strategy
ii
PREFACE
The world has stopped due to the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. All entities
have faced challenges to continue their processes and mechanisms just for the
purpose of surviving, seems like this pandemic hasn’t found its period but rather
death in its sentence. The world has found itself bending hardly in its knees and
education is one that really felt the drawbacks of it. Education landscape- its policies
and implementation guidelines were modified and some newly crafted to fit the
context of distance learning. Indeed, education has crawled it ways to
implementations.
In the Philippines, schools remained completely closed throughout most of
2020 and in September of 2021, the government allowed the pilot run of limited
Face-to-Face classes in low-risk areas. The prolonged school closure is attributed to
challenges in the distribution of learning materials, questions regarding the quality of
the modules, and strong reservations from practitioners in the education sector. In
view of the longer duration of closures, evidence shows that COVID-19 slows down
the goal of lowering learning poverty—which is defined as the percentage of 10-year-
old children who cannot read and understand a simple story. Learning poverty in the
country was estimated at 69.5 percent in 2019 based on TIMSS (Trends in
International Mathematics and Science Study). Also, the 2019 Southeast Asia
Primary Learning Metrics Report revealed results that are alarming where the
majority of Grade 5 students are not able to read at their level. Additionally, for
Reading, the report shows that 27 percent of Filipino pupils in Grade 5 are only able
to recognize single words, while only 10 percent of them developed reading
proficiency to allow their proper transition to secondary education (Inquirer, Dec. 3,
2020).
In Region 3, low proficiency level in English, Math, and Science remains a
dilemma as revealed by the results of standardized tests which also manifested from
the results here in Tarlac City Schools Division thru reading assessments and
academic profiling of learners.
Based on the results of the Posttest of Academic Profiling of learners
participating in face-to-face classes, 1,402 or 11% of Key Stage 1 learners could not
identify the correct way of reading; 1,737 or 14% could not perform letter name
knowledge; 2,784 or 22% could not identify letter sounds; and 2,934 or 23% failed to
identify first letter sound. In terms of Word decoding, 5,288 or 42% could not read
familiar words; 5,764 or 46% had difficulty decoding invented words; and 6,232 or
50% could not perform oral passage reading. In terms of comprehension, 6,705 or
53% failed the reading comprehension while 6,408 or 51% failed the listening part.
Lastly, 6,969 or 56% could not perform dictation.
For Key Stage 2, only 2,664 or 22% of learners are in independent level and
4,416 or 37% are in instructional level. For the frustration, a total of 4,594 or 38%
was found out to be in this level and 352 or 3% of them are still, unfortunately, non-
readers. For Grades 7 and 8, only 311 or 8% of learners are in independent level
and 1,198 or 38% are in instructional level. For the frustration, a total of 1,647 or
52% was found out to be in this level and 28 or 1% of them are still, unfortunately,
non-readers.
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These results clearly show that learners are having difficulty in word decoding
and comprehension which are the main components of reading. Hence, the Division
has come up with its intervention to address the learning losses in literacy which is
the Project RESCUE (Recovery and Engagement of Struggling readers through
Curriculum Updates and Explicit instruction).
According to Fisher and Frey (2014), learners need a host of experiences with
rich informational texts and a sliding scale of scaffolds and supports to access the
information within them; moreover, Perin (2015) claimed that teachers need to
explain, model, provide guided practice, and engage students in independent
practice rather than merely assigning reading. Likewise, National Reading Panel
(2000) underscored that text comprehension can be improved by instruction that
helps readers use specific comprehension strategies. Thus, successful
comprehension involves teacher-directed instructions in comprehension strategies
which is basically the core of explicit instruction.
Truly, these reading materials are directly intended for non-decoders and non-
comprehenders to become proficient readers. The materials for non-comprehenders
are aligned with explicit instruction with the integration of the six types of
comprehension namely literal, reorganization, inference, prediction, evaluation, and
personal response with the incorporation of different forms of questions while for
non-decoders the 10 elements of Early Grades Reading Assessment (EGRA) were
incorporated and discussed comprehensively.
Thus, these reading materials ought to aid teachers and even parents in
improving the reading proficiency level of learners and in establishing a culture of
reading in every school.
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Table of Contents
Copyright Page i
Title Page ii
Preface iii
Table of Contents v
Introductory Message vi
Predicting the Outcomes 1
Reading Activities 3
A Visit to the City 3
The Value of Sleep 7
Pablo’s Vacation 11
The Race 16
Bathing in the Rain 21
References 26
Answers Key 26
v
Introductory Message
vi
READING MATERIALS FOR KEY STAGE 2
PREDICTING OUTCOMES
Background Information:
Predicting outcomes is a reading comprehension skill shows
one’s ability to predict what will happen next to a given situation or
scenario.
Making prediction is when we use clues in the story to foresee
what will happen next.
