F1a 2

Chapter 4 Introduction to Geometry
4A p.2
4B p.15
4C p.28
Chapter 5 Percentages (I)
5A p.39
5B p.51
5C p.65
5D p.76
Chapter 6 Estimation in Numbers and Measurement
6A p.85
6B p.101
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1
F1A: Chapter 4A
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Book 1A Lesson Worksheet 4A (Refer to §4.1)
4.1A Points, Lines and Planes
Refer to the figure.

A B
l (a) A is a point. A line is made up of an
(b) l is a straight line. infinite number of points.
D (c) AB is a line segment. A line segment is a part of

C a straight line.
(d) ABCD represents the white plane.
A plane contains an infinite
number of lines.
Example 1 Instant Drill 1
L B
C
L A
A B C
D
In the figure, L is a straight line. In the figure, L is a straight line.

(a) Name three fixed points on the straight (a) Name all the fixed points on the straight
line L. line L.
(b) Name all the line segments on the straight (b) Name all the line segments in the figure.
line L. Sol (a) are on L.
Sol (a) A, B and C are on L. (b) The line segments are
(b) AB, BC and AC are on L. .
1. Refer to the figure. 2. By observation only, find the number of

L plane(s) in each of the following figures.
D E F G
(a)
(a) Name all the line segments on L.
(b) Among all the line segments in (a),
which of them is the longest? (b)
(a) The figure is formed by

plane/planes.
(b)
○→ Ex 4A 1–3 ○→ Ex 4A 4
3
4.1B Angles
(a) When two lines meet each other at a arm

point, they will form an angle. angle
vertex
arm
(b) The angle in the figure can be named as
A
(i) x,
(ii) ∠B, x
(iii) ∠ABC (or ∠CBA). B C

B C P
x
y S Q
c
b a
A D E
R
Use the vertex and the symbol ‘∠’ to name Use the vertex and the symbol ‘∠’ to name
angles x and y in the figure. angles a, b and c in the figure.
Sol x = ∠ABC (or ∠CBA or ∠B) Sol a = ∠
y = ∠ECD (or ∠DCE) b=
c=
It is not good to name y as ∠C because ∠C
can refer to ∠BCE, ∠DCE or ∠BC .
○→ Ex 4A 5, 6
Types of Angles:
Name Acute angle Right angle Obtuse angle
Size of Larger than 0° but Larger than 90° but
Equal to 90°
angle smaller than 90° smaller than 180°
Example
Name Straight angle Reflex angle Round angle

Size of Larger than 180° but
Equal to 180° Equal to 360°
angle smaller than 360°
Example
4
180° d c
B D
C
b
60° a
A
Refer to the figure. Determine the types of the By observation only, determine the types of the
following angles according to their sizes. following angles according to their sizes.
(a) ∠BAC (a) a
(b) ∠ABC (b) b
(c) ∠BCD (c) c
(d) d
60° lies in between
Sol (a) ∠BAC = 60° 0° and 90°. Sol (a) a = ( )°
∴ ∠BAC is an acute angle. ∴ a is a/an angle.
(b) ∠ABC = 90° (b) b is a/an angle.
∴ ∠ABC is a right angle. (c) c is a/an angle.
(c) ∠BCD = 180° (d) d = ( )°
∴ ∠BCD is a straight angle. ∴ d is a/an angle.
3. F 4. Determine the types of the following

A M angles according to their sizes.
B
32°, 260°, 97°, 180°, 125°, 45°, 360°
C
N
D
E
By observation only, determine the types
of the marked angles in the figure
according to their sizes.
○→ Ex 4A 7–9
5
We can use a protractor to measure the size of an angle,
or to construct an angle with a given size.
5. Follow the steps below. Use a protractor to measure the size of ∠ABC in the figure.
A
Step 1: Place the centre of the protractor
on the vertex B.
Step 2: Place the base line along BC.
Step 3: Read the inner scale where 0° B C

lies on BC and get
∠ABC = °.
∠ABC = °
6. Refer to the figure. Find the sizes of the 7. Use a protractor to measure the following
following angles. angles.
(a) ∠AOB Use the outer scale or the (a) J
(b) ∠AOC inner scale of a
protractor appropriately.
(c) ∠AOD
(d) ∠DOC
L
K
B
(b)
P
Q
D A
O
Measure obtuse ∠PQR first. Then

reflex ∠PQR = 360° – obtuse ∠PQR
○→ Ex 4A 10 ○→ Ex 4A 11
6
8. Follow the steps below. Use a protractor to construct ∠ABC = 140°.
Step 1: Draw a line segment AB.

(This step has been done for you.)
Step 2: Place the base line of the

protractor along AB and the
centre on B.
Step 3: Mark point C at 140° by using B A

the inner scale.
Step 4: Join BC. Then ∠ABC = 140°.
9. Use a protractor to construct the following 10. Use a protractor to construct the following
angles. angles.
(a) 40° (a) reflex ∠ABC = 310°
∵ 310° = 360° – 50°
∴ Construct an angle of 50°
(i.e. acute ∠ABC) first.
Then reflex ∠ABC is 310°.
(b) 95° (b) reflex ∠PQR = 290°

290° = 360° – ( )°
○→ Ex 4A 12
7
4.1C Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
In the same plane,

(a) straight lines that will never intersect are
A B Use arrows in the
called parallel lines, same direction to
e.g. In the figure, AB // CD. C D indicate parallel
lines.
(b) two straight lines that meet each other at a right P

angle (i.e. 90°) are called perpendicular lines.
e.g. In the figure, PQ ⊥ RS. R
Q
S

A B C Q
G T
D P R
F E S
Use symbols to write down all pairs of parallel Use symbols to write down all pairs of parallel
lines and 2 pairs of perpendicular line segments lines and 1 pair of perpendicular line segments
observed in the figure. Mark the answers on the observed in the figure. Mark the answers on the
figure. figure.
Sol A B C Sol Q
G T
D P R
F E S
Use different numbers of arrows to

indicate 2 groups of parallel lines.
Parallel lines: FA // EC, AC // FE.

Perpendicular line segments:
GB ⊥ AC, GD ⊥ EC.
(or GB ⊥ AB or GB ⊥ BC or GD ⊥ CD or
GD ⊥ DE)
○→ Ex 4A 15, 16
8
‘Explain Your Answer’ Question
11. Refer to the figure. It is given that ∠ACB is a straight E
D
angle. Cathy claims that ∠DCE is a right angle. Do
you agree? Explain your answer.
40° 50°
A B
C
∵ ∠ACB = ( )°
∴ ∠DCE = ( )° – ( )° – ( )°
=
i.e. ∠DCE (is / is not) a right angle. Remember to write down the reason.
∴ The claim is (agreed / disagreed).
Level Up Questions
12. In each of the following, find the sizes of all the angles and arrange them in ascending order
of size.
5 4 1
of a straight angle, of a right angle, of a round angle
9 3 6
13. B
A C
Refer to the figure.

(a) Draw and name all the line segments formed by joining any two points in the figure.
How many line segments have been drawn?
(b) Among all the line segments in (a), write down
(i) 1 pair of parallel lines, (ii) 1 pair of perpendicular lines.
9
4 Introduction to Geometry
Consolidation Exercise 4A
Level 1
1. Refer to the figure.
A
(a) Name all the fixed points on the straight line L. B
(b) Name all the line segments on the straight line L. D
C F
E L
2. (a) Name all the line segments in the figure. P

(b) Write down the shortest line segment.
Q
O
3. Refer to the figure.
(a) How many line segments are there in the figure?

(b) Use a ruler to measure the length of the line segment AC.
4. By observation only, find the number of plane(s) and the number of curved surface(s) in each of the
following figures.
(a) (b) (c)
10
5. Name the acute angle in the figure in three different ways.
B
6. Use the vertex and the symbol ‘∠’ to name angles p and q in each of the following figures.
(a) (b) (c)
7. Refer to the figure below.
c
d f
Determine the types of the angles a, b, c, d, e and f according to their sizes.
8. Arrange the following angles in ascending order of sizes.

∠A is a right angle.
∠B is a reflex angle.
∠C = 175°
∠D = 84°
9. Determine the types of the following angles according to their sizes.
126°, 89°, 27°, 190°, 345°, 162°, 45°, 92°
Type Acute angle Obtuse angle Reflex angle
Size
11
10. Refer to the figure. Find the sizes of the following angles.
D
(a) ∠AOD C 70
80
90
100
110
12
60 10
10 0 80 70 0
0 1 60 13
(b) ∠BOC 50
13
0
12
50
0
14
40
0
0
40
14
15
30
(c) ∠COD
0
0
30
15
160
20
160
20
170 180
180 170
10
10
A B
0
O
11. Use a protractor to measure the following angles.

(a) (b) (c) (d)
12. Use a protractor to construct the following angles.

