Question 1:

What is actually energy efficiency?

benefit/effort
Question 2:
Total final consumption 1971 to 2015?
4244 Mtoe and 9384 Mtoe
Question 3:
Top countries for consumption / top sector?
China almost 2000 mtoe and US 1500 mtoe - Industry in china and transport in US
Question 4:
Largest end uses of energy?

Transport 35% and manufacturing 24%

Question 5:

Germany Domestic energy production 2015?

543,1 mtcoe

Question 6:

Primary energy consumption in Germany?

Mineral oil 34,3%

Natural Gas 20,4%

Black Coal 12,9%

Brown Coal 11,9%

Nuclear 11,5%

Question 7:

Energy Applications?

Heat-Cold

Mechanical Energy
Lighting

Information and Communication Technology

Question 8:

Which indicators can describe the efficiency of an economy?

Primary energy consumption/GDP

Primary energy consumption/per capita

Question 9:

Which indicators can describe the efficiency of private households?

Energy

Fuel and district heating

Electricity

Question 10:

Which indicators can describe the efficiency of a transport system?

Energy

Fuels

Electricity

Question 11:

Technical measures to improve energy efficiency?

Private households and Commerce, Trade, Services:

- Refurbishment of existing buildings

- More efficient new construction

- Use efficient electricity-cross-sectional technologies in operation and standby

Industry:

- Efficient cross-sectional technologies in the electricity and heating sectors (motor systems,
lighting, ICT, dryers, industrial ovens, etc.)

- Improving the energy efficiency of energy-intensive industrial processes (steel, cement,

aluminium, basic chemicals, paper, glass, etc.)

Question 12:

Policy instruments to increase energy efficiency?

Regulatory law:

- Definition of technical requirements

- Refurbishment obligations

- Obligations to use renewable energies

Financial political instruments:

- Tax relief for investments

- Increased energy taxes

Funding instruments:

- Loans at preferential rates

- Investment subsidies

Market-oriented instruments:

- Savings quota obligations

- Efficiency Fund

- Saving

Informative instruments:

- Energy certificate

- Smart metering

- Detailed consumption billing

- Information campaigns

- Energy audits

- Efficiency networks

Question 13:
Objectives of the EU Ecodesign Directive?

- Implementation of the EU Integrated Product Policy

- Evaluation of the technical, economic and ecological impact of the products

- Consideration of the entire life cycle from production to disposal ("cradle to grave")

- Exploitation of energy efficiency potentials through the interaction of the following

coordinated strategies:

-- Definition of minimum energy efficiency standards for energy-related products with a

substantial market volume in the European internal market.

-- Targeted facilitation of the market penetration of energy-efficient products, e.g. through

the European Union energy label (EU energy label).

-- Continuous increase in energy efficiency through regular review and, if necessary,

adjustment of the requirements.

-- Verification of the achievement of the objectives through market supervision,

accompanying studies and monitoring measures.

Question 14:
Common recommendations from IAC that occurred more than 100 times?

-Keep Boiler Tubes clean

-Use minimum steam operating pressure

-Replace obsolete burners with more efficient ones

-Install Turbulator

-Replace Boiler

-Use heat from boiler blowdown to preheat boiler feed water

-Preheat combustion air with waste heat

-Direct warmest air to combustion intake

-Flue Gas to Preheat Feedwater

-Waste heat from hot flue gases to preheat combustion air

-Analyze Flue Gas for proper air/fuel ratio

Question 15:

Ecodesign Directive (2009/125/EC) of 21 October 2009?

- The aim is to achieve a sustainable reduction in energy consumption. The Ecodesign

Directive is the basis for implementing measures or regulations for individual product groups.

- In Germany, the Directive is implemented by the „Energieverbrauchsrelevante-Produkte-

Gesetz" (EVPG) of 24.11.2011 and the EVPGV of 14.08.2011.

- Regulations define binding, product-group-specific minimum requirements, in particular for

energy efficiency ("ecodesign requirements").

- Regulations are enacted at EU level and apply directly in the member states.

- Further requirements concern, among other things, the product information or other
productspecific (environmental) properties.

Question 16:
What is the scope of the ecodesign directive?

- Energy-related products, i.e. energy-using products (e.g. household appliances) and

products that do not consume energy themselves but influence consumption (e.g. windows).

- Europe-wide market volume of generally at least 200,000 units/year (in product groups).