There are two ways to predict an outcome:
1. What the reader already knows or experienced.
2. Clues that are given a picture or story.
1
Read the paragraph below.
Marta is your cousin from mother’s side, you saw her last summer
vacation with her family with traveling bags in a bus terminal going to
Baguio. Question? Can you predict where is Marta’s family going next
vacation?
Predicting outcomes can be as short as one sentence or long like a
long passage.
There are important things to consider in predicting outcomes:
a. look for clues,
b. use past experiences, and
c. combine available pieces of information that are helpful to
predict an outcome.
Objectives:
• Give outcomes of a text
• Predict possible ending to a story
• Improve predicting outcomes comprehension skills
Reading Activities
Study the list of words on the vocabulary check before
you proceed to the first text.
Vocabulary Check!
change (v.) the act, process, or result of changing
city (n.) an inhabited place of greater size, population, or
importance than a town or village
station (n.) a regular stopping place in a transportation route
surprise (v.) to attack unexpectedly
visit (v.) to go or come
Source: Merriam-Webster.com
2
FIRST TEXT
Read the story carefully then answer the comprehension
check, encircle the letter of the correct answer.
Mang Tibo had not visited the city lately. Every time he came
to the city, he would write his son to pick him up at the station.
Because he wanted to surprise his son, he did not write him about
his coming this time.
Mang Tibo was surprised to see the many changes in the
city. When he got down the bus, he did not know where to go.
Comprehension Check!
1. Who visited the city?
A. Mang Pedring
B. Mang Tibo
C. Mang Tanny
D. Mang Tato
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2. Why did Mang Tibo choose to visit the city?
A. Because he wanted to relax in the city
B. Because he wanted to see his younger brother
C. Because he wanted to see and surprise his son
D. Because he wanted to see changes in the city
6. Do you think Mang Tibo will be able to meet his son? Why and
why not?
A. Yes,
B. No,
C. Maybe,
D. Uncertain,
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7. Complete the statement by writing the things that could happen
next. Mang Tibo is already old, so he will become .
8. If you were the son of Mang Tibo, would you allow again your
father to visit you without a companion? Why or why not?
Yes,
No,
Maybe,
Uncertain,
10. How will the information in this short story be useful to you?
A. It will guide me to visit a city.
B. It will be useful to me before making a surprise for
someone’s birthday.
C. It will guide me in what decision should I make before going
to a place I am not familiar with.
D. It will guide me to be familiar with a place I will be visiting for
the first time.
5
Learner’s Score:
Learner’s Reflection!
Teacher’s Reflection!
6
Study the list of words on the vocabulary check that before
you proceed to the second text.
Vocabulary Check!
growth (n.) progressive development
organ (n.) bodily parts performing a function in an activity
rest (v.) to get rest by lying down
strength (n.) the quality or state of being strong
value (n.) relative worth, utility, or importance
Source: Merriam-Webster.com
SECOND TEXT
Read the text carefully then answer the comprehension
check, encircle the letter of the correct answer.
7
Comprehension Check!
1. What does the body need for us to grow?
A. sleep rests
B. a little rest
C. proper exercise
D. proper wearing of clothes
8
6. What benefit will you get if you have enough sleep?
A. I will become chubby
B. I will become healthy
C. I will become taller
D. It helps your mind and body relax and recover from your day
8. If you were a baby, how many hours of sleep do you need in order
to grow?
A. 18 hours of sleep
B. 24 hours of sleep
C. 12 hours of sleep
D. 15 hours of sleep
9. What should boys and girls need to do to become taller and
smarter?
A. They should sleep late at night.
B. They should play the whole night.
C. They should go to bed earlier and wake up later.
D. They watch Korean drama before going to bed.
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Learner’s Score:
Learner’s Reflection!
Teacher’s Reflection!
10
Study the list of words on the vocabulary check before you
proceed to the third text.
Vocabulary Check!
branches (n.) a secondary shoot or stem
brittle (adj.) easily broken, cracked, or snapped
spend (v.) to use up or pay out
vacation (n.) a period spent away from home
warn (v.) to give notice to beforehand especially of danger
Source: Merriam-Webster.com
THIRD TEXT
Read the story carefully then answer the comprehension
check, encircle the letter of the correct answer.
Pablo’s Vacation
Pablo was spending his vacation with his
grandmother in the province.
“Do not ever dare climb that big Duhat tree over
there,” his grandmother warned him. “Your father fell
from that tree when he was a boy. We thought he
would never live. How I cried, then!”
“I’ll remember, Grandmother,” answered Pablo.
But Pablo was Pablo, and left alone to himself he
reasoned out, “Juan is Juan and Pedro is Pedro. What
happened to Juan is not bound to happen to Pedro.”
Saying this, Pablo climbed the old Duhat tree. He
didn’t know that Duhat trees have brittle branches until
the one where he was holding on, broke.