(a) 72° (b) 145° (c) 280°
Level 2
13. Complete the following table.
Angle 3 right angles ____ right angles ____ straight angles
Size 180°
Type round angle
14. In each of the following, find the sizes of all the angles and arrange them in descending order of size.
2 3 1
(a) of a right angle, of a straight angle, of a round angle.
3 5 8
8 9 7
(b) of a straight angle, of a round angle, of a right angle.
5 10 2
15. Without using a protractor, find the marked angle in each of the following clocks.
(a) (b)
12
16. In the figure, ABCDEFGH is a trapezium. BCDP is a square and DEFHP is a rectangle.
(a) Use arrowheads to indicate all the parallel lines in the figure.
(b) Use the symbol for right angle to indicate all the perpendicular
lines in the figure.
17. (a) In the figure, draw a line

(i) passing through D and perpendicular to AB,
(ii) passing through E and parallel to BC.
(b) Are the lines drawn in (a) parallel to each other?
18. In the figure, all points and lines are in the same plane. There are 5 lines intersecting at the same point.
Name these 5 lines and their point of intersection.
A D
H
G
B E F C
19. Refer to the figure. Find the sizes of the following angles.
(a) ∠AOB
(b) ∠COD
13
Consolidation Exercise 4A (Answer)
1. (a) B, D, F (b) BD, BF, DF 13. 3 right 2 right 2 straight
Angle
2. (a) OP, PQ, QR, OR (b) QR angles angles angles
3. (a) 10 (b) 3.5 cm Size 270° 180° 360°
4. (a) 1 curved surface (b) 5 planes reflex straight round
(c) 1 curved surface, 3 planes Type
angle angle angle
5. ∠B, ∠ABC, ∠CBA 3
6. (a) p = ∠AMD, q = ∠MNF (or ∠ANF) 14. (a) 60°, 108°, 45°; of a straight angle,
5
(b) p = ∠ABC, q = reflex ∠ADC 2 1
(c) p = ∠FGH, q = reflex ∠EHG of a right angle, of a round angle
3 8
7. a: right angle, b: reflex angle, c: acute angle, 9
d: obtuse angle, e: straight angle, (b) 288°, 324°, 315°; of a round angle,
10
f: round angle
∠ ∠ ∠ ∠
7 8
8. D, A, C, B of a right angle, of a straight
2 5
9. Acute Obtuse Reflex angle
Type
angle angle angle 15. (a) 120° (b) 150°
89°, 27°, 126°, 190°, 17. (b) yes
Size
45° 162°, 92° 345° 18. AB, AG (or AE), AH (or AF), AI (or AC), AD;
10. (a) 130° (b) 140° (c) 90° point of intersection: A
11. (a) 70° (b) 100° 19. (a) 36° (b) 66°
(c) 300° (d) 90°
14
F1A: Chapter 4B
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15
Book 1A Lesson Worksheet 4B (Refer to §4.2)
4.2A Circles
(a) All points on a circle are at the same

distance from a fixed point (centre).
(b) The figure shows a circle with centre O.

Diameter
(i) Line segment OA is a radius. = 2 × radius
(ii) Line segment BE is a diameter.
(iii) Curved line CD, which is a
Circles or arcs can
part of the circumference, be drawn by using a
is called an arc. pair of compasses.
1. Refer to the circle with centre O in the figure. Match the P

left column with the right column. T
• line segment OR O
(a) Radius • • line segment OS
S
(b) Diameter • • line segment RQ Q
R
(c) Arc • • line segment POR
• curved line PT
2. In the figure, O is the centre. Use a ruler to measure the diameter X

of the circle.
Which line segment in W
the figure is a diameter?
O
Y
Z
→
○ Ex 4B 1
16
4.2B Triangles
A triangle is enclosed by three line segments.
The triangle in the figure can be denoted by △ABC.
I. Types of Triangles
According to the sizes of angles:

Name Acute-angled triangle Right-angled triangle Obtuse-angled triangle
All angles are acute One of the angles is a One of the angles is an
Nature
angles. right angle. obtuse angle.
Example
(The largest angle is (The largest angle is (The largest angle is
an acute angle.) a right angle.) an obtuse angle.)

A B D
C
F E
Use a protractor to identify △ABC and state Use a protractor to identify △DEF and state
whether it is an acute-angled triangle, an whether it is an acute-angled triangle, an
obtuse-angled triangle or a right-angled obtuse-angled triangle or a right-angled
triangle. triangle.
Sol The largest angle in △ABC is an obtuse Sol The largest angle in △DEF is a/an
angle. △
The largest angle in ABC angle.
is ∠C. It is an obtuse angle.
The largest angle in △DEF is
∴ △ABC is an obtuse-angled triangle. ∠ . It is a/an angle.
∴ △DEF is .
According to the lengths of sides:

Name Scalene triangle Isosceles triangle Equilateral triangle
Nature No two sides are equal. Two sides are equal. All sides are equal.
Example
Note: ‘ ’, ‘ ’ are used to indicate different pairs of equal sides in the figure.
17
A B D
F E
C
Use a ruler to identify △ABC and state Use a ruler to identify △DEF and state
whether it is a scalene triangle, an isosceles whether it is a scalene triangle, an isosceles
triangle or an equilateral triangle. triangle or an equilateral triangle.
Sol In △ABC, AC = CB = 2 cm. Sol
AB = ____ cm Are there any sides
Does it have equal length as AC and CB? of equal length?
∴ △ABC is an isosceles triangle. ∴ △DEF is .
For each △XYZ in Nos. 3–4,

(a) use a protractor to identify the triangle and state whether it is an acute-angled triangle, an
obtuse-angled triangle or a right-angled triangle;
(b) use a ruler to identify the triangle and state whether it is a scalene triangle, an isosceles
triangle or an equilateral triangle.
3. Y 4. Y
X Z
X Z
→
○ Ex 4B 3, 4
5. Refer to the triangles below.
D 3 cm E P
Y
3 cm 3 cm
X Z
F R Q
Name the triangles according to the following types, if any.

(a) Acute-angled triangle(s)
(b) Equilateral triangle(s)
(c) Right-angled triangle(s)
18
II. Angle Sum of a Triangle
In a triangle ABC,
a + b + c = 180°
[Reference: ∠ sum of △]
6. Can each set of angles below be the interior angles of a triangle?

(a) 30°, 30°, 40° (b) 100°, 20°, 60°
30° + 30° + 40° =
∵ (= / ≠) 180°
∴ This set of angles (can / cannot)
be the interior angles of a triangle.
→
○ Ex 4B 5
Find x in the figure. A Find y in the figure. D
70° y
70° 40°
50° x F E
B C
Sol x + 50° + 70° = 180° ∠ sum of △ Sol y + ( )+( ) = 180° ∠ sum of △
x + 120° = 180° =
x = 180° − 120°
= 60°
Find the unknown angle in each of the following triangles. [Nos. 7–10]
7. P 8. T
30° b
35° 35° U
V
125°
a
Q R
9. D 10. X
c
25° d
Y Z
45°
E F
∠E is a right angle,
i.e. °.
→
○ Ex 4B 6–11
19
III. Constructions of Triangles
11. Use a pair of compasses and a ruler to construct △ABC, where AB = 4 cm, BC = 5 cm and
AC = 3 cm.
Step 1: Use a ruler to draw a line segment AB of 4 cm.

(This step has been done for you.)
Step 2: With centre at point A and radius 3 cm, use a

pair of compasses to draw an arc.
Step 3: With centre at point B and radius 5 cm, use a

pair of compasses to draw another arc.
B 4 cm A
Step 4: The two arcs drawn have to meet at a point C.
Step 5: Join AC, then BC. △ABC is drawn.

12. Use a ruler and a protractor to construct △PQR, where PQ = 3 cm, ∠RPQ = 60° and
RP = 4 cm.
Step 1: Use a ruler to draw a line segment PQ of
3 cm. (This step has been done for you.)
Step 2: Use a protractor to draw ∠TPQ which

measures 60°.
Step 3: Use a ruler to mark a point R on PT (or PT

produced) such that RP = 4 cm.
P 3 cm Q
Step 4: Join QR, then △PQR is drawn.

13. Use a pair of compasses and a ruler to 14. Use a ruler and a protractor to construct
construct △ABC, where AB = 3.5 cm, △PQR, where PQ = 4 cm, ∠RPQ = 40°
BC = 4 cm and AC = 4 cm. and RP = 3 cm.
B 3.5 cm A
→
○ Ex 4B 12–14 →
○ Ex 4B 15–17
20
4.2C Polygons
(a) A polygon is enclosed by 3 or more side

diagonal
line segments. A diagonal is the
vertex line segment
joining two non-
adjacent vertices.
(b) Polygons can be named by the number of sides. A polygon
with n sides (n ≥ 3) is called an n-sided polygon.
e.g. A polygon with 5 sides is called a 5-sided polygon or a
pentagon.
(c) If a polygon is both equilateral (equal sides) and

equiangular (equal interior angles), then it is called a
regular polygon.
e.g.
60°
‘ ’ is used to
60° 60° indicate the
Regular triangle equal angles in
Regular hexagon
(Equilateral triangle) the figure.
15. Refer to the polygons I, II, III and IV below.
1.5 3
1.5
1.5 3 3
1.5
1.5 3
I II III IV
List all A polygon with all
interior angles
(a) hexagon(s), (b) equilateral polygon(s), smaller than 180°
(c) equiangular polygon(s), (d) regular polygon(s). is called a convex
polygon.
16. Refer to the polygons I, II, III and IV below.
270°
∵ One of the
interior angles
I II III IV of IV is greater
than 180°.
List all
∴ IV is also called
a concave
(a) quadrilateral(s), (b) equilateral polygon(s), polygon.
(c) equiangular polygon(s), (d) regular polygon(s).
○→ Ex 4B 18
21
17. Refer to the triangles below. By observation only, which one is a right-angled scalene
triangle? Explain your answer.
I II III IV
Level Up Question
18. Find x and y in △ABC.
△
x is an interior angle of ABD.
B
x and ∠CBD (= 60°) together form
△
an interior angle of ABC. x
60°
110° y
30°
A C
D
22
Consolidation Exercise 4B
Level 1
1. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle.
(a) Use a ruler to measure the radius of the circle.
(b) Find the diameter of the circle. O
2. In the figure, OABC is a square. A and C are two points on the circle
with centre O. It is given that AB = 5 cm.
O
(a) Find the radius of the circle. A
(b) Find the diameter of the circle.
C B
3. Use a protractor to identify each of the following triangles and state whether it is an acute-angled
triangle, an obtuse-angled triangle or a right-angled triangle.
(a) (b) (c)
4. Use a ruler to identify each of the following triangles and state whether it is a scalene triangle, an
isosceles triangle or an equilateral triangle.
(a) (b) (c)
5. Can each set of angles below be the interior angles of a triangle?