- Products with significant environmental impact or high energy saving potential.

- Products with high potential for environmental improvement (e.g. pollutant emissions in
production and operation).

- The product groups covered by the Ecodesign Directive are anchored in working plans of
the EU Commission.
Question 17:
The Sustainable Products Initiative (SPI) future?

Widen the scope to all kind of products (and services) e.g.

• Textiles

• Furniture

• Steel, Cement, Chemicals

The initiative will also address the presence of harmful chemicals in products such as:

• electronics & ICT equipment

• textiles

• furniture

• steel, cement & chemicals.

Question 18:

Requirements for the product groups?

- the functioning of the products is not impaired,

- safety and health are not endangered,

- negative environmental impacts are avoided,

- the costs of the product do not increase inappropriately (life cycle costs),

- there is no impairment of competition, for example by highlighting certain technologies that

can only be applied by a few manufacturers.

Question 19:

The EU Ecodesign Process?

1- Prep Study

2- Legislative Participation
3- Evaluation of the effect

4- Adoption of the regulation

5- Coming into force

Question 20:
Implementation of the potentials: Reasons for the hesitant development

Why do many realize only part of the profitable potential?

- Lack of knowledge and market overview among enterprises and consultants \

- High internal search and decision costs

- Other management priorities (labour productivity, sales increase, product quality)

- Limited good experience with external consulting, energy manager does not want to lose
face

- No production-line-related measurement and invoicing for energy, but overhead cost

concept

- Orientation of investments only on the payback period instead of also on other benefits of
the measures

- Limited incentives for suppliers to supply energy efficient equipment to customers

Question 21:

What are findings about compressed air systems?

- Idle time of the compressors mostly between 20 and 50

- Leakage rates typically in the range of 20 to 50%.

- Ventilation and accessibility of the compressor room mostly insufficient

- Cable cross-sections of the distribution mostly too small

- Only little consideration of system interrelationships

- Mostly poor system documentation and no long-term planning

Question 22:
Distinguishing features for waste heat?

- Temperature level (low, medium, high temperature waste heat)

- Waste heat output/quantity

- Industry sectors and processes

- Bundling of waste heat (diffuse, bundled)

- Carrier media

- Type of use (direct, indirect)

Question 23:

Key factors influencing the recoverability of waste heat?

- Simultaneity (source and sink)

- service life

- Physical proximity

- Waste heat output/quantity

- Temperature level

- Composition

- Bundling

Question 24:
Pros and cons for waste heat recovery?

Adv:

- Reduction of energy demand or costs (increase in productivity)

- Reduced environmental impact

- Reduced dependence on external power supply

- Lower expenses for heating and re-cooling systems, (with permanent and reliable use of
waste heat)

Disadv:

- Additional expenses and competencies for procurement, maintenance and operation

- Mutual dependencies of plants and processes

- Need for reserve infrastructure in case of failure of parts of the waste heat network

- Need for installation space for additional plant technology

- possible approvals and verifications

Question 25:
Potential of waste heat in german industry?

around 45% of energy input for industrial process heating .. biggest in metal production and
stones and soil production

Question 26:
Waste heat sources: Cross-sectional applications?

Incinerators

Drying plants

Air compressors

Refrigeration systems

Ventilation systems

sewage water
Question 27:
Saving options for Paper process?

--> Shoe press instead of roll

So mechanical instead of thermal drying

benefits are:

Larger Press surface - higher dry content possible - higher production capacity

--> Steam box:

Higher dry content can be achieved in the press section

allows more efficient dewatering

Question 28:
Factors influencing energy demand?

Activity and needs

Economic and social factors

Quality

Conversion

Technologies

Question 29:

Rebound effects?

Financial rebound effects :

- Income effect - reinvestment effect - Market price effect

Material rebound effects :

- Embodied energy effect - New markets effect - Consumption accumulation effect

Psychological rebound effects :

- Moral hazard effect - Moral leaking effect - Moral licensing effect

Question 30:

Heating savings potential equation?

e = (G-z*delta(t))/G

e is relative energy reduction potential

G is heating degree days

z is heating days

Question 31:
Some thermal insulation materials?

Foam Glass conducts alot so bad insulation

Evacuated insulation is best

Question 32:
Classification of heating systems?

Sectional radiator

Steel tubes

Plate radiator
Question 33:
Energy efficiencies for different heating systems :Direct electric heating - Gas condensing
boiler - heat pump?

