Anatomy & Physiology - Lecture

STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / FIRST YEAR

Session # 3

LESSON TITLE: TISSUES 14. List the structural and functional

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this lesson, you can:
1. Describe the general makeup of a tissue and its basic types;
2. List the general characteristics and major functions of
epithelial tissue;
3. Classify epithelial tissues based on the number of cell layers
and shape of the cells;
4. Describe the structure, functions, and common locations of
each classification of epithelium;
5. Relate the structural specializations of epithelial tissue with
the functions they perform;
6. Define what glands are;
7. Categorize exocrine glands based on their structure, shape
of secretory regions and type of secretions;
8. Identify the major components of extracellular matrix of
connective tissue;
9. Enumerate the functions of connective tissue;
10. Describe each classification of connective tissues with its
structure, functions and locations;
11. Define the types of muscle tissue with their general
structures, locations, and functions; and,
12. Describe the functions of nervous tissue and structure of a
neuron.
13. Describe the tissue membranes and its major categories;
characteristics of mucous, serous, and
synovial membranes;
15. Define the inflammation and chronic
inflammation;
16. Illustrate the process of inflammation and roles
of chemical mediators in response to tissue
damage;
17. List the classic signs of inflammation;
18. Describe the tissue repair and its two types;
19. Illustrate the tissue repair process;
20. Identify the medical terms involved and their
role in tissue repair process;
21. Define wound contracture and its role in tissue
repair; and,
22. Identify the age-related changes that occur in
cells and extracellular matrix.
Materials:
Book, pen and notebook
Reference:
VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019).
Seeley’s essentials of anatomy & physiology
(10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW
Let us have a review from Chapter 3 before moving forward to the next chapter. Identify each item & write
your answer on the blank provided. Do this without looking at your notes and check it right after. Enjoy!

Identification
Smooth Endopl asmicReticul um.
1. Site of CHON synthesis. __________________________________
2. Movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within
Diffusion
a solvent. __________________________________
3. Type of solution in which the water moves by osmosis out of the cell and into the solution, resulting
Hypertonicsolution
in shrinkage. __________________________________
4. A process in which the information in DNA directs protein synthesis.
Transcription and Transl ation
__________________________________
Apoptosis
5. Known as the programmed cell death. __________________________________

MAIN LESSON
You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 4 of the book.

Tissue – a group of cells with similar structure and function, along with extracellular substances located
between cells. Changes in tissues can result in development, growth, aging, trauma, or disease.
Histology – the microscopic study of tissue structure.
Four Basic Types of Tissues:

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 1. Epithelium – covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body.
2. Connective – a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body.
3. Muscle – makes movement possible by contracting or shortening.
4. Nervous – responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.

General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue:

1. Mostly composed of cells with very little extracellular matrix between them.
2. Covers body surfaces that include the exterior surface, lining of digestive, urinary, reproductive, &
respiratory tracts, heart & blood vessels, and linings of body cavities.
3. Distinct cell surfaces.
▪ Free / Apical Surface – exposed & not attached to other cells
▪ Lateral Surface – cells attached to other epithelial cells
▪ Basal Surface – attached to a basement membrane (a specialized type of extracellular
material that helps attach the epithelial cells to the underlying tissues, and plays an
important role in supporting & guiding cell migration during tissue repair.)
4. Cell and matrix connections.
5. Nonvascular. All gases & nutrients carried in the blood reach the epithelium by diffusing from
blood vessels across the basement membrane.
6. Capable of regeneration.

Major Functions of Epithelia:

1. Protecting underlying structures 4. Secreting substances
2. Acting as a barrier 5. Absorbing substances
3. Permitting the passage of substances

Classification of Epithelium:

Based on Number of Cell Layers Shape of Cells

Squamous
Simple – single layer of cells Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous
Nonkeratinized (moist)
Stratified – more than one layer of cells Keratinized
Cuboidal
Columnar
Pseudostratified – special type of simple epithelium; appears to be
Columnar
stratified but is not
Roughly cuboidal to columnar
Transitional – modification of stratified epithelium that can be greatly
when not stretched and
stretched
squamous-like when stretched.

Types of Epithelium (based on idealized shapes of epithelial cells):

1. Squamous cells are flat or scale-like.
2. Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped – about as wide as they are tall.
3. Columnar cells tend to be taller than they are wide.