(a) 85°, 50°, 65° (b) 45°, 75°, 60° (c) 70°, 30°, 70°
Find the unknown angle in each of the following triangles. [Nos. 6–11]
6. A 7. A C 8.
40° 30°
a
38°
B
a 75° C
B
23
9. A C 10. A 11. B
55° e
45°
48°
B 48°
d C f
A C
B
Use a pair of compasses and a ruler to construct the following triangles. [Nos. 12–14]
12. A 13. P 14. X
3 cm 3 cm 2 cm 2 cm
5 cm
3 cm
B C Y Z
5 cm 2 cm
Q R
4 cm
Use a ruler and a protractor to construct the following triangles. [Nos. 15–17]
15. M 16. 3 cm G 17. C
E A
50°
75°
100°
4 cm 5 cm
35°
P
N 5 cm B
18. Refer to the polygons A, B, C and D as shown.
List all
(a) quadrilateral(s), (b) equilateral polygon(s),
(c) equiangular polygon(s), (d) regular polygon(s).
24
19. In each of following figures, find the number of the diagonals passing through the vertex A.
(a) (b) D E
E A
D C F
B G
C B A H
Level 2
20. Using a pair of compasses and a ruler, construct the figure on the right.
21. Refer to the triangles as shown.
C
A
B
F
E
D
By observation only,
(a) classify the triangles by the sizes of their angles.
(b) classify the triangles by the lengths of their sides.
(c) (i) which is/are obtuse-angled scalene triangle(s)?
(ii) which is/are acute-angled isosceles triangle(s)?
25
Find the unknown(s) in each of the following triangles. [Nos. 22–25]
22. A 23.
4y x
2y 52°
B C
D
24. 25.
26. Construct △ABC, where AB = 3 cm, BC = 3.5 cm and AC = 5 cm.

27. (a) Construct △MNP, where MN = 6 cm, NP = 8 cm, and ∠MNP = 90°.
(b) Measure the length of MP.
28. (a) Using a pair of compasses and a ruler, construct a circle with diameter AC = 7 cm.
(b) (i) Construct △ABC, where AB = 4.5 cm and B is a point on the circumference.
(ii) Is △ABC a right-angled triangle?
29. In the figure, A, B and C are three points on the circle with centre O. The
diameter BOC is 10 cm and AC = 5 cm. Is △OAC an equilateral B A
triangle? Explain your answer. O

C
30. In the figure, AC and BD are diameters of the circle with centre O. D
ABCD is a square. Write down the names and the number of

right-angled isosceles triangles in the figure.
A O C
26
Consolidation Exercise 4B (Answer)
1. (a) 1.4 cm (b) 2.8 cm (b) scalene triangle: B, C, E
2. (a) 5 cm (b) 10 cm isosceles triangle: A, D
3. (a) acute-angled triangle equilateral triangle: F
(b) right-angled triangle (c) (i) B (ii) A, F
(c) obtuse-angled triangle 22. x = 38°, y = 15°
4. (a) isosceles triangle (b) scalene triangle 23. m = 10°, n = 75°
(c) equilateral triangle 24. 20°
5. (a) no (b) yes (c) no 25. p = 15°, q = 45°
6. 67° 7. 110° 8. 20° 27. (b) 10 cm
9. 35° 10. 84° 11. 45° 28. (b) (ii) yes
18. (a) A, B (b) C, D 29. yes
30. △ △ △
AOB, BOC, COD, AOD, △
△ △ △ △
(c) B, D (d) D
19. (a) 2 (b) 5 ABC, BCD, CDA, DAB, a
21. (a) acute-angled triangle: A, E, F total of eight right-angled isosceles
triangles
right-angled triangle: C, D
obtuse-angled triangle: B
27
F1A: Chapter 4C
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Book 1A Lesson Worksheet 4C (Refer to §4.3A–B, D–E)
4.3A Introduction to Solid Figures
(a) Solids enclosed by planes or curved surfaces are

called solid figures.
e.g. Triangular pyramids and spheres are solid
figures.
Triangular pyramid Sphere

(b) A solid figure that is enclosed by polygons only
is called a polyhedron.
e.g. Triangular pyramids are polyhedra, but spheres are not.
(c) A polyhedron with n faces is called an n-faced polyhedron.

e.g. A triangular pyramid has 4 faces. It is called a 4-faced polyhedron (or tetrahedron).
1. Determine which of the following solids is (are) a polyhedron (polyhedra).
I Is a circle
a polygon?
II III IV →○ Ex 4C 1
Count and write down the numbers of vertices, Count and write down the numbers of vertices,
edges and faces of the given solid. edges and faces of the given solid.
Sol The solid has 12 vertices, 18 edges, Sol The solid has vertices, edges,
8 faces. faces.
2. Count and write down the numbers of vertices, edges and faces of the following solids.
(a) (b)
→
○ Ex 4C 2, 3
29
4.3B Euler’s Formula
For a convex polyhedron,
the relation among the numbers of faces (F), vertices (V) and edges (E) is:
F+V–E=2

Given that a convex polyhedron has 8 faces Given that a convex polyhedron has 8 vertices
and 10 vertices, find the number of edges. and 15 edges, find the number of faces.
Sol ∵ F + V – E = 2 Sol ∵ F + V – E = ( )
i.e. 8 + 10 – E = 2 i.e.
∴ E = 16
i.e. The number of edges is 16.
3. Complete the following table on the numbers of faces, vertices and edges of a convex
polyhedron by using Euler’s formula.
Number of faces (F) Number of vertices (V) Number of edges (E)
(a) 4 6
(b) 7 7
(c) 6 5
(d) 13 20 →
○ Ex 4C 4
Count the numbers of faces (F), vertices (V) and edges (E) of each of the following polyhedra
and determine whether Euler’s formula holds in each of these polyhedra. [Nos. 4–5]
4. 5.
By counting,
number of faces (F) =
number of vertices (V) =
number of edges (E) =
∵ F+V–E=
∴ Euler’s formula (holds /

does not hold) for this polyhedron.
→
○ Ex 4C 5, 6
30
4.3D Cross-sections
I. Uniform Cross-section
(a) The face obtained by cutting a solid along a certain plane is called a cross-
section of the solid.
(b) If we obtain the same (identical in shapes and sizes) cross-section by cutting
a solid along a certain direction, then it is called a uniform cross-section.
e.g. uniform cross-section
II. Non-uniform Cross-section

e.g.
non-uniform
cross-section
Cut the solid horizontally The cross-sections are rectangles

along AB and XY. of difference sizes.

(a) Draw the cross-section of (a) Draw the cross-section of
the given solid when it is the given solid when it is C
cut horizontally along AB. A B cut vertically along CD.

(b) Determine if the (b) Determine if the
D
cross-section is a uniform cross-section. cross-section is a uniform cross-section.
Sol (a) The cross-section is: Sol (a) The cross-section is:
(b) It is a uniform cross-section.
6. (a) Draw the cross-section of the given 7. (a) Draw the cross-section of the given
solid when it is cut horizontally along solid when it is cut vertically along
MN. XY.
(b) Determine if the cross-section is a (b) Determine if the cross-section is a
uniform cross-section. uniform cross-section.
X
N
M
→
○ Ex 4C 10, 11
31
4.3E Nets for Polyhedra
A net can be used to make a model of a polyhedron.

A polyhedron may be formed by more than one net.
e.g.
8. Which of the following polyhedra can be made by folding the

net as shown on the right? How many faces are there
in the polyhedron formed?
I II III
9. Which of the following nets cannot be folded into the cube

as shown on the right?
I II III IV
○→ Ex 4C 12
32
10. Susan wants to make a convex polyhedron with 13 faces, 8 vertices and 20 edges. Do you
think this polyhedron can be made? Explain your answer.
Suppose a convex polyhedron has ( ) faces, ( ) vertices and ( ) edges.

Then F + V – E = Euler’s formula:
F+V–E=2
∵ F+V–E (=/≠)2 Remember to write down the reason.

