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2.1What are Business Processes?‫شنو اهيا العمليات التجارية؟‬

• Business processes ‫يعني العمليات التجارية‬
– Flows of material, information, knowledge
– Sets of activities, steps
– May be functional or cross-functional
Example of Functional business processes Example of Cross-Functional business
‫يعني بس قسم واحد يسوي ذي العملية التجارية‬ processes ‫يعني أكثر من قسم يسوي ذي‬
‫العملية التجارية‬
Manufacturing and production:
Assembling the product Ex. The order Fulfillment
processes
Sales and marketing: Identifying
customers
Finance and accounting: Creating
financial statements
Human resources: Hiring employees

– May be asset or liabilities

Asset ‫العمليات التجارية ممكن انها تكون شي زين حق‬
‫البزنس ويطلع أرباح أكثر اذا هاي العملية كانت تخلي الشركة‬
‫تبتكر وتنفذ األشياء بشكل أفضل‬
source of competitive strength if they enable
the company to innovate and execute better
Liabilities ‫أو العمليات التجارية ممكن انها تكون شي‬
‫مب زين حق البزنس ويخسره اذا كانت العملية غير‬
‫مصممه بشكل جيد‬
outdated ways of working that are not
helping the company

How Information Technology Improves Business Processes? ‫شلون‬

‫التكنولوجيا تطور من العمليات التجارية؟‬
Increasing efficiency of Enabling entirely new processes ‫باستخدام التكنولوجيا الحديثة صارت في‬
existing processes ‫تزيد‬ ‫(عمليات يديدة مثل اقدر اشتري كتاب اونالين واقراه اونالين‬i.e. download a song
‫السرعة والفعالية مالت العملية‬ from iTunes, buy a book/e-book from Amazon, Kindle)
‫التجارية شلون؟ كل شي يصير‬
‫اوتوماتك‬ o Changing flow of information

-Automating steps that o Replacing sequential steps with parallel steps

were manual o Eliminating delays in decision making
o Supporting new business models (the examples above)
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‫ يبيله تركيز‬2.2 ‫هااااا وحشتكم صح؟؟ يايكم يايكم‬

‫يال ركزوا وياها ها‬

2.2 Systems for Different Management Groups

Transaction processing Systems for business Enterprise Application

systems (TPS) ‫نظام معالجة‬ intelligence
• Systems for linking the
‫المعامالت مثال كشير هو نظام أساسي الذي‬
• Data and software tools enterprise
‫ الذي يجعل في موضع‬،‫يدعم مستوى العملية‬
for organizing and • Span over functional
‫التنفيذ ويسجل المعامالت الروتينية اليومية‬
analyzing data areas
.‫والجارية الالزمة في أعمال التنظيمات‬
• Used to help managers • Execute business
• Serve operational managers and users make processes across the firm
and staff improved decisions • Include all levels of
• Perform and record daily management
routine transactions
necessary to conduct Enterprise
Management Decision Executive Customer
business system
information support support relationship
• Examples: sales order entry, system (MIS) system system management
payroll, shipping (DSS) system
(CRM)
• Allow managers to monitor
status of operations and Knowledge
Supply chain
relations with external management
management
environment system (KMS)
system
• Serve predefined, structured (SCM)
goals and decision making