Types of Simple Epithelium:

TYPE STRUCTURE FUNCTION LOCATION

blood vessels, heart, lymphatic
Simple 1 layer of flat, tile-like cells,
diffusion & filtration vessels, alveoli, kidney tubules,
Squamous often hexagonal cells
serous membranes
kidney tubules, glands, choroid
1 layer of square-shaped
Simple Cuboidal secretion & absorption plexuses, terminal bronchioles,
cells
ovaries
secrete mucus & bronchioles, auditory tubes, uterus,
Simple Columnar 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
absorption fallopian tubes, stomach,

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1 layer of tall, narrow cells,
Pseudostratified
appears stratified but isn’t,
Columnar
almost always ciliated
intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts,
ventricles of brain
secrete mucus & propel nasal cavity, nasal sinuses,
debris out of respiratory auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea,
tract bronchi

Types of Stratified Epithelium:

TYPE STRUCTURE FUNCTION LOCATION

many layers of flat, tile-like cells
▪ Nonkeratinized – moist, the
surface cells retain a nucleus &
Stratified cytoplasm
infection; reduces loss
Squamous ▪ Keratinized – cytoplasm of cells at
the surface is replaced by a
protein called keratin, and the
cells are dead
Stratified many layers, cube-shaped; relatively
Cuboidal rare
many layers, but only the surface cells
Stratified are columnar;
Columnar deeper layers are irregular or cuboidal
in shape; relatively rare
special type that changes shape
Transitional - stretched: squamous
- not stretched: cuboidal
mouth, throat, larynx,
protect & acts as a
esophagus, anus, vagina,
barrier against
inferior urethra, corneas
of water from the
body outer layer of the skin
absorption, secretion, sweat glands, ovarian
& protection follicular cells, salivary glands
secretion, protection, mammary gland ducts, larynx,
& some absorption portion of male urethra
hold fluids & protects
urinary bladder, ureters,
against the caustic
superior urethra
effects of urine

Structural and Functional Relationships:

1. Simple epithelium is involved with diffusion, secretion, or absorption. Stratified epithelium

serves a protective role. Squamous cells function in diffusion or filtration. Cuboidal or columnar
cells, which contain more organelles, secrete or absorb.
2. A smooth, free surface reduces friction.
▪ Microvilli – increase cell’s surface area (ex: small intestines)
▪ Cilia – move materials across cell’s surface (ex: trachea)
▪ Goblet Cells – produce mucus (ex: stomach)
3. Cell connections are vital to hold one cell to one another or to the
basement membrane. These structures are:
▪ Tight Junctions – bind adjacent cell together
▪ Desmosomes – mechanical links that bind cells
▪ Hemidesmosomes – bind cells to basement membrane
▪ Gap Junctions – most common; small channels that allow molecules to pass between
cells & allow cells to communicate

Glands – structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into blood; primarily
composed of epithelium, with a supporting network of connective tissue.

Two Types of Glands:

1. Exocrine – with ducts (ex: sweat & oil glands)

a. Classification according to Structure of Ducts

Simple Glands single, non-branched duct (ex: glands in stomach & colon)

Compound Glands multiple, branched ducts (ex: mucous glands of duodenum)

b. Classification according to Shape of Secretory Regions

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 Tubular shaped as tubules (small tubes); can be straight or coiled

Acinar / Alveolar sac-like structure

Tubuloacinar /
glands with combination of the tubular and acinar / alveolar
Tubuloalveolar

c. Classification according to Type of Secretion

most common; involves the release of secretory products by
Merocrine Secretion exocytosis
ex: water-producing sweat glands, pancreas
release of secretory products as pinched-off fragments of gland cells
Apocrine Secretion
ex: milk-producing mammary glands (combination with merocrine)
involves the shedding of entire cells
Holocrine Secretion
ex: sebaceous glands of skin

2. Endocrine – no ducts (directly into bloodstream); cellular products are called hormones (ex:
pituitary glands)

Connective Tissue – distinguished by its extracellular matrix which results from the activity of specialized
connective tissue cells, which are:
▪ - blast cells: form the matrix (osteoblasts form bone, chondroblasts form cartilage)
▪ - clast cells: break down the matrix (osteoclasts break down bone)
▪ - cyte cells: maintain the matrix (osteocytes maintain the bone)