∴ This polyhedron (can / cannot) be made.
Level Up Questions
11. Peter uses 12 sticks to make the skeleton of a 6-faced polyhedron.
(a) How many polymer clays does he need to make this 6-faced polyhedron?
(b) What kind of polyhedron is the skeleton he makes? Sketch the polyhedron.
Sticks are the edges of the
polyhedron;
polymer clays are the
(vertices / faces) of the
polyhedron.
12. (a) Identify and draw the cross-section of each of the following solids according to the given
instruction.
(i) Solid I is cut vertically along (ii) Solid II is cut horizontally along
the line CD. the line UV.
C D
U V
I II
(b) Which solid(s) above has (have) a uniform cross-section?
33
Consolidation Exercise 4C
Level 1
1. Determine which of the following solids is (are) a polyhedron (polyhedra).
A C D
2. Count and write down the numbers of vertices, edges and faces of the following solids.
(a) (b) (c)
3. Refer to the solids A, B and C as shown.
A B C
(a) Which one is a hexahedron?

(b) Which one has the greatest number of edges? How many edges are there in that solid?
4. Complete the following table on the numbers of faces, vertices and edges of a convex polyhedron by
using the Euler’s formula.
Number of faces (F) Number of vertices (V) Number of edges (E)
(a) 8 14
(b) 7 11
(c) 15 13
(d) 9 12
34
Count the numbers of faces (F), vertices (V) and edges (E) of each of the following 3-D figures and
determine whether Euler’s formula holds in each of these figures. [Nos. 5–6]
5. 6.
7. Draw a sketch of the solid in the photo.
8. The figure shows a solid formed by 4 cubes each of side 1 cm. Use
solid lines and dotted lines to draw the 2-D representation of this solid
on isometric grid paper.
9. Draw the 2-D representation of the solid on oblique grid paper.
10. Draw the cross-section of each of the following solids according to the given instruction.
(a) The solid is cut vertically (b) The solid is cut horizontally
along the line AB. along the line CD.
35
11. Each solid shown is cut vertically along the line AB.
(a) Draw the cross-section obtained.
(b) Determine if the cross-section is a uniform cross-section.
12.
Which of the following figures is/are the net(s) of the given polyhedron M?
A C
Level 2
13. Stacy uses 6 polymer clays and 12 sticks to make the skeleton of a convex polyhedron.
(a) How many faces does the polyhedron have?
(b) What kind of polyhedron is the skeleton she made? Sketch the polyhedron.
14. Peter claims that he can make a convex polyhedron with 11 faces, 8 vertices and 15 edges. Do you
agree? Explain your answer.
15. The figure below shows solids consisting of cubes each of side 1 cm. Draw the 2-D representation of
the solids on isometric grid paper.
(a) (b)
36
16. The figure shows a solid consisting of cubes each of side 2 cm.
Draw the 2-D representation of the solids on oblique grid paper.
17. (a) Identify and draw the cross-section of each of the following solids according to the given
instruction.
(i) Solid I is cut (ii) Solid II is cut (iii) Solid III is cut
horizontally along vertically along horizontally along
the line MN. the line PQ. the line RS.
R
S
I II III
(b) Which of the above cross-sections is (are) a uniform cross-section?
18. Draw the cross-section obtained when the given solid as shown is
cut along each of the following lines.
(a) AB
(b) MN
(c) PQ
19. The nets given below can be folded to form two different solids. Use solid lines and dotted lines to
draw the 2-D representation of each solid formed on isometric grid paper.
(a) (b)
1 cm
2 cm
1 cm
37
Consolidation Exercise 4C (Answer)
1. B, C 11. (b) I: no, II: yes, III: no
2. (a) 8 vertices, 12 edges, 6 faces 12. A, C
(b) 12 vertices, 18 edges, 8 faces 13. (a) 8 (b) octahedron
(c) 6 vertices, 12 edges, 8 faces 14. no
3. (a) A (b) B, 18 17. (a) (i) rectangle (ii) hexagon
4. (a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 26 (d) 5 (iii) octagon
5. F = 6, V = 8, E = 12; yes (b) solid II, solid III
6. F = 7, V = 6, E = 11; yes
38
F1A: Chapter 5A
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40
5.1A Finding the Percentage
If x is to be expressed as a percentage of y, then

x
the percentage = × 100%
y

What percentage of 45 is 27? What percentage of 70 is 21?
45
Sol The required percentage Sol The required percentage
27 (?%)
27 21
= × 100% = × 100%
45 ( )
= 60% = %
1. What percentage of 50 g is 47 g? 2. What percentage of $75 is $105?

50 g
47 g (?%)
○→ Ex 5A 1, 2
3. There are 50 fish and 20 shrimps in a 4. The price of a shirt is $124 and the price of
pond. What percentage of the number of a belt is $80. What percentage of the price
the fish is that of the shrimps? of the belt is that of the shirt?
○→ Ex 5A 3, 4
41
part
Percentage of a part to the whole = × 100%
whole

There are 30 students and 3 of them are girls. Alice answered 40 questions and 30 of them
(a) Find the number of boys. are correct.
(b) Find the percentage of boys. (a) Find the number of wrong answers.
Sol (b) Find the percentage of the number of
30 students wrong answers.
? boys 3 girls Sol (a) Number of wrong answers
(?%) = 40 – ( )
=
(a) Number of boys (b) The required percentage
= 30 – 3 ( )
= × 100%
= 27 40
(b) The required percentage =
27
= × 100%
30
= 90%
5. There are 15 pencils in a box and 6 of 6. There are 20 cups. 5 of them are in yellow
them are used. What is the percentage of and the rest are in green. Find the
unused pencils in the box? percentage of green cups.
15 pencils
? unused pencils 6 used

(?%) pencils
○→ Ex 5A 5–7
42
5.1B Using Percentage to Find a Quantity
(a) a% of a quantity y = y × a%
(b) Part = whole × percentage of the part to the whole

What is 20% of 70? 70 What is 80% of 90?
Sol 20% of 70 ? Sol 80% of 90
= 70 × 20% (20%) =( )×( )%
20 ( )
= 70 × =( )×
100 100
= 14 =
7. What is 25% of 40 km? 8. What is 150% of 60 °C?

40 km
? km
(25%)
○→ Ex 5A 8, 9
9. In a bag of 200 candies, 70% of them are 10. At a clinic, there were 55 patients
red candies. Find the number of red yesterday. The number of patients today is
candies in the bag. 140% of the number of patients yesterday.
Number of red candies Find the number of patients today.
=
○→ Ex 5A 10–12
43
5.1C Finding the Original Quantity from a Given Percentage
If a% of a quantity y is equal to n,
then y can be found by setting up the equation y × a% = n.

10% of k is 13. Find the value of k. 16% of y is 8. Find the value of y.
Sol k × 10% = 13 k Sol y × ( )% = 8
k × 0.1 = 13 13 y×( ) =8
(10%)
k = 13 ÷ 0.1 y =8÷( )
= 130 =
11. 90% of a cm is 144 cm. Find the value of 12. 65% of g mL is 78 mL. Find the value of
a. a cm g.
144 cm
(90%)
○→ Ex 5A 13, 14
13. The tuck shop of a school sells 304 14. Mrs Wong uses 96 g of flour to make some
chicken wings today, which is 80% of that bread. The weight of flour used is 12% of
sold yesterday. Find the number of chicken the total weight of a bag of flour. Find the
wings sold yesterday. total weight of the bag of flour.
Let m be the number of chicken wings sold
yesterday.
Then % of m is 304.
i.e. m×( )% = 304
=
Unit must be included

in the answer.
○→ Ex 5A 15−17
44
‘Explain Your Answer’ Questions
15. There are 120 coins in a bag. 30% of them are $2 coins. Is it possible that Grace takes 40
$2 coins from the bag? Explain your answer.
Number of $2 coins
=
∵ ______ ( < / > ) 40

Remember to write down the reason.
∴ It (is / is not) possible that Grace takes 40 $2 coins from the bag.
16. There are 720 dolls in a factory. The manager plans to send 100 dolls to a retailer. If 85% of
the dolls are lost in a fire, does the factory have enough dolls for the retailer? Explain your
answer.
Level Up Questions
17. 50 students took a mathematics test. 72% of them passed the test. Find the number of students
who failed the test.
Total number of students = 50
Pass (72%) Fail
18. There are 510 male employees in a company and 85% of the employees in the company are
male. Find the number of female employees.
Total number of employees
510 male employees ? female

(85%) employees
45
5 Percentages (I)
Level 1
1. (a) What percentage of 100 is 45?
(b) What percentage of 80 is 120?
2. (a) What percentage of 250 m2 is 140 m2?

(b) What percentage of 60 mL is 72 mL?
3. There are 26 pencils and 65 pens in a box. What percentage of the number of pens is that of
pencils?
4. A tank contains 63 red goldfish and 27 yellow goldfish only. What percentage of the goldfish in the
tank are red?
5. A group of firemen takes a physical fitness test, in which 63 pass the test and 12 fail the test. Find the
percentage of firemen in the group who pass the test.
6. In a book of 320 pages, chapter I has 18 pages and chapter II has 14 pages. Find the percentage of the
total number of pages of these two chapters in the book.
7. There are 70 teachers in a school and 28 of them are male. Find the percentage of female teachers in
the school.
8. Find the result of each of the following.

(a) 60% of 25 (b) 12% of 400
(c) 150% of 8 (d) 30% of 30
9. Find the result of each of the following.