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Systems for business intelligence
• Data and software tools for organizing and analyzing data Executive support
• Used to help managers and users make improved decisions system )‫(نظام الدعم التنفيذي‬
Management information Decision support system (DSS) ‫يسهل ويدعم المعلومات التنفيذية‬
system (MIS) ‫(نظام إدارة‬ ‫ تطبيق في الكمبيوتر يقوم‬، )‫(نظام دعم القرار‬ ‫ يوفر سهولة‬.‫العليا و صنع القرار‬
‫المعلومات) نظام يقوم على تخزين‬ ‫بجمع وتنظيم وتحليل بيانات األعمال لتسهيل‬ ‫الوصول إلى المعلومات الداخلية‬
‫المعلومات وتنظيمها واسترجاعها‬ ‫ من أهدافه انه‬.‫اتخاذ القرارات التجارية‬ ‫والخارجية ذات الصلة باألهداف‬
‫يساعد في تحليل وحل المشكالت واتخاذ‬ .‫التنظيمية‬
• Serve middle
.‫القرارات‬
management • Support senior
• Serve middle management management
• Provide reports on firm’s • Support nonroutine decision • Address nonroutine
current performance, making decisions
based on data from TPS -Example: What is the impact on • Requiring judgment,
production schedule if evaluation, and insight
• Provide answers to
December sales doubled? • Incorporate data about
routine questions with
external events (e.g.,
predefined procedure for • May use external information new tax laws or
answering them (i.e., stock market, prices of competitors) as well as
• Typically have little competitors) as well TPS / summarized
MIS data information from
analytic capability
• Model driven DSS (ready internal MIS and DSS
formulas and equations) -Example: Digital
-Voyage-estimating systems dashboard with real-time
• Data driven DSS (extracting view of firm’s financial
useful information from performance?
massive quantities of data, employment level in 5
large DB’s) years? Cost trend for 5
-Intrawest’s marketing analysis years? What products we
systems should have in 5 years?

‫حبه حبه‬
‫شباب‬

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Enterprise Application
• Systems for linking the enterprise
• Span over functional areas
• Execute business processes across the firm
• Include all levels of management
Knowledge
Enterprise system also Supply chain Customer
management
called Enterprise management (SCM) relationship
system ‫(نظام‬
Resource Planning system ‫(نظام إدارة سلسلة‬ management (CRM)
‫إدارة المعرفة) ايمع‬
Systems (ERP) ‫كل‬ ‫التوريد) يشبك عالقة الشركة‬ systems ‫(إدارة عالقات‬
‫كل العلم والمعرفة‬
‫المعومات مالت األقسام موجوده‬ ‫بالموردين‬ ‫العمالء) يهتم بعالقة الزباين‬
‫عشان الكل يستفيد‬
‫مني‬ ‫مع الشركة‬
• Manage firm’s
relationships with • Support
• Collect data from Provide information
suppliers processes
different firm to coordinate all of
• Share information for capturing
functions and store the business
about: and applying
data in single central processes that deal
Orders, production, knowledge
data repository (large with customers and
database inventory levels,
– Sales expertise
environment within delivery of products
-How to create,
which these and services – Marketing produce, and
applications reside
and operate) • Goal: – Customer deliver products
• Resolve problems of Right amount of service and services
fragmented data products to
• Helps firms • Collect
Enable: destination with least
identify, attract, internal
amount of time and knowledge
– Coordination of daily lowest cost and retain most
activities and
profitable experience
– Efficient response to customers within firm
customer orders and make it
(production, available to
inventory) employees
-Link to external
– Decision making by sources of
managers about daily knowledge
operations and
longer-term planning

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Intranets and extranets

Intranets Extranets
Internal company websites -Company websites
accessible only by accessible externally only
employees to vendors and suppliers
-Often used to coordinate
supply chain

E-business, E-commerce, and E-government

E-business
Use of digital technology
and Internet to drive major
business processes
E-commerce E-government
-Subset of e-business Using Internet technology
to deliver information and
-Buying and selling goods
services to citizens,
and services through
employees, and
Internet
businesses

‫بلل صج يبيلييي مشي عقب هالجبتر‬

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2.3 Systems for Collaboration and Social Business:

What is collaboration? ‫ شنو معنى التعاون؟‬-working as a teams
– Short-lived or long term (depend on the nature of the task)
– Informal or formal (teams)
Growing importance of collaboration ‫شنو فوائد التعاون في الشركة؟‬
– Changing nature of work (requiring more cooperation and coordination)
– Growth of professional work—“interaction jobs”
– Changing organization of the firm (flatter, team work now)
– Changing scope of the firm (single to multiple branches)
– Emphasis on innovation (Bill Gates and Steve Jobs…+ teams)
– Changing culture of work (“good” employee
these days is the ability to work with others, and
collaborate effectively)
– Sharing ideas, consultation among experts
– Connect and communicate – companies have
branches around the globe