Major Components of Extracellular Matrix:

1. Protein Fibers
a. Collagen Fibers – very flexible but resist stretching
b. Reticular Fibers – very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting
network
c. Elastic Fibers – have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched
2. Ground Substance – consists of non-fibrous molecules and has the following major
components:
a. Hyaluronic Acid – makes fluid slippery
b. Proteoglycan Aggregates – trap water which gives tissues the capacity to recoil when
deformed
c. Adhesive Molecules – hold proteoglycans together & to plasma membrane
3. Fluid – the matrix is liquid that enables blood to flow rapidly through the body

Functions of Connective Tissue:

1. Enclosing & separating other tissues (ex: sheets around organs and muscles)
2. Connecting tissues to one another (ex: tendons: bone to muscle, ligaments: bone to bone)
3. Supporting & moving parts of body (ex: bones)
4. Storing compound (ex: bones store calcium & phosphate)
5. Cushioning & insulating (ex: adipose tissue protects organs & helps conserve heat)
6. Transporting (ex: blood transports gases, nutrients, enzymes, & hormones)
7. Protecting (ex: immune cells)

Classification of Connective Tissues:

1. Connective Tissue Proper
a. Loose Connective Tissue – consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy
network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance & fluid.
Structure Function Location
Fine network of fibers (mostly packing between glands,
loose packing, support, &
▪ Areolar collagen with a few elastic fibers) muscles, & nerves; attaches
nourishment
with spaces in between; the skin to underlying tissues

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Little extracellular matrix;
▪ Adipose
adipocytes are full of lipid
Fine network of reticular fibers
▪ Reticular
irregularly arranged
packing material, thermal
insulator, energy storage, &
protect organs against injury
from being jarred
provides a superstructure for
lymphatic & hematopoietic
tissues
subcutaneous areas,
mesenteries, renal pelvis,
around kidney, surface of
colon, mammary glands
within lymph nodes, spleen,
bone marrow

b. Dense Connective Tissue – has relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick
bundles & fill nearly all of the extracellular space

Structure Function Location

▪ Regular Collagen fibers running in
withstand great pulling forces tendons, ligaments
Collagenous same direction
exerted in direction of fiber
orientation due to great tensile dermis of skin, organ
▪ Irregular Collagen fibers run in
strength & stretch resistance capsules, outer layer of
Collagenous several directions
blood vessels
Matrix composed of collagen elastic ligaments between
capable of stretching and recoiling
▪ Regular fibers & elastin fibers vertebrae & along dorsal
like a rubber band with strength in
Elastic running the same direction in aspect of neck, vocal
direction of fiber orientation
elastic ligaments cords
Matrix composed of collagen
▪ Irregular fibers & elastin fibers capable of stretching and recoiling
walls of blood vessels
Elastic oriented in many different in many different directions
directions

2. Supporting Connective Tissue

a. Cartilage – is composed of chondrocytes (cartilage cells); resilient, relatively rigid &
enables to spring back after being compressed; not penetrated by blood vessels;
therefore, heals slowly after an injury.

Structure Function Location

Collagen fibers are
with some flexibility, forms strong,
small & evenly
▪ Hyaline
dispersed making it
transparent
Fibers are more
numerous than in
▪ Fibrocartilage
others; arranged in
thick bundles
Similar to hyaline, but
▪ Elastic matrix contains elastic
fibers
allows growth, provides rigidity
smooth, yet somewhat flexible
articulating surfaces, forms the
embryonic skeleton
somewhat flexible & capable of
withstanding considerable
pressure; connects structures
subjected to great pressure
provides rigidity with even more
flexibility; recoil after being
stretched
growing long bones, cartilage
rings of respiratory system,
costal cartilage of ribs, nasal
cartilages, articulating surfaces
of bones
intervertebral disks, pubic
symphysis, articular disks
(knees, temporomandibular
joints)
external ears, epiglottis, auditory
tubes

b. Bone – hard connective tissue that consists of living cells & mineralized matrix;
composed of osteocytes (bone cells) which are located within lacunae; the matrix is
organized into layers called lamellae.
▪ Compact Bone – more solid, with almost no space between thin layers of
mineralized matrix
▪ Spongy Bone – has spaces between trabeculae of bone
Function: Provides great strength & support; protects internal organs, provides
attachment of muscles & ligaments; allow movements
3. Fluid Connective Tissue

a. Blood – composed of formed elements & a fluid matrix

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 Function: Transport gases, hormones, nutrients, waste products; protect body from
infections; temperature regulation
Location: Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

b. Hemopoietic Tissue – composed of red and yellow marrow

Muscle Tissue – main function is to contract, or shorten, making movement possible; length is greater
than its diameter.