(a) 75% of 96 m2 (b) 12% of 750 mL
1
(c) 240% of $150 (d) 8% of km
24
10. A fruit shop sold 180 apples yesterday. The number of apples sold today is 95% of that of yesterday.
Find the number of apples sold today.
46
11. A special drink is made up of 72% orange juice and 28% soda water by volume. Find the volume of
orange juice and that of soda water in a special drink of volume 125 mL.
12. In an English lesson of 75 minutes, 20% of the time is used for a quiz and 36% of the time is for
showing a movie. How much time in total is used for the quiz and the show of movie?
13. John answers 93% of the questions in a test. What percentage of questions are not answered?
14. Yesterday, 6 400 tickets of a concert were available for sale. Up to now, 75% of the tickets have been
sold. Find the number of unsold tickets.
15. In a party, 68% of the 450 participants are female. Find the number of male participants.
16. Find the unknown in each of the following.

(a) 8% of p is 4. (b) 24% of q is 36.
(c) 65% of r is 78. (d) 135% of s is 81.
17. Find the unknown in each of the following.

(a) 86 cm is 43% of x cm. (b) 24 L is 60% of y L.
(c) $7 000 is 280% of $m . (d) 6 kg is 96% of n kg.
18. The income of a salesman is $36 000 this month, which is 80% of the income last month.
Find the income of the salesman last month.
19. Ann spends 2 hours on writing a composition, which is 30% of the total time she spends on doing
homework. Find, in minutes, the total time she spends on doing homework.
20. Among the 220 employees in a company, 15% live on Hong Kong Island. The number of employees
living in Kowloon is 3 times that living on Hong Kong Island. How many employees live in Kowloon?
1
21. Among the 192 students in a school, are boy scouts and the number of girl scouts is 8 less than that
6
of boy scouts. What percentage of the students in the school are girl scouts?
22. In city A, 270 000 people are university graduates, which are 18% of the population. The population in
city B is 1.6 million. Which city has a greater population? Explain your answer.
47
Level 2
23. There are 15 000 visitors in a theme park. 64% of the visitors are foreigners.
(a) Find the total number of foreign visitors.
(b) If 7 200 foreign visitors are Japanese, what percentage of the foreign visitors are Japanese?
24. All the 45 students in a class vote for the picnic destination. It is known that 20% vote for Stanley, one
third vote for Aberdeen and the rest vote for Tai O. How many students vote for Tai O?
25. Ken has three types of books: comic books, fiction books and magazines. He has 256 books and
37.5% of them are comic books.
(a) Find the number of non-comic books.
(b) Among the non-comic books, 65% are magazines. Find the number of fiction books.
26. In a sports event, a country gets 150 medals, of which 8% are gold medals, 36% are silver medals and
the rest are bronze medals. Find the difference between the number of silver medals and that of bronze
medals.
27. Susan buys 4 dozens eggs. She finds that 62.5% of the eggs are good.
(a) How many eggs are good?
(b) If she buys two more eggs and both of them are good, find the new percentage of eggs that are
good.
28. The height of Frankie is 150 cm. The height of Lucy is 80% of that of Frankie.
(a) Find the height of Lucy.
(b) The height of Mark is 120% of that of Lucy. Among these three people, who is the tallest?
Explain your answer.
29. The favourite sports of some students are shown in the following table.
Football Swimming Cycling
Number of boys 99 72 45
Number of girls 51 66 117
(a) What percentage of the students choose ‘swimming’?
(b) What percentage of the girls choose ‘cycling’?
(c) What percentage of the students choosing ‘football’ are boys?
30. In a photo album, 64% of the photos are portraits and all the remaining 432 are scenic photos.
(a) Find the number of photos in the album.
(b) If 270 photos are black and white, what percentage of the photos in the album are black and
white?
48
31. There are some bottles of drinks in a store. It is given that 45% are soft drinks, 36% are tea and the
remaining 57 are juice.
(a) How many bottles of drinks are there in the store?
(b) If 81 bottles of soft drinks are sugar-free, what percentage of the bottles of soft drinks are sugar-
free?
32. In a group of tourists, 15% are Europeans, where 24 are Britons and the remaining 36 are Germans.
Find the percentage of Britons in the group.
33. In a hospital, 48% of the male patients and 25% of the female patients are smokers. If 65 male patients
and 39 female patients are non-smokers, find the number of patients in the hospital.
34. In a group of students, 35% go to school by bus and 20% go to school by tram. If the difference in the
numbers of students using the two types of vehicles is 54, find the total number of students in the
group.
35. The width of a rectangle is 60% of the length. The perimeter of the rectangle is 80 cm.
(a) Find the length.
(b) Is the area of the rectangle greater than 400 cm2? Explain your answer.
36. In a trip, Carman spent $2 400 more than Dennis. If 35% of the sum of their expenditures was
spent by Dennis, how much did Carman spend?
49
1. (a) 45% (b) 150% 18. $45 000 19. 400 minutes
2. (a) 56% (b) 120% 20. 99 21. 12.5%
3. 40% 4. 70% 22. city B
5. 84% 6. 10% 23. (a) 9 600 (b) 75%
7. 60% 24. 21
8. (a) 15 (b) 48 25. (a) 160 (b) 56
(c) 12 (d) 9 26. 30
9. (a) 72 m2 (b) 90 mL 27. (a) 30 (b) 64%
1 28. (a) 120 cm (b) Frankie
(c) $360 (d) km
300 2
29. (a) 30 % (b) 50%
10. 171 3
11. orange juice: 90 mL, soda water: 35 mL (c) 66%
12. 42 minutes 13. 7% 30. (a) 1 200 (b) 22.5%
14. 1 600 15. 144 31. (a) 300 (b) 60%
16. (a) 50 (b) 150 32. 6%
(c) 120 (d) 60 33. 177 34. 360
17. (a) 200 (b) 40 35. (a) 25 cm (b) no
(c) 2 500 (d) 6.25 36. $5 200
50
F1A: Chapter 5B
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52
Book 1A Lesson Worksheet 5B (Refer to §5.2)
5.2A Percentage Increase

(a) Increase = new value – original value
increase
(b) Percentage increase = × 100%
original value

If 10 is increased by 3, find the percentage If 20 is increased by 5, find the percentage
increase. Original value = 10 increase. Original value =
Increase = 3 Increase =
Sol Percentage increase Sol Percentage increase
3 ( )
= × 100% = × 100%
10 ( )
= 30% = %
1. If 30 mL is increased by 12 mL, find the 2. The selling price of a cup was $60 last
percentage increase. month. It is increased by $9 this month.
( ) Find the percentage increase.
Percentage increase = × 100%
( )
=
○→ Ex 5B 1(a)
If 25 is increased to 40, find the percentage If 14 is increased to 21, find the percentage
increase. Original value = increase. Original value =
New value = New value =
Sol Percentage increase Increase Sol Percentage increase Increase
40 − 25 =( )–( ) ( )−( ) =( )–( )
= × 100% = × 100%
25 ( )
15 =
= × 100%
25
= 60%
3. If 15°C is increased to 18°C, find the 4. Peter was 140 cm tall last year and he is
percentage increase. Original value = 147 cm tall this year. Find the percentage
New value =
Percentage increase increase.
=
○→ Ex 5B 1(b)–(c), 3(a), 6
53
New value = original value × (1 + percentage increase)

If 10 is increased by 70%, find the new value. If 20 is increased by 40%, find the new value.
Sol New value Sol New value
= 10 × (1 + 70%) = 20 × (1 + ______%)
= 10 × 1.7 = 20 × ( )
= 17 =
5. The height of a plant is 44 cm. If its height 6. The price of a box of cakes was $120 last
is increased by 50%, find the new height. month. This month, it increases by 5%.
New height Find the price of the box of cakes this
=( )×( ) cm month.
=
○→ Ex 5B 2(a)–(c), 7, 8, 10
If a number n is increased by 6%, the result is If a number y is increased by 5%, the result is
53. Find the value of n. Set up an equation to
42. Find the value of y.
Sol n × (1 + 6%) = 53 find n. Sol y × (1 + 5%) = 42
n × 1.06 = 53 y×( ) = 42
n = 53 ÷ 1.06 y=
= 50
7. The price of a chair this year is $360, 8. The weight of Heidi increases by 10% as
which is 20% more than the price last year. compared to last year. If her weight is
Find the price of the chair last year. 55 kg this year, find her weight last year.
First, let $y be the price of the chair last year.
Then set up an equation to find y.
Let $y be the price of the chair last year.

y×( )=
=
○→ Ex 5B 9
54
5.2B Percentage Decrease
(a) Decrease = original value – new value

decrease
(b) Percentage decrease = × 100%
original value

If 80 is decreased by 8, find the percentage If 50 is decreased by 40, find the percentage
decrease. Original value = 80 decrease. Original value =
Decrease = 8 Decrease =
Sol Percentage decrease Sol Percentage decrease
8 ( )
= × 100% = × 100%
80 ( )
= 10% =
9. If 24 g is decreased by 6 g, find the 10. If the speed of a car decreases by 9 km/h

percentage decrease. from 45 km/h, find the percentage
( ) decrease.
Percentage decrease = × 100%
( )
=
○→ Ex 5B 1(d)
If 20 is decreased to 12, find the percentage If 90 is decreased to 36, find the percentage
decrease. Original value = decrease. Original value =
New value = New value =
Sol Percentage decrease Decrease Sol Percentage decrease Decrease
20 − 12 =( )–( ) ( )−( ) =( )–( )
= × 100% = × 100%
20 ( )
8 =
= × 100%
20
= 40%
11. If 70 m2 is decreased to 49 m2, find the 12. Fanny got 80 marks in the first test and
percentage decrease. Original value = 68 marks in the second test. Find the
New value =
Percentage decrease percentage decrease.
=
○→ Ex 5B 1(e)–(f), 4(a), 11
55
New value = original value × (1 – percentage decrease)

