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Meggers 1997 Ceramica Temprana en America de Sur
Meggers 1997 Ceramica Temprana en America de Sur
DIFUSIÓN?
Author(s): Betty J. MEGGERS
Source: Revista de Arqueología Americana, No. 13, LA CERÁMICA MÁS ANTIGUA DE
CENTRO Y SUR AMÉRICA (julio-diciembre 1997), pp. 7-40
Published by: Pan American Institute of Geography and History
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27768392
Accessed: 09-06-2016 02:58 UTC
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LA CER?MICA TEMPRANA EN
AM?RICA DEL SUR:
?INVENCI?N INDEPENDIENTE O DIFUSI?N?*
Betty J. MEGGERS**
Resumen
Abstract
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8 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
R?sum?
Resumo
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 9
Introducci?n
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10 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 11
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12 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 13
Las dos regiones con secuencias relativas largas y bien descritas y gran can
tidad de fechas de carbono-14 son la costa del Ecuador y la costa norte de
Colombia. Los Complejos Iniciales, Valdivia y San Jacinto, aparecen repentina
mente alrededor de 6000 a.R, e incorporan una variedad de t?cnicas decorati
vas, algunas de las cuales son compartidas. Si otros complejos tempranos se
originaron por difusi?n antes que por invenci?n independiente, deben compartir
algunos de estos rasgos distintivos.
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14 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 15
tres tipos decorados, representados por un total de 117 tiestos. Turbana Exciso
es en realidad inciso l?nea ancha (Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1985, Figuras 21-22)
y Turbana Inciso Punteado incluye tanto punteado en zonas como incisi?n ter
minada en punteado (Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1985, Figura 18). Adem?s, estas t?c
nicas pueden ocurrir a lo largo de la secuencia (Rodr?guez, 1995:154). En el
caso de la Fase Macav?, todos los tipos se comparten o con la precedente Fase
Pang?la o con la siguiente Fase Barlovento, sugiriendo que Macav? es una ma
nifestaci?n transicional. Los complejos mejor definidos son Pang?la y Barlo
vento, ambos identificados en otros sitios.
Pang?la (4200-3800a.P)
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16 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 17
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 19
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20 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
Criterios diagn?sticos
(1) C?rculo con punteado central, hecho por inciso, exciso, carimbado o mo
delado (Figuras 7 a, e, q);
(2) Incisi?n con terminaci?n expandida, triangular o punteada (Figuras 7 b-c);
(3) Incisi?n ancha con un margen plumado (Figura 7 d);
(4) Cruz equil?tera (Figura 7 i);
(5) Faja de incisiones finas verticales en la superficie o dentro de un canal,
limitada no por incisiones (Figuras 7 f, j);
(6) Punteado y rastreado m?ltiple o impreso con cuerda (Figuras 7 g, k);
(7) Impresi?n con el dedo (Figuras 7 h, I);
(8) Peque?as zonas excisas (Figuras 7 i, m);
(9) Hachurado ancho cruzado (Figuras 7 o, p);
(10) ?reas con incisiones anchas paralelas (Figuras 7 n, r);
(11) Punteado en zonas (Figura 7 s);
(12) Incisi?n doble l?nea hecho con un instrumento de dos puntos (Figura 7 q);
(13) Adornos biomorfos peque?os (Figuras 7 c, o, t);
(14) Asas peque?as verticales al lado del borde (Figuras 7 u-v).
Complejos derivados
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 21
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22 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 23
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24 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
Waira-jirca (3800-3000a.R)
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 25
Figura 11. Cer?mica decorada de la Fase Waira-jirca, tierras altas del centroeste de
Per?.
a-h, incisi?n ondulada; a, c, f, h, q, Incisi?n doble l?nea; g, i-j, n-o, C?rculo
con punteado central; k-m, p, Faja de incisiones verticales; q, Cruz
equil?tera (Izumi y Terada, 1972).
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26 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
Ananatuba (3400-3000 a. R)
Figura 12. Cer?mica decorada de la Fase Ananatuba, boca del Amazonas, Brasil.
a, C?rculo con punteado central; b-c, Incisi?n ondulada; d-e, Hachurado
cruzado; f, i-j, Incisiones paralelas; g, Cruz equil?tera; h, Incisi?n plumada
(Meggers y Evans, 1957).
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 27
Complejos problem?ticos
Taperinha (7000-6500a.R)
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28 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
Figura 13. Tres tiestos decorados del conchero de Taperinha, Amazonia central;
comparar fotos a, e, k con dibujos I, p, s, a, Incisi?n plumada, compara
ble con ejemplos b-d de Barlovento; e, Incisi?n paralela, comparable con
ejemplos f-? de Barlovento; j, Incisi?n doble l?nea, comparable con ejemplo
k de Barlovento; I, Incisi?n paralela, comparable con ejemplos m-o de la
Fase Manacapuru; p, Incisi?n doble l?nea, comparable con ejemplos q-r
de Manacapuru; s, Incisi?n muesqueada (Roosevelt et al., 1991 ; Roosevelt,
1995; Hilbert, 1968).
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 29
1 2 2 2 4
2 3 11 2 13
3 4 4 4
4 5 10 10
5 6 16 16
6 7 31 31
7 8 19 19 1
8 9 8 8
9 10 5 5 6
10 11 3 3
12 18 18 2
11 13 1 1 2
14 0 0
12 15/16 4 4
Figura 14. Estratigraf?a de Taperinha seg?n Roosevelt et al. (1991). Arriba, perfil de
prueba 1 mostrando un cambio brusco entre los estratos 9 y 10; abajo,
procedencia de los tiestos y las fechas de carbono-14.
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30 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
La Gruta (4000-3500 a. R)
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica dei Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 31
+
aj cd
3600 id S:
3700 fi
<
3800 fi
<
3900
4000
4 10 0 o
?i fi
4200 fi o
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700 <d
D?
4800
4900 u
o
5000
5 10 0
5200
5300
5400
5500
5600
? fO
5700 fi
5800
5900 JL
6000
Figura 15. Correlaciones cronol?gicas entre los Complejos Iniciales del Ecuador y
Colombia, los Complejos Derivados (Ananatuba, Waira-jirca, Monagrillo
y Barrancas) y la cer?mica de Taperinha.
ra 12). Los fragmentos con desgrasante de tiesto ilustrado por Roosevelt (1980,
Figuras 56, 63) est?n decorados con zonas de incisiones rectas, paralelas,
verticales, horizontales y diagonales, de anchura y espaciado similar a los
dise?os de Ananatuba (Meggers y Evans, 1957, Pis. 37, 41). Roosevelt no
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32 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
Mina (5100-3000a.R)
Tutishcainyo
Discusi?n
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 33
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34 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 35
Conclusi?n
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36 Revista de Arqueolog?a Americana No. 13
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La cer?mica temprana en Am?rica del Sur: ?Invenci?n independiente o difusi?n? 37
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