Type Structure Function Location Image

cells are large, long,
cylindrical attached to bone
Skeletal movement of body under Refer to Table
Nucleus: many, located or other connective
Muscle voluntary control 4.10a, page 85
peripherally tissue

Striated: YES
cells are cylindrical;
branched & connected to
one another by intercalated
Cardiac disks (contain gap pumps blood under Refer to Table
heart
Muscle junctions) involuntary control 4.10b, page 85
Nucleus: one, located
centrally
Striated: YES

cells are tapered at each

regulates size of organs,
end
forces fluids through tubes, in hollow organs
Smooth controls the amount of light such as stomach & Refer to Table
Muscle Nucleus: one, located entering the eye, produces intestines; skin & 4.10c, page 86
centrally “goose bumps” in skin; under eyes
involuntary control
Striated: NO

Nervous Tissue – specialized to conduct action potentials (electrical signals); located in the brain, spinal
cord & ganglia

▪ Neurons (nerve cell) – transmit information in form of action potentials, store information, & integrate
& evaluate data

Three Major Parts:

1. Cell Body – site of general cell functions; contains nucleus

2. Dendrites – receive stimuli leading to electrical changes
3. Axon – send action potential to another neuron

▪ Glia (support cells) – surround the neurons; function to protect, nourish & form specialized sheaths
around axons

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You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 4 of the book.

Tissue Membrane – a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity. The body is
composed of four membranes, one external and 3 internal.

▪ Cutaneous Membrane / Skin – external tissue membrane; compose of stratified squamous

epithelium & dense connective tissue.
Major Categories of Internal Tissue Membranes:

Membrane Structure Function & Location

consist of epithelial cells, their basement

✔ line cavities to outside of body (digestive,
membrane, & a thick layer of loose connective
respiratory, & reproductive tracts)
1. Mucous tissue; some contain a layer of smooth muscle
✔ protection (oral cavity)
cells; many contain goblet cells to secrete
✔ absorption & secretion (intestine)
mucus

✔ line cavities that don’t open to exterior of

consist of three components: a layer of simple
body (pericardial, pleural, & peritoneal)
squamous epithelium, its basement
✔ lubricate & protect internal organs from
2. Serous membrane, & a delicate layer of loose
friction
connective tissue; do not contain glands but
✔ help hold organs in place
secrete serous fluid
✔ act as selectively permeable barrier

made up of only connective tissue & consist of

✔ line cavities of freely movable joints
modified connective tissue cells; either
✔ produce synovial fluid to make joints
3. Synovial continuous with dense connective tissue of
slippery, thereby reducing friction & allow
joint capsule or separated from capsule by
areolar or adipose tissue smooth movement

Inflammation

occurs when tissues are damaged

can result from the immediate & painful events that follow trauma
mobilizes the body’s defenses & isolates and destroys microorganisms, foreign materials, and
damaged cells.

Chronic Inflammation – results when the agent responsible for an injury is not removed or something else
interferes with the healing process.

Inflammatory Response is an unpleasant but beneficial occurrence in the human body when tissues are
damaged.

Classic Signs of Inflammation:

1. Redness / Rubor
2. Heat / Calor
3. Swelling / Tumor
4. Pain / Dolor
5. Disturbance of function

Chemical Mediators – are substances that are released or activated in the injured tissues and adjacent
blood vessels.

▪ Histamine – released from the mast cells and causes vasodilation

▪ Prostaglandin – sensitizes the pain receptors and enhances the effects of histamine.

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Neutrophil – a type of phagocytic white blood cell that enters the tissues and fights infections by ingesting
bacteria. It dies after ingesting a small number of bacteria; the mixture of dead neutrophils, other cells, &
fluid that can accumulate is called pus.