If 36 is decreased by 25%, find the new value. If 40 is decreased by 70%, find the new value.
Sol New value Sol New value
= 36 × (1 – 25%) = 40 × (1 – ______%)
= 36 × 0.75 = 40 × ( )
= 27 =
13. The price of a skirt is $60. If the price 14. There were 90 members in the Science
decreases by 20%, find the new price. Club last year. This year, the number of
New price = $( )×( ) members decreases by 30%. Find the
= number of members this year.
○→ Ex 5B 2(d)–(f), 12, 13
If a number t is decreased by 40%, the result is If a number k is decreased by 10%, the result is
54. Find the value of t. Set up an equation 126. Find the value of k.
Sol t × (1 – 40%) = 54 to find t. Sol k × (1 – %) =
t × 0.6 = 54 =
t = 54 ÷ 0.6
= 90
15. This year, the number of students of a 16. Oscar spends $44 today, which is 45% less
tutorial centre is 92, which is 8% less than than the amount he spent yesterday. Find
the number of students last year. Find the the amount he spent yesterday.
number of students of the tutorial centre
last year. Set up an
equation to solve
the problem.
○→ Ex 5B 14
56
5.2C Percentage Change
(a) Change = new value – original value

change
(b) Percentage change = × 100%
original value
Note: (i) When new value > original value (i.e. the value increases),
the sign of the percentage change is positive (+).
(ii) When new value < original value (i.e. the value decreases),
the sign of the percentage change is negative (–).

If 30 is changed to 36, find the percentage If 20 is changed to 25, find the percentage
change. Original value = , new value = change. Original value = , new value =
Sol Percentage change Sol Percentage change
New value – original
36 − 30 value
( )−( )
= × 100% = × 100%
30 ( )
+6 =
= × 100%
30 ‘+’ represents that the
= +20% value increases.

If 40 is changed to 12, find the percentage If 5 is changed to 1, find the percentage
change. Original value = , new value = change. Original value =
Sol Percentage change Sol Percentage change New value =
New value – original
12 − 40 value
( )−( )
= × 100% = × 100%
40 ( )
− 28 =
= × 100%
40 ‘–’ represents that the
= –70% value decreases.
17. Complete the table below.

Original value New value Change Percentage change
(18 – 12) km
(a) 12 km 18 km
= +6 km
(b) 50 g 42 g
(c) $600 $1 500
○→ Ex 5B 5
57
18. A bakery sold 200 cakes yesterday. 120 19. Parco’s savings was $4 000 last month. He
cakes are sold today. Find the percentage saves $5 440 this month. Find the
change in the number of cakes sold. percentage change in his monthly savings.
Original value= _____
New value = _____
○→ Ex 5B 15, 16
New value = original value × (1 + percentage change)

Kelly’s weight was 50 kg last year. The Gloria’s monthly salary was $8 000 last month.
percentage change in weight is +7% as The percentage change in her monthly salary
compared to last year. Find her weight this is –6% as compared to last month. Find her
year. monthly salary this month.
Sol Her weight this year Sol Her monthly salary this month
= 50 × [1 + (+7%)] kg = $( ) × [1 + ( )]
= 50 × (1 + 7%) kg =
= 50 × 1.07 kg
= 53.5 kg
20. There were 900 staff members in a factory 21. A shop sold 260 hot dogs today. The
last year. The percentage change in the percentage change in the number of hot
number of staff members is –1% as dogs sold is +4% as compared to
compared to last year. Find the number of yesterday. Find the number of hot dogs
staff members this year. sold yesterday. Set up an equation to
solve the problem.
○→ Ex 5B 18
58
22. Vincent has $300 originally. If he gives 27% of the money to his sister, does he have enough
money to buy a model car which costs $220? Explain your answer.
If Vincent gives 27% of the money to his sister, then

the money left =
∵ $ ______ ( < / > ) $220 Remember to write down the reason.

∴ He (has / does not have) enough money to buy the model car.
23. In a test, all scores higher than 80 marks are classified as grade A. Alice got 60 marks in the
first test and got 35% more in the second test. Is her score in the second test classified as
grade A? Explain your answer.
Level Up Questions
24. Thomas is 5% taller than Samuel and Thomas is 1.68 m tall.
(a) Find the height of Samuel.
(b) If Alex is 25% shorter than Samuel, find the height of Alex.
25. Mandy’s monthly salary this year is $20 140, which has increased by 6% as compared to last
year. Find the increase in her monthly salary.
59
5 Percentages (I)
Level 1
1. Find the percentage increase or decrease in each of the following.
(a) An increase of 15 from 20. (b) An increase from 24 to 36.
(c) An increase from 70 cm to 98 cm. (d) A reduction of 27 from 45.
(e) A decrease from 75 to 66. (f) A decrease from 140 to 21.
2. In each of the following, increase/decrease the quantity by the given percentage in the bracket. Find
the new quantity.
(a) 18°C (percentage increase: 50%) (b) 35 cm (percentage increase: 140%)
(c) 90 min (percentage increase: 6%) (d) 600 mL (percentage decrease: 70%)
(e) $72 (percentage decrease: 25%) (f) 350 g (percentage decrease: 88%)

Original Percentage
New quantity Increase
quantity increase
(a) 162 cm 72 cm
(b) 8g 4%

Original Percentage
New quantity Decrease
quantity decrease
(a) 78 cm2 42 cm2
(b) $120 60%

Original quantity New quantity Percentage change
(a) 320 368
(b) 140 cm 105 cm
(c) 50 kg 120 kg
(d) 67.5 L 54 L
60
6. The weight of a boy was 15 kg a year ago. If his weight becomes 18 kg now, what is the percentage
increase in the weight?
7. The height of a tree is 220 cm. If its height increases by 40%, what is the new height?
8. To join a basketball team, a student should be at least 160 cm tall. Ryan’s height was 125 cm four
years ago and has increased by 30% since then. Can he join the basketball team now? Explain your
answer.
9. In a test, Amy’s score is 15% higher than Betty’s. If Betty’s score is 60, find Amy’s score.
10. Peter’s savings increases by 8% as compared to last month. If his savings this month is $5 400, find
his savings last month.
11. There was 800 mL of orange juice in a bottle yesterday. If the volume of orange juice decreases by
640 mL today, what is the percentage decrease in the volume of orange juice?
12. Edward spends 18% less money this month than last month. If he spent $5 000 last month, how much
does Edward spend this month?
13. The price of a mobile phone has decreased by 16% as compared to last year. If the decrease in price is
$800, find the price of the phone last year.
14. In a forest, the number of monkeys this year is 704, which is 12% less than the number of monkeys
last year. How many monkeys were there in the forest last year?
15. The weight of an apple is 350 g. An orange is 20% lighter than the apple. Find the total weight of the
apple and the orange.
16. 560 babies were born in a hospital last year. If the number of babies born in the hospital is changed by
+84 this year, find the percentage change.
17. Last month, there were 1 400 car accidents. If 980 car accidents occur this month, find the percentage
change in the number of car accidents.
18. Yesterday, there were 150 patients in a clinic. The percentage change in the number of patients today
is −8%, as compared to yesterday. Find the change in the number of patients.
19. The percentage change of the volume of an ice ball is −16%. The new volume is 126 cm3 after the
change. Find the original volume of the ice ball.
61
Level 2
20. The number of visitors to a museum this week increases by 60% to 4 800 as compared to last week.
Find the increase in the number of visitors.
21. Martin’s monthly income increases by 20% this year. The increase is $6 000.
(a) Find Martin’s monthly income last year.
(b) If the increase in Martin’s monthly income remains the same next year, find his monthly income
next year.
22. The amount of rainfall today is 13.2 mm, which is 1.8 mm less than that yesterday.
(a) Find the amount of rainfall yesterday.
(b) Find the percentage decrease in the amount of rainfall from yesterday to today.
23. Billy and Gordon took part in a marathon race these two years. The table below shows their finishing
time.
Last year This year
Billy 48 minutes 40.8 minutes
Gordon 40 minutes 33.6 minutes
(a) Who has a greater decrease in finishing time?
(b) Does the same person in (a) also have a greater percentage decrease in finishing time? Explain
your answer.
24. Last year, 25 000 candidates took a public examination and 32% passed the examination. This year,
the same number of candidates took the examination but the passing rate became 20%.
(a) Find the decrease in the number of candidates passing the examination.
(b) Find the percentage decrease in the number of candidates passing the examination.
25. Kim spent 72 hours on cycling and 48 hours on swimming last month. He reduces the time spent on
cycling and swimming by 25% and 10% respectively this month.
(a) What is his total time spent on cycling and swimming this month?
(b) What is the percentage change in his total time spent on cycling and swimming?
26. In a city, the unemployment was 200 000 in April and it dropped to 160 000 in May.
(a) Find the percentage change in unemployment from April to May.
(b) If the percentage change from May to June was the same as that in (a), find the unemployment in
June.
(c) Actually, the unemployment in June was 112 000. By what percentage was this figure less than
the result in (b)?
62
27. Simon practises running each day. During the examination week, he reduced the daily practising time
by half an hour. The percentage change was −40%.
(a) How long did he spend on practising each day during the examination week?
(b) After the examination week, he changes his practising time in (a) by +40%. Is the new practising
time the same as the one before the examination week? Explain your answer.
28. A restaurant charges an additional 10% service charge on the total food price. Ellen orders a pizza of
price $87 and a special drink. If she has to pay $132, what is the price of the special drink?
29. Nelson is a salesman and his monthly income is the sum of the fixed basic salary and the commission.
In January, the commission of Nelson was $24 000, which was 75% of his income.
(a) Find his basic monthly salary.
(b) In February, Nelson’s total income increased by 22.5% as compared to January. Find the
percentage increase in the commission.
30. Sand of 400 g is inside a sandglass formed by two cones. There is