Source: Corcodia C. Logue, Saturnina R. Ferrer, Regina R. Cordez, Miriam
B. Capili: Developing Reading Power 4, Revised Combined Edition
11
Comprehension Check!
1. Who spent the vacation with his grandmother in the province?
A. Pedro
B. Pablo
C. Paulo
D. Persy
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6. What do you think did Pablo’s grandmother say?
A. Were you hurt?
B. Did you gather much Duhat?
C. Did you climb very high?
D. Did you enjoy on top of the Duhat tree?
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10. If you were Pablo and continue disobeying your grandmother’s
advice, what will happen to you?
A. I will be the best grandson.
B. I will be successful in my life.
C. I will experience failure many times.
D. I will experience happiness in my life.
Learner’s Score:
Learner’s Reflection!
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Teacher’s Reflection!
Vocabulary Check!
barefooted (adv.) with the feet bare
broken (v.) damaged or altered by
comfortable (adj.) affording or enjoying physical comfort
project (n.) a definitely formulated piece of research
race (n.) a contest of speed
Source: Merriam-Webster.com
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FOURTH TEXT
Read the story carefully then answer the comprehension
check, encircle the letter of the correct answer
The Race
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But Nilo had his own way. Luis started counting and at the
count of ten, all four boys began running. They had not gone far
when Nilo suddenly stopped and held his left foot.”
Comprehension Check!
1. Who are the characters in the story?
A. Nardo, Luis, Nilo and Ramon
B. Romel, Luis, Nardo and Milo
C. Jose, Nardo, Nilo and Randy
D. Nardo, Luis, Nilo and Randy
3. What was the thing they agreed upon with whom to take the comic
book home?
A. to have a race
B. to have a contest
C. to bring his rubber shoes
D. to bring leather shoes
17
4. Was the prize they won worthy?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Maybe
D. All of the above
18
9. Who do you think was the last?
A. Luis
B. Nardo
C. Nilo
D. Melvin
Learner’s Score:
Learner’s Reflection!
19
Process Questions for Teacher
1. How did you find the activity?
2. Was the learner able to predict the
outcomes in the texts correctly?
3. Did the learner encounter any difficulty
in this activity, if yes how did you
address it?
Teacher’s Reflection!
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Study the list of words on the vocabulary check before you
proceed to the fifth text.
Vocabulary Check!
arrive (v.) to reach a destination
bathing (v.) a washing or soaking of all or part of the body
shivering (adj.) to undergo trembling
sickly (adj.) somewhat unwell
sneezing (v.) to make a sudden violent spasmodic audible
expiration of breath through the nose and mouth
Bathing in the Rain
Source: Merriam-Webster.com
FIFTH TEXT:
Read the story carefully then answer the comprehension
check, encircle the letter of the correct answer
“Come on, Luis! Come on, Nardo! Bathing on the rain is fun,”
invited Milyo who was already bathing in the rain.
“Our mother is not here,” agreed Luis. “Besides she doesn’t
allow us to bath in the rain. She says we are sickly.”
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“That’s your chance, then. Your mother is away so you can
join me and have fun. You’ll stop before your mother arrives. Then,
she’ll never know. Nobody will tell her,” answered Milyo.
“Fine! Fine!” said Nardo, the younger of the two boys.
“Please, kuya, let’s bath in the rain.”
“Well, well” agreed Luis. “We’ll you join just for a short while.”
The three boys played in the rain. They ran there and there.
They threw water at each other. They played with paper boats and
then with a big ball. They forgot all about the time.
Soon Nardo was shivering from cold. He was sneezing now
and then when they went home, they saw their mother waiting for
them at the door.
Source: Corcodia C. Logue, Saturnina R. Ferrer, Regina R. Cordez, Miriam B. Capili:
Developing Reading Power 5, Revised Combined Edition
Comprehension Check!
1. Who invited Luis and Nardo to bathe in the rain?
A. Marlon
B. Milyo
C. Mark
D. Melvin
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3. Does mother allow them to bathe in the rain? Why or why not?
A. Yes, for them to have fun
B. She never allows them
C. No, because the boys are sickly
D. No, because rainwater is dirty
7. Do you think the boys would ever play in the rain again?
A. Yes, for them, playing in the rain is fun
B. No, they don’t want to get sick anymore
C. Occasionally, if there is a heavy rain
D. Maybe, if their mother allows them
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8. Who among the three boys you admire most and why?
A. Luis, he listens to what their mother says
B. Nardo, he is a playful kid
C. Milyo, he is brave in playing in the rain
D. No one among the three boys
10. If you will not obey your parents, are you going to be successful in
life?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Maybe
D. Never
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Learner’s Score:
Learner’s Reflection!
Teacher’s Reflection!
25
References:
Answers Key:
10. A 10. B
9. C 9. B
8. B 8. A
7. D 7. B
6. A 6. C
5. D 5. A
4. A 4. D
3. A 3. C
2. D 2. A
1. A 1. B
FOURTH FIFTH
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