Process of Inflammatory Response:

Injury that causes damage to the skin and introduces microorganisms

▼
Release of Chemical Mediators

Massive Vasodilation Increased Vascular

Permeability
▼ ▼
Redness and heat produced Water, protein, & other substances from
Increased speed with which blood cells & the blood move into the injury site
other infection-fighting & repair inducing (edema or swelling)
substances are brought to injury Fibrin forms a fibrous network that “walls
off” the site of injury
Neutrophil migrates for phagocytosis

Compression & irritated nerve endings caused pain and loss of function

Tissue Repair is the substitution of viable cells for dead cells. The type of tissue repair is determined by:
✔ tissues involved
✔ severity of wound

Two Types of Tissue Repair:

1. Regeneration – the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function
is usually restored; no scar formation.
▪ Stem Cells – primarily used in this type; self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that continue
to divide throughout life. (ex: liver, pancreas)
2. Fibrosis / Replacement – a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production
and the loss of some tissue function. (ex: brain, heart, skeletal muscles)

Tissue Repair Process:

In the process that repairs tissue damage, a clot is first formed. Next, new epithelial cells grow into the
wound, followed by the formation of granulation tissue. Finally, granulation tissue is replaced with new
connective tissue. (See the process figure 4.7, page 90)

Definition of Terms:
▪ Clot – contains the threadlike protein fibrin, which binds the edges of the wound together and
stops the bleeding.
▪ Scab – dried clot; seals the wound and helps prevent infection.
▪ Macrophage – a second type of phagocytic cells that removes the dead neutrophils, cellular
debris, & the decomposing clot.
▪ Fibroblast – produces collagen and other extracellular matrix components.
▪ Granulation Tissue – a delicate, granular-appearing connective tissue that consists of
fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries.

Wound Contracture – a result of contraction of fibroblasts in granulation tissue; pulls the edges of wound
closer together.
▪ Advantage: reduces the size of the wound and speeds healing
▪ Disadvantage: may lead to disfiguring and debilitating scars

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Effects of Aging in Tissues:
1. Cells divide more slowly as people age. Injuries heal more slowly.
2. Extracellular matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers become less flexible and less elastic.
Consequently, skin wrinkles, elasticity in arteries is reduced, and bones break more easily.

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be
given to the correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in
your answer/ratio is not allowed. You are given 20 minutes for this activity.

Multiple Choice

1. Understanding tissue structure and function is important because:

a. There is a relationship between the structure of each tissue type (how it is organized) and its
function (what it does).
b. There is a relationship between tissue structure and organ function.
c. Many diseases and pathologies are tissue and cell type specific.
d. Changes at the tissue level affect the function of organs.
e. All of these are correct.
f. All are correct except option C.
E
ANSWER: ________
Knowl edge oftissue and function is important in understanding how individualcel
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ls are organized
to f
orm organs, or gan system, and the compl ete or
ganism. The str ucture ofeach
____________________________________________________________________________________ tissue type is rel
ated to
its function,and the str
uc
__________________________ ture ofthe tissue in an organ is r
elated to the organ's f
unc tion.

2. Which of these is NOT one of the four basic tissue types?

a. glandular d. epithelium
b. connective e. nervous
c. muscle
A
ANSWER: ________
The fourbasictissue are epithel ial,connective,muscl e and nervous.Gl
andul aris a singl
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ e cel
lormul
ticel
lul
arstructure
that secretes substances in the blood,into cavity,oronto a surface.
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

3. All are true statement about epithelial tissue: (Select all that apply)
a. Epithelial tissue is vascular.
b. Epithelial tissue provides physical protection for organs.
c. Epithelial tissue functions in absorption & secretion.
d. Epithelial tissue controls the permeability into and out of an area/organ.
e. Epithelial tissue consists almost entirely of extracellular material between them thereby forming
a barrier against entry into the body.
B,C and D
ANSWER: ________
Al lstatements are true to epithel ialtissues except option A and E.Epithel
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ialtissue is the nonvascul
ar
and consists al most entirel yofthe cel l
s with veryl
ittl
e extracellul
armaterialbetween them thereby
____________________________________________________________________________________
forming a barrieragainst entryinto body.
__________________________

4. Basement membranes:
a. function as a filter and barrier to cell or pathogen movement
b. attach epithelial cells to the underlying tissue
c. are secreted partially by epithelial cells and partially by the cells of the underlying tissue.
d. function as a filter and barrier to cell or pathogen movement, attach epithelial cells to the
underlying tissue and are secreted partially by epithelial cells and partially by the cells of the
underlying tissue are true of basement membranes.
e. None of these is correct.
D
ANSWER: ________