w g of sand in the upper cone originally. After a while, 30% of the sand in
the upper cone drops into the bottom cone, and hence the weight of sand in
the bottom cone increases by 20%. Find the value of w.
63
1. (a) 75% (b) 50% 14. 800 15. 630 g
(c) 40% (d) 60% 16. +15% 17. −30%
(e) 12% (f) 85% 18. −12 19. 150 cm3
2. (a) 27°C (b) 84 cm 20. 1 800
(c) 95.4 min (d) 180 mL 21. (a) $30 000 (b) $42 000
(e) $54 (f) 42 g 22. (a) 15 mm (b) 12%
3. (a) 90 cm, 80% (b) 200 g, 208 g 23. (a) Billy (b) no
24. (a) 3 000 (b) 37.5%
4. (a) 120 cm2, 35% 25. (a) 97.2 hours (b) −19%
(b) $300, $180 26. (a) −20% (b) 128 000
5. (a) +15% (b) −25% (c) 12.5%
(c) +140% (d) −20% 27. (a) 45 minutes (b) no
6. 20% 7. 308 cm 28. $33
8. yes 9. 69 29. (a) $8 000 (b) 30%
10. $5 000 11. 80% 30. 160
12. $4 100 13. $5 000
64
F1A: Chapter 5C
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65
Book 1A Lesson Worksheet 5C (Refer to §5.3)
5.3A Profit
(a) Profit = selling price – cost price

profit
(b) Profit % = × 100%
cost price

The cost price of a vase is $60. Its selling price The cost price of a packet of peanuts is $20. Its
is $84. selling price is $26.
(a) Find the profit. (a) Find the profit.
(b) Find the profit per cent. (b) Find the profit per cent.
Sol (a) Profit = $(84 – 60) Sol (a) Profit = $[( ) – 20]
= $24 = $( )
$24 $( )
(b) Profit % = × 100% (b) Profit % = × 100%
$60 $20
= 40% =( )%

Cost price Selling price Profit Profit %
$( )
(a) $15 $18 × 100% =
$15
(b) $80 $124
(c) $130 $195

○→ Ex 5C 1(a), (c), (e), 2
2. Michael bought a set of game cards for 3. Harry bought a toy boat for $85 and sold it
$70 and sold it for $77. Find the profit per to Tom for $136. Find the profit per cent.
cent. Cost price = ____
Profit Selling price = ____
= $[( )–( )]
=
Profit %
=
○→ Ex 5C 4, 5
66
Selling price = cost price × (1 + profit %)

The cost price of a jewellery box is $200. It is The cost price of a dictionary is $90. It is sold
sold at a profit of 25%. Find the selling price. at a profit of 20%. Find the selling price.
Sol Selling price Sol Selling price
= $200 × (1 + 25%) = $90 × (1 + ______%)
= $200 × 1.25 = $90 × ( )
= $250 =
4. The cost price of a tie is $140 and it is sold 5. Tina bought a set of stamps for $50 and
at a profit of 55%. Find the selling price. sold it to Carmen at a profit of 28%. Find
the selling price.
Cost price = ____
Profit % = ____
○→ Ex 5C 8, 9
6. An oven is sold at a profit of 35%. If the 7. Mr Chan sold a calculator for $168 at a
selling price is $324, find the cost price. profit of 20%. Find the cost price.
Let $y be the cost price. Set up an
equation to find y.
Let $y be the cost price.
○→ Ex 5C 12
67
5.3B Loss
(a) Loss = cost price – selling price
loss
(b) Loss % = × 100%
cost price

The cost price of a belt is $150. Its selling price The cost price of a box of chocolates is $70. Its
is $60. selling price is $42.
(a) Find the loss. (a) Find the loss.
(b) Find the loss per cent. (b) Find the loss per cent.
Sol (a) Loss = $(150 – 60) Sol (a) Loss = $[( )–( )]
= $90 =
$90 $( )
(b) Loss % = × 100% (b) Loss % = × 100%
$150 $( )
= 60% =

Cost price Selling price Loss Loss %
$( )
(a) $20 $15 × 100% =
$20
(b) $70 $63
(c) $180 $99
○→ Ex 5C 1(b), (d), 3
9. Jason bought a product for $120 and sold 10. Angel bought a set of story books for $480
it for $78. Find the loss per cent. and sold it to Jacky for $144. Find the loss
Loss Cost price = ____
per cent.
= $[( )–( )] Selling price =
=
Loss %
=
○→ Ex 5C 6, 7
68
Selling price = cost price × (1 – loss %)

The cost price of a bag is $90 and it is sold at a The cost price of a dress is $110 and it is sold
loss of 60%. Find the selling price. at a loss of 20%. Find the selling price.
= $90 × (1 – 60%) = $( ) × (1 – ______%)
= $90 × 0.4 =
= $36
11. The cost price of a wardrobe was $600. 12. A shop bought a pair of jeans for $400 and
Two years later, it is sold at a loss of 75%. sold it at a loss of 30%. Find the selling
Find the selling price. price.
○→ Ex 5C 10, 11
13. A bookshelf is sold at a loss of 10%. If the 14. A shop sold a pair of earrings for $210 at a
selling price is $189, find the cost price. loss of 16%. Find the cost price.
Set up an equation to
solve the problem.
○→ Ex 5C 13, 14
69
15. Marie bought a gold coin for $2 000. She is willing to sell it if the profit per cent is not less
than 15%. If Ken wants to pay Marie $2 600 for the gold coin, can the deal be made?
If Marie sells the coin at a profit of 15%, then

selling price of the gold coin =
∵ $ ______ ( < / > ) $2 600 Remember to write down the reason.

∴ The deal (can / cannot) be made.
16. A merchant bought a watch and a handbag for $1 500 and $1 800 respectively. Later he sold
the watch at a profit of 8% and the handbag at a loss of 7%. Did he make a profit or a loss on
the whole? Explain your answer.
Level Up Questions
17. William bought 25 heaters for $8 000. 9 of them failed the safety test and they cannot be used.
All the remaining heaters were sold for $575 each. Find the overall profit per cent.
18. Janet bought a Geography book for $210. One year later, she sold it to Ricky at a loss of 60%.
One more year later, Ricky sold the book for $50.4. Find Ricky’s profit or loss per cent.
70
5 Percentages (I)
Consolidation Exercise 5C
Level 1
((a) has been done for you as an example.)
Selling price Cost price Profit or loss Amount
(a) $280 $250 Profit $30
(b) $360 $420
(c) $4 900 $1 700
(d) $56.5 $38
(e) $840 $960

Cost price Selling price Profit Profit %
(a) $60 $90
(b) $280 $350
(c) $400 $72
(d) $12.8 $0.3