What Is Social Business? ‫العمل االجتماعي‬

– Social business is the Use of social networking platforms (internal and
external) to engage employees, customers, and suppliers
– Aims to deepen interactions and expedite information sharing
– “Conversations”
– Requires information transparency
– Driving the exchange of information without intervention from executives
or others

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Investments in collaboration technology can bring organizational

improvements, returning high ROI ‫اذا الشركة كان عندها تعاون وبرامج عشان‬
:‫الموظفين يتناقشون مثال سكايب هاي الشي بزيد من أرباحها و بحقق وايد فوايد منها‬
Productivity Quality Innovation Customer service Financial performance
(Profit, sales, sales
growth)

Requirement for collaboration: ‫الزم عشان احقق التعاون في الشركة يكون‬

)‫ اخلق ثقافة التعاون في شركتي (الهيكل التنظيمي والثقافي‬+‫عندي تكنولوجيا مثال تيمز‬

Successful collaboration requires an

appropriate organizational structure
and culture along with appropriate
collaboration technology

There is two types: ‫ إدارة المسؤول اهوا‬،‫في نوعين من اإلدارة في الشركة‬

‫ والثانية متعاونة حتى الموظفون عادي يسوون قرارات‬،‫فقط يسوي القرارات مجد غيره‬
“Command and control”
organizations
-No value placed on
teamwork or lower-level
participation in decisions
Collaborative business culture
– Senior managers rely on teams of
employees
– Policies, products, designs, processes, and
systems rely on teams
– The managers purpose is to build teams
– All work as one team
– Reward system for the team

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Tools and Technologies for Collaboration and Social Business:

E-mail and Wikis Virtual worlds (i.e. Collaboration and social business
instant online meetings, platforms
messaging (IM) interviews, guest – Virtual meeting systems
speakers, events (telepresence, Skype, Apple
and training) FaceTime)
– Cloud collaboration services
(Google Drive, Google Docs, etc.)
– Microsoft SharePoint and IBM
Notes
– Enterprise social networking tools
(specialized social tools such as
Salesforce Chatter, Microsoft
Yammer, Jiva, IBM Connections).

Checklist for Managers: Evaluating and Selecting Collaboration

and Social Software Tools ‫لين بيي المسؤول يبي يختار البرنامج الصح شلون‬
‫الزم يقيم ؟‬

Six steps in evaluating software tools Time/space matrix (plan, design and
implement based on this matrix).
– Identify your firm’s collaboration
challenges (key problem:
time/location)
– Identify what kinds of solutions are
available
– Analyze available products’ cost
and benefits
– Evaluate security risks
– Consult users for implementation
and training issues
– Evaluate product vendors

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2.4 Role of the Information System ‫دور نظام المعلومات في الشركة‬

The Information Systems Department :‫قسم نظام المعلومات يتكون من‬

• Often headed by chief information officer (CIO)

– Other senior positions include chief security
officer (CSO), chief knowledge officer
(CKO), chief privacy officer (CPO), chief
data officer (CDO)
• Programmers ‫مبرمجين‬
• Systems analysts ‫محللين‬
• Information systems managers ‫مدراء نظم المعلومات‬
• End users ‫المستخدمين‬

Organizing the Information Systems Function

IT governance It is not enough to have just IT& its people, it is important also
to have a structure for IT governance (policies and strategies) ‫مب كفاية انه يكون‬
‫عندي ايتي وموظفين ايتي بدون اليكون عندي حكومة تقنية المعلومات في الشركة (يعني السياسات والقوانين‬
)‫واالستراتيجيات‬
o Strategies and policies for using IT in the organization (so that it will not be
abused, and the profit would be maximized)
o Decision rights (ex. what decision can be taken by the IT)
o Accountability ‫من المسؤول اذا صارت أي مشكلة؟‬
o Organization of information systems function
▪ Centralized, decentralized, and so on ( if you are using IT, there
is no way of being centralized, you must be decentralized )

2 ‫عاشوواا عاشواا خلصنا جبتر‬

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Online past papers

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‫أتمنى لكم التوفيق من كل قلبييييي‪ ،‬وال‬

‫تذكروا دايما انتوا قدها والي تسوونه كله اجر ترى بينفكم في‬
‫الدنيا واآلخره‬

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