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 Basement membrane is a special ized type ofextracel lul
armaterialsecreted byepithel
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ialand connective tissue cel
ls.
his hel
ps attach the epithelialcells to the underlying tissues.It pl
ays an important rol
____________________________________________________________________________________ e in supporting and guiding
cellmigration during tissue repair.
__________________________

5. The most correct classification of an epithelial tissue consisting of many layers of cells, in which the
outer layers are flat and thin, and the basal layers are cuboidal or columnar is:
a. simple columnar epithelium. d. transitional epithelium.
b. pseudostratified epithelium. e. simple squamous epithelium.
c. stratified squamous epithelium.
ANSWER: ________
C
Stratified squamous epithel ium forms a thickepithelium because it consists ofseverall
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ayers of
cells.The deepest cel l
s are cuboidalorcol umnar.
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

6. Epithelial cells:
a. cover body surfaces or form glands.
b. usually have a free surface that is not in contact with other cells.
c. have a basement membrane that attaches to underlying tissues.
d. can be somewhat far away from a blood vessel.
e. have all of these properties.
E
ANSWER: ________
Allthe properties stated are in accordance with the characteristics and functions ofepithel
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ialtissue.
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

7. Epithelial cells that appear cube like when an organ is relaxed and flattened when the organ is distended
by fluid are classified as:
a. simple columnar epithelium. d. transitional epithelium.
b. pseudostratified epithelium. e. simple squamous epithelium
c. stratified squamous epithelium.
ANSWER: ________
D
TransitionalEpithel ium is a specialtype ofstratified epithel
ium that can be greatl
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ystretched.
The cell
s change to a l ow cuboidalorsquamous shape,and the numberofcel llayers decreases when stretched.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Best exampl e ofthis type is the urinarybl
__________________________ adder.

8. Epithelium that consists of a single layer of cells, in which some cells are tall and thin and reach the
free surface and others do not, is classified as:
a. simple columnar epithelium d. transitional epithelium
b. pseudostratified columnar epithelium e. simple squamous epithelium
c. stratified squamous epithelium
B
ANSWER: ________
Pseudostratified columnarepithel ium is a singl el ayerofcell
s;some are tal
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________land thin and reach
the fr
ee sur f
ac e,and others do not; and appear str
atif
ied
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

9. Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply)

a. Transitional epithelium has cells that change shape when the tissue is stretched.
b. Transitional epithelium is found in the lining of the urinary bladder, the ureters and the superior
urethra.
c. Transitional epithelium is pseudostratified.
d. As transitional epithelium is stretched, the number of cell layers increases.
e. Transitional epithelium is found in cavities that can expand greatly in volume.
A,B and E
ANSWER: ________
Allofthese statements are true except options C and D.Transitionalepithel
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ium is a specialtype
ofstratified epithel
ium.W hen stretched,the numberofcel ll
ayers decreases.
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

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0
10. Which of the following characteristics of tissues and cells would aid in diffusion or the movement of
materials into and out of the body through the epithelium?
a. multiple layers of relatively flat, thin cells d. a single layer of cuboidal cells
b. a single layer of relatively flat, thin cells e. multiple layers of columnar cell
c. multiple layers of cuboidal cells
B
ANSWER: ________
Some substances easil ypass through thin l ayers ofcel
ls,forexampl e,gas exchange.This
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
pertains to simple squamous epithel ium,a singlel ayerofthin,fl
at cel
ls.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY (THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION)
The instructor will now rationalize the answers. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves. Write the
correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.

1. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
2. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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3. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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4. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
5. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
6. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
7. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
8. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
9. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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10. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 1112 of 12
LESSON WRAP-UP

You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you
track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.

AL Activity: CAT: Minute Paper

This strategy provides feedback on whether or not you understand the lesson. Use the space provided in this activity sheet
to answer the following questions. Make sure to not miss a tiny detail!
1. What was the most useful or the most meaningful thing you learned this session?
They're al
lusefulormeaningfulthing that Ilearned this session.
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2. What question(s) do you have as we end this session?
Ihave no questions to ask.
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This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 12 of 12