Cost price Selling price Loss Loss %
(a) $50 $42
(b) $300 $180
(c) $65 $39
(d) $7.2 $16.8
4. Alex bought a watch for $640 and sold it at a profit of $400. What is the profit per cent?
5. Harry bought a smart phone for $4 500. One year later, he sold it for $3 150. What is the loss per cent?
6. Cuson buys a photo album and sells it. Find the profit or loss per cent in each of the following.
(a) He buys the album for $360 and sells it for $180.
(b) He buys the album for $180 and sells it for $360.
7. Jason sells a washing machine for $1 890 and makes a loss of $360. Find the loss per cent.
71
8. Samson sells a toy helicopter at a loss of $800. Find the loss per cent in each of the following cases.
(a) The cost price of the helicopter is $3 200.
(b) The selling price of the helicopter is $3 200.
9. Neil bought a painting for $45 000 and sold it at a profit of 28%. How much was the profit?
10. Andrew bought a camera for $2 400 and sold it at a loss of 5%. How much was the loss?
11. Leonard bought a bicycle for $770 yesterday. Today, he sells the bicycle at a loss of 30%. How much
does he sell the bicycle?
12. Laura sold a handbag at a profit per cent of 2.5%. It is given that the cost price of the handbag was $9
600. Find the selling price of the handbag.
13. Jack sells a wallet at a profit of 120% and makes a profit of $840. Find the cost price.
14. Amy bought a concert ticket. Later, she could not attend the concert and she sold the ticket at a loss of
30%. The loss made was $810. How much did she sell the ticket?
15. A boutique sold a dress for $187 at a loss of 15%. Let $x be the cost price.
(a) Express the selling price in terms of x.
(b) Hence, find the cost price.
16. Nancy bought a book last year. She sells the book now for $216 and makes a profit of 80%. How
much did Nancy pay for the book?
17. A shop buys 15 boxes of sponge cakes for $300. Each box contains 8 cakes. All the cakes are sold out
for $5 each.
(a) Find the total income.
(b) Find the profit per cent.
18. A hawker buys 20 dozen apples. He finds that 40 apples are rotten and sells all the remaining apples at
$3.6 each. Finally, he makes a loss of $30.
(a) Find the loss per cent.
(b) Find the cost price of each dozen apples.
72
Level 2
19. Queenie buys a rice cooker for $2 500 and a refrigerator for $3 900. She then sells them altogether for
$4 800. Find the loss per cent.
20. Paul bought a wallet for $500 and then sold it for $620. Jason bought a jacket for $1 500 and then sold
it for $1 620. Did they make the same profit per cent? Explain your answer.
21. Chris buys a diamond ring for $80 000. Then he sells the ring.
(a) If the ring is sold at a profit of 15%, find the selling price.
(b) If the ring is sold for a price $2400 higher than the selling price in (a), find the profit per cent.
22. Martin bought a motorbike for $30 000 in 2010 and sold it to Nick at a loss of 20% in 2013.
(a) How much did Nick pay for the motorbike?
(b) If Nike sold the motorbike to Osman for $21 600 in 2014, find the profit or loss per cent.
23. Doris sells a car at a profit of 20%. Find the profit in each of the following cases.
(a) The cost price of the car is $600 000.
(b) The selling price of the car is $600 000.
24. A manufacturer produces 8 000 T-shirts and sells all of them at a total profit of $288 000. If the profit
per cent was 60%, find the cost price of each T-shirt.
25. Katie sells a bag of tea leaves for $5 600. The profit per cent is 40%. Find the profit.
26. A supermarket sells a bottle of tea for $9.8 at a profit of 75%.

(a) Find the cost price of a bottle of tea.
(b) A customer can buy three bottles of tea together at a special price, and the profit per cent
decreases to 25%. Find the special price.
27. Mr Leung bought an antique vase last year. If he sells the vase for $32 400, he will make a loss of
40%.
(a) Find the cost price.
(b) Mr Cheung wants to buy the vase for $48 600. Mr Leung will sell the vase to Mr Cheung if the
loss per cent is less than 15%. Can the deal be made? Explain your answer.
28. In a furniture store, a sofa is sold at $3 600 and the profit per cent is 50%. If the selling price is set
$240 higher, find the new profit per cent.
73
29. A microwave oven is sold for $1 200 and the loss per cent is 4%.
(a) If the microwave oven is sold for $950, what is the loss per cent?
(b) If the microwave oven is sold at a profit of 36%, what is the selling price?
30. A camera is sold at a loss of $1 800. The loss made is 60% of the selling price.
(a) Find the selling price.
(b) Find the loss per cent.
31. A shopkeeper sets the price of a jacket to be $792. If the jacket is sold at this price, the profit per cent
is 10%.
(a) Find the cost price of the jacket.
(b) The shopkeeper marks up the price of the jacket such that the profit increases by 25%. Find the
new selling price.
32. Adrian bought two oil paintings A and B for $9 000 and $6 000 respectively. Then he sold painting A
at a loss of 10% and painting B at a profit of 20%.
(a) On the whole, did he make a profit or a loss? Explain your answer.
(b) What is the overall profit or loss per cent?
33. Scott buys 15 bottles of red wine for $200 each and 4 bottles of white wine for $1 000 each. He sells
each bottle of red wine at a profit of 40% and each bottle of white wine at a profit of 5%.
(a) Find the total selling price of the wine.
(b) Find the overall profit per cent.
34. Ken sold an electric kettle and a coffee machine for $180 and $2 160 respectively. It is given that the
kettle is sold at a loss of 60% and the coffee machine is sold at a profit of 60%.
(a) Find the cost prices of the kettle and the coffee machine.
(b) On the whole, did he make a profit or a loss? Explain your answer.
(c) Find the overall profit or loss per cent.
35. One day, Dickson bought 180 packets of potato chips for $700. He then packed the potato chips in
bags of 6 packets and set the price of each bag to be $35.
(a) If all bags of potato chips were sold but for $35 each on that day, find the profit per cent.
(b) Suppose only 12 bags were sold for $35 each on that day and the rest were sold for $14 each on
the next day.
(i) On the whole, did he make a profit or a loss? Explain your answer.
(ii) Find the overall profit or loss per cent.
74
Consolidation Exercise 5C (Answer)
1. (b) loss, $60 (c) profit, $3 200 19. 25% 20. no
(d) profit, $18.5 (e) loss, $120 21. (a) $92 000 (b) 18%
2. (a) $30, 50% (b) $70, 25% 22. (a) $24 000 (b) loss per cent: 10%
(c) $472, 18% (d) $12.5, 2.4% 23. (a) $120 000 (b) $100 000
3. (a) $8, 16% (b) $120, 40% 24. $60 25. $1 600
(c) $26, 60% (d) $24, 70% 26. (a) $5.6 (b) $21
4. 62.5% 5. 30% 27. (a) $54 000 (b) yes
6. (a) loss per cent: 50% 28. 60%
(b) profit per cent: 100% 29. (a) 24% (b) $1 700
7. 16% 30. (a) $3 000 (b) 37.5%
8. (a) 25% (b) 20% 31. (a) $720 (b) $810
9. $12 600 10. $120 32. (a) profit (b) profit per cent: 2%
11. $539 12. $9 840 33. (a) $8 400 (b) 20%
13. $700 14. $1 890 34. (a) kettle: $450, coffee machine: $1 350
15. (a) $0.85x (b) $220 (b) profit (c) profit per cent: 30%
16. $120 35. (a) 50%
17. (a) $600 (b) 100% (b) (i) loss (ii) loss per cent:
18. (a) 4% (b) $37.5 4%
75
F1A: Chapter 5D
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76
Book 1A Lesson Worksheet 5D (Refer to §5.4)
5.4 Discount
(a) Discount = marked price – selling price
discount
(b) Discount % = × 100%
marked price

The marked price of a magazine is $30. Its The marked price of a book is $40. Its selling
selling price is $27. price is $16.
(a) Find the discount. (a) Find the discount.
(b) Find the discount per cent. (b) Find the discount per cent.
Sol (a) Discount = $(30 – 27) Sol (a) Discount = $[40 – ( )]
= $3 = $( )
$3 $( )
(b) Discount % = × 100% (b) Discount % = × 100%
$30 $40
= 10% =( )%

Marked price Selling price Discount Discount %
$( )
(a) $60 $42 × 100% =
$60
(b) $44 $11
(c) $25 $14
○→ Ex 5D 1, 2
2. The marked price of a cheese cake is $170. 3. The marked price of an umbrella is $95. It
It is now sold for $136. Find the discount is now sold for $57. Find the discount per
per cent. Marked price = ____ cent.
Discount Selling price = ____
= $[( )–( )]
=
Discount %
=
○→ Ex 5D 6, 7
77
Discount = marked price × discount %

A clock marked at $70 is sold at a discount of A calendar marked at $90 is sold at a discount
40%. Find the discount. of 30%. Find the discount.
Sol Discount = $70 × 40% Sol Discount = $90 × ( )%
= $70 × 0.4 =
= $28 i.e. $28 is saved.
4. A teapot marked at $45 is sold at a 5. A chicken marked at $52 is sold at a

discount of 10%. Find the discount. discount of 25%. Find the discount.
6. A pencil case marked at $50 is sold at a 7. A bag of rice is sold at a 30% discount. Its
20% discount. Find the discount. marked price is $98. Find the discount.
○→ Ex 5D 3(a), (b), 4, 5
8. Kelly buys a pillow at a 5% discount and 9. Annie buys a school bag at a 35% discount
saves $100. Find the marked price. and saves $63. Find the marked price.
Let $y be the marked price.
Set up an equation to find y.
○→ Ex 5D 3(c), (d), 10
78
Selling price = marked price × (1 – discount %)

A crystal ball marked at $100 is sold at a A plate marked at $80 is sold at a discount of
discount of 5%. Find the selling price. 40%. Find the selling price.
= $100 × (1 – 5%) = $80 × (1 – ______%)
= $100 × 0.95 =
= $95
10. A jacket marked at $200 is sold at a 11. A box of biscuits marked at $45 is sold at a
discount of 55%. Find the selling price. 60% discount. Find the selling price.
Marked price = ____
Discount % = ____
○→ Ex 5D 8, 9
12. A dress is sold at a discount of 80%. If the 13. All the items in a toy shop are sold at a
selling price is $280, find the marked 45% discount. If the selling price of a box
price. of puzzles is $121, find the marked price.
Set up an equation to solve
the problem.
○→ Ex 5D 11–13
79
14. In shop A, a microwave oven marked at $720 is sold at a 15% discount. In shop B, the same
model of microwave oven marked at $700 is sold at a 12% discount. If Sara wants to buy the
microwave oven at a lower selling price, which shop should she choose? Explain your
answer.
Selling price of the microwave oven in shop A =
Selling price of the microwave oven in shop B =
∵ $ ______ ( < / > ) $ ______ Remember to write down the reason.

∴ She should choose shop (A / B).
15. In a supermarket, the marked price of each brand A apple is $4 and it is sold for $3. The
marked price of a pack of 4 brand B apples is $24 and