0.36- 0.92-1.19

Question 34:

Barriers that stand in the way of exploiting actual economic potential?

- Lack of information, tenant-owner dilemma

- Low share of energy costs in total budget for many private households and in non-
energyintensive companies.

- Lack of knowledge of energy technology and lack of market overview on the part of
companies, planners, architects and installers

- High transaction costs (for the search for technical solutions, consulting, tendering, decision
preparation)

- Lack of equity capital; reluctance to use further borrowed capital.

- Use of inappropriate methods of profitability accounting: 80% of companies use only the
pay-back method

Question 35:

Measures based on four pillars to facilitate energy efficiency?

- Regulatory instruments

- Economic instruments

- Information

- Quality assurance.

Question 36:

Primary and secondary objectives of state energy policy?

Primary: Energy policy should ensure a secure, cost-effective supply that does not endanger
the health of citizens or the environment

Secondary: : Increasing competitiveness

Question 37:
Multi Level energy policy making?

EU Level : Common target setting - Legislation on Member states level

National Level : National Target Setting - Regulations

State level : Regulations and information campaigns

Municipial level : Municipial energy industry - support programs.

Question 38:
Political actors in the EU?

European commision

European Council

European Parliament

Question 39:

Legal acts of European Union?

Directives:

- Achieve result without stating means

- Timetable for implementation

Regulations:

- Self executing

- Ambition might NOT exceed ambition of directive.

Question 40:

The European Energy Efficiency Directive?

- Setting national energy efficiency targets for 2020

- Smart metering/detailed billing

- Combined heat and power

Question 41:

Political actors in Germany?

- Federal government and ministries

- Federal Parliament

- Federal authorities

Question 42:
German energy and electricity tax?

- the introduction of an electricity tax

- an increase in existing tax rates for energy sources

- long term structural change

- Reduced taxes for public transport companies

Question 43:

Effects on market for institutional funding?

-can give rise to markets for energy services if refinancing is stable

-there are not per se actors who may have a strong self-interest in developing energy
services in order to secure market shares.

Question 44:
Consequences/distribution effects of?

- In the case of ETS revenues low-income households will be more heavily burdened.

-Energy price increase boosts profitability of investments.

Question 45:

Objectives of KfW subsidy program?

-Barrier Removal:

-Tiered Incentives

-Quality assurance

-Transaction Costs

Question 46:

Financial Instruments?

Financed through:

- state-budget

- State-like budget

- Surcharge on energy or climate taxes

-levy on buildings and installations

Question 47:

Market oriented instruments?

- Energy saving obligation

- Bonus/premium scheme

- Contracting type of instruments

- tendering schemes

Question 48:

Why energy management?

- Reduction of energy costs

- Protection of the environment

- Increasing productivity

- Regulatory requirements

- Preparing for rising energy prices

Question 48:
PDCA Cycle?

a plan-do-check-act cycle using observed data for continuous improvement of operations

Question 49:
Energy benchmarking?

... deals with a systematic analysis of energy consumption

... is an instrument for improving energy efficiency.

... allows conclusions to be drawn on energy efficiency progress

Question 50:
purpose of energy benchmarking?

• condition monitoring

• Tracking the evolution of energy demand

• Analysis of the historical development of energy demand

• Energy reporting

Question 51:

Reference basis for benchmarks?

1-Historical development
2-reference values

3-comparison of similar objects

Question 52:

influencing factors for benchmarks?

-product related factors

- process related factors

-organizational factors

-economic factors

-site-related factors

Question 53:

development phases of benchmark?

Orientation phase - establishment phase- maturity phase

Question 54:
conclusions on internal energy benchmarks?

- ...should be oriented towards their users -...require targeted information - ...are individual
solutions - ...are dynamic systems

Question 55:

Energy efficient Networks initiative?

alliance between federal government and 21 associations

Question 56:

Procedure of a Leen Network?

timeframe 3 to 4 years

1- phase 0 :

-Information event: Leen concept

-Letter of contract

-official start of network

2-phase 1 :

-identification of profitable -efficiency measures

agreement on objectives

3- phase 2:

implementation of measures

regular meetings

presentation of implemented measures

general exchange of experience

conclusion publication of results and decision whether continue or not.

Question 57:
network participants?

initiator- network executiing organisation - moderator - energy technical consultant