CON 1003 - Construction Methods,

Materials and Codes

www.quad3.com

Lecture 4
Exterior
Improvements:
Parking Lot
Construction
 Learning Outcomes

After this lecture, learners will be able to

1. Understand the terminology and principles involved in
construction of parking lot
2. Identify different types of pavement used in pavement
construction
3. Describe the basic materials, components (products),
and methods used in parking lot construction
4. Discuss the key properties of the most common
materials used in parking lot construction
5. Identify the equipment used in the construction of
parking lot
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 Parking Lot

❖ Parking lot provides surface parking directly on land

❖ Parking lot is required for residential, commercial, and
industrial buildings.
❖ The size of the parking lot depends on the area of a
parking space/spot, drive aisle width, and the required
number of parking spaces/spots.
❖ The total area of parking spaces required can be
calculated base on the gross floor area of the building and
parking rate.
❖ A typical parking space is 2.4-3.0 m wide and 5.5-6.0 m
deep, totaling 13-19 m2.
❖ Constructed with light duty or medium duty pavements.

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 Parking Lot

Parking lot
includes:
➢ Pavement
➢ Curbs
➢ Side walks

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Parking lot

Parking lot
 Pavement

❖There are mainly four types of pavement:

➢ Flexible pavement (also known as asphalt concrete
pavement)
➢ Rigid pavement (also known as concrete pavement)
➢ Composite pavement
▪ A common type is the combination of flexible and rigid pavements

➢ Permeable/ Pervious/Porous pavement

▪ Considered as an environmentally friendly pavement

❖The aforementioned pavements differ based on the

materials use, load transfer, and drainage mechanism.
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 Flexible Pavement

❖A flexible pavement is constructed with a relatively thin hot-mix

asphalt (HMA) wearing surface over one or more unbound courses
(base/subbase) resting on subgrade.
❖Deforms elastically under traffic loading.
❖It is most commonly used in many countries, including Canada.

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 Types of Flexible Pavement

❖ Significantly
influenced by
the gradation
of aggregates
Dense-graded
❖ Highly well
graded
aggregates are
required to
produce dense-
graded flexible
pavement

Open-graded Gap-graded

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 Structure of Flexible Pavement

SEAL
COAT

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 Structural Layers of Flexible Pavement

❖ Sub-grade
➢ The top soil or sub-
grade is a layer of
natural soil prepared to SEAL
COAT
receive the stresses
from the layers above.
➢ It is essential that at no
time soil sub-grade is
overstressed beyond its
bearing capacity.
➢ It should be compacted
to the desirable density,
near the optimum
moisture content.

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 Equipment for Subgrade Compaction
❖ Sheep foot roller is commonly used to compact soil in the
preparation of subgrade

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 Structural Layers of Flexible Pavement

❖ Sub-base course
➢ The sub-base course is the portion
of the pavement structure between
the base course and the subgrade.
➢ It is normally comprised of Granular SEAL

B crushed stone aggregate. COAT

➢ It functions primarily as structural

support but it can also:
• Minimize the intrusion of fines from
the subgrade into the upper
pavement structure
• Improve drainage
• Minimize frost action damage
• Provide a working platform for base
course in pavement construction

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 Structural Layers of Flexible Pavement

❖Base Course
➢ The base course is the
layer of aggregate SEAL
COAT
immediately beneath the
binder course.
➢ It distributes the load
from asphalt wearing
layers and contributes to
the sub-surface drainage.
➢ It is normally composed
of Granular A crushed
stone aggregate.
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 Equipment for Sub-Base and Base
Compaction
❖ Vibratory roller used
in the compaction of
sub-base and base
courses.

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 Structural Layers of Flexible Pavement

❖ Binder Course (HMA - HL8)

➢ This layer provides the bulk of the
asphaltic concrete structure and it's
main purpose is to distribute load to
the base course.
SEAL
➢ The binder course generally consists COAT

of larger size aggregates and uses less

asphalt because it doesn't require
quality as high as the surface course,
so replacing a part of the surface
course by the binder course results in
a more economicaldesign.
➢ It is composed of HL8 asphaltic
concrete (HL8 stands for Hot Laid
asphalt with a maximum aggregate
size of 1”) - a type of Hot-Mix Asphalt.

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 Structural Layers of Flexible Pavement

❖Surface Course (HMA - HL3)

➢ It is the layer directly in contact
with vehicles and generally
contains superior quality
SEAL
materials. COAT

➢ It is composed of HL3 asphaltic

concrete (HL stands for Hot Laid
and 3 stands for a maximum
aggregate size of 3/8”)
➢ HL3 is a mixture of hot liquid
asphalt (a type of bitumen) and
aggregate of max size 3/8” - A
type of Hot-Mix Asphalt.

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Equipment for Placing Binder Course
and Surface Course

Paver used for

asphalt paving

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Equipment for Placing Binder Course
and Surface Course

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 Equipment for Compaction of Binder
Course and Surface Course

➢ Tandem Road Roller is Used for the Compaction of Asphalt Binder

Course and Asphalt Surface Course (Generally First Rolling)
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 Equipment for Compaction of Binder
Course and Surface Course

➢ Pneumatic-Tire or Rubber-Tire Road Roller is Used for the Compaction

of Asphalt Surface Course (Generally Second Rolling)
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 Bonding Layers of Flexible Pavement

❖ Prime Coat
Prime coat is an application of low viscous
cutback bitumen to the absorbent surface SEAL
COAT
of granular base on which the binder
course is placed.
➢ It provides bonding between two
layers, i.e. base course and binder
course.
➢ Unlike tack coat, prime coat penetrates
into the layer below (granular base),
plugs the voids, and forms a water tight
surface.

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 Bonding Layers of Flexible Pavement

❖Tack Coat
➢ Tack coat is a very light
and thin application of
SEAL
asphalt, usually asphalt COAT

emulsion diluted with

water.
➢ It provides proper bonding
between surface course
and binder course.
➢ It must uniformly cover
the entire surface and set
very fast.
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 Protective Layer of Flexible Pavement

❖Seal Coat
➢ Seal coat is a thin surface
treatment used to water-proof
the surface while providing SEAL

adequate skid resistance. COAT

➢ It is a liquid coating mixture used

to protect asphalt pavement.
➢ Improves pavement resistance
tow freeze-thaw cycles.
➢ Bitumen-based pavement sealers
are used in seal coat.

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 Materials Used in Flexible Pavement
❖ Aggregates (Granular A and Granular B) Granular A Crushed Limestone
❖ Sealer (for example, penetrating sealer)
❖ Soil (compacted/natural)
Difference between Granular A and
Granular B aggregates:
➢ The two types of aggregate are
distinguished on the basis of:
Granular B Crushed Limestone
• Physical requirements (freeze-thaw
resistance, abrasion resistance, fines
content, etc.)
• Gradation requirements (range of %
passing for different sieves)
• Granular A is of higher quality than
Granular B
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 Materials Used in Flexible Pavement

❖Bitumen
➢ A dark brown to black cementitious material consisting of complex
hydrocarbons that is wide used in asphaltic concrete (4-7%)
➢ Highly viscous, sticky, semisolid or solid (depends on temperature)
➢ Modified bitumen may remain in liquid state (cutback and emulsified
asphalt)
➢ Found in natural deposits
➢ Man made bitumen (for example, asphalt) is manufactured from residues of
distillation of petroleum
➢ Important properties of bitumen (or asphalt) are:
• Excellent water resistance (higher durability and greater service life)
• High viscosity (good for hot-weather application)
• High ductility (good for cold-weather application)
• Other properties (softening and flammability)

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 Load Transfer Mechanism in Flexible
Pavement
❖ Each layer distributes the load in a
triangular form, by grain to grain
contact, to a wider area in the
layer underneath, thereby
decreasing the stresses in the
lower layer.
❖ Since the lower layers have to take
up only lesser magnitude of stress
and there is no direct wearing
action due to traffic load, inferior
material can be used in the lower
layers.

❖ The load distributed by the last layer i.e. the sub-base, to the compacted
soil sub-grade should be within the bearing capacity of the soil; otherwise,
the pavement shall fail.

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 Rigid Pavement

❖A rigid pavement is constructed with one layer of concrete slab over

one or more unbound courses (base/subbase) resting on subgrade,
or just over subgrade (most common: Surface + Base + Subgrade).
❖The top concrete slab must possess relatively high flexural strength.
❖It is not very common, as compared to flexible pavement.

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 Structural Layers of Rigid Pavement

❖Rigid pavements consist of 1, 2 or 3 layers depending

upon the expected load on the pavement; they are:
➢Top layer: concrete slab
➢Second layer (optional): Granular A (also known as
base course)
➢Third layer (optional): Granular B (also known as sub-
base course)
❖Base and sub-base layers, if used, provide strength,
drainage, and frost protection.

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 Rigid Pavement - Exposure Classes of
Concrete
Exposure Classes of Concrete (CSA A23.1-09)

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 Rigid Pavement - Exposure Classes of
Concrete
Exposure Classes of Concrete (CSA A23.1-09)

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 Load Transfer Mechanism in Rigid
Pavement
❖Rigid pavement distributes load to the underlying layer by
the flexural (bending) action of slab

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 Materials Used in Rigid Pavement
Concrete:
❖ Composite material mainly composed of fine
and coarse aggregates, cement and water; it
can also include chemical admixture (for
example, air entraining agent), mineral
admixture (for example, fly ash) and fibres
Reinforced Concrete:
❖ Concrete plus reinforcement
❖ Plain and deformed reinforcement; mesh

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 Materials Used in Rigid Pavement

❖ Most commonly used

cement is Portland Cement

CSA A3001 Portland Cement Types

Name Type
New Application
Old
General use GU 10 General concrete construction.
High-early-strength HE 30 When high-early-strength is required.
Moderate sulphate- MS 20 When moderate sulphate resistance is required.
resistant
High sulphate-resistant HS 50 When high sulphate resistance is required.
Moderate heat of MH 20 When moderate heat of hydration is required.
hydration
Low heat of hydration LH 40 When low heat of hydration is required.

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 Materials Used in Rigid Pavement

❖ Most commonly used

aggregates are crushed
stone, gravel and sand

Cement Concrete Source: mrbuildingmaterial.blogspot.ca

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 Materials Used in Rigid Pavement

Gradation
Requirements
for Fine
Aggregate of
Concrete (CSA
A23.1-09)

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 Materials Used in Rigid Pavement

Gradation Requirements for Coarse Aggregate of Concrete

(CSA A23.1-09)

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 Concrete Paving Equipment - Slip
Form Concrete Paver
Concrete Paver

• Quick-setting
concrete is
poured into a
continuously
moving form
• Slip forming is
used
horizontally to
construct rigid
pavement,
curb and
separation wall
for roadways

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 Composite Pavement

❖In principle, all pavements are “Composite” because

they consist of layers of different materials bonded
together.
❖The types of pavement generally called composite
pavements are:
➢PCC-over-PCC (PCC/PCC) composite pavement
➢PCC-over-AC (PCC/AC) composite pavement
➢AC-over-PCC (AC/PCC) composite pavement

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 PCC/PCC Composite Pavement

❖PCC/PCC composite pavement is frequently used in

Europe.
❖Has been used in North America to some extent.
❖PCC/PCC is built mainly to provide a cap of higher
quality concrete with high-quality aggregates over a
thicker layer of lower quality concrete with low-
quality local aggregates or recycled concrete.
❖Can be with exposed aggregate surface.
❖Some projects may include porous concrete or
permeable concrete as the top layer.
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PCC/PCC Composite Pavement

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 PCC/PCC Composite Pavement

Two-Layer Concrete with Exposed Aggregate

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 AC/PCC Composite Pavement

❖Has been used considerably in various locations of

North America.
▪ The use of AC surfacing provides low noise, high
friction, reduced splash and spray, and smoothness.
❖For extended service life, the AC surfacing must be
bonded securely and have full friction with the PCC
slab surface.
❖The quality of the AC mixture is critical to improve
the performance of AC/PCC composite pavements.

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AC/PCC Composite Pavements

PCC can also

be used on
top of HMA
to construct
PCC/AC
composite
pavement.

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Composite Pavements

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Permeable/Pervious/Porous
Pavement
❖ Permeable pavement
has a very high drain
ability; it can quickly
drain rainwater or snow-
melt water to the
Bedding underdrain
❖ Low-strength, suitable
for low volume traffic,
hence for parking lot
❖ Collects storm water
❖ Improves the quality of
storm water
❖ Increased safety for
driving because of lower
risk of hydroplaning
Subgrade
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Permeable Pavement Types

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 Components of Permeable Pavement

❖Surface Layer (Cover)

➢This is the top layer that
drivers and users see. It is
identified by the type of
pavement used such as:
• Permeable asphalt
• Permeable concrete
• Permeable interlocking
concrete paver
• Concrete grid paver
• Plastic grid paver Source: https://www.pinterest.com

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 Components of Permeable Pavement

❖Bedding Course
➢ Provides the bed or support for surface layer.
➢ Consists of open-graded granular materials for better drainage.
❖Gravel Base
➢ Most permeable pavement types, with the notable exception
of permeable concrete, need a gravel or crushed stone support
layer to bear vehicles.
➢ The base is immediately below the surface layer (cover) and
also stores water during and immediately after a storm event.

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 Components of Permeable Pavement

❖Subbase
➢ This is the layer of soil immediately below the base layer
➢ The sub-base is necessarily compacted during construction of
the permeable parking lot - can be compacted soil
❖Subgrade
➢ The bottom most layer below base or subbase
➢ Uncompacted in-situ soil or underlying soil
❖Underdrains
➢ These drains are typically small plastic pipes, Ø100-200mm
➢ These drainage lines are located at or near the bottom of the
subbase to collect water and convey it to the storm sewer
network.
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 Materials Used in Permeable
Pavement
❖Permeable asphaltic concrete
❖Permeable cement concrete
❖Interlocking paver
❖Aggregate (crushed stone, gravel, etc.)
❖Drain pipe
❖Soil (natural/compacted)

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 Drainage in Permeable Pavement

❖Drainage takes place in

permeable pavement
through four mechanisms:
➢ Evaporation
➢ Runoff (kept minimum)
➢ Drainage through pavement
➢ Exfiltration/Infiltration

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 Pavement Camber

❖ Camber or cant is the cross slope

provided to raise middle of the
pavement surface in the
transverse direction to drain off
rain water from the surface.
❖ Camber is measured in 1/n or
n% and the value depends on
the type of pavement surface
(varies from 1.7% to 2%)
❖ The common types of camber
are:
➢ Parabolic
➢ Straight
➢ Combination of parabolic and
straight
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 Pavement Camber

❖The objectives of providing camber are:

➢ Surface protection against standing water via drainage
➢ Pavement structure protection by preventing water
penetration into interior of pavement
➢ Quick drying of pavement which in turn prevent skidding
and increases vehicular safety
❖Camber can be provided at the subgrade level and
carried from layer to layer up to the top pavement
surface (surface course)

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 Curb

▪ Curb is usually made of

concrete and can be of two
types:
➢ Precast (manufactured in
factory and transported to
the site)
➢ Cast- in-place
• This type of curb is placed
using fixed form or with a slip
form curb machine

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 Slip Form Curb Machine

Concrete
Curber

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 Sidewalk

▪ A sidewalk is a path along

the side of a road.
▪ May be constructed with a
moderate change in grade
(height).
▪ Normally separated from
the vehicular section of the
road by a curb.
Source: 1000thingswehate.wordpress.com
▪ Made of concrete, masonry
units, or asphalt

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 Lesson Summary

1. Parking lot terminology and purpose

2. Different types of pavement for parking lot
3. Materials and products used in parking lot
construction
4. The key properties of the most common materials
used in parking lot construction
5. Construction methods and equipment used in parking
lot construction
Best Practices for Parking Lot Design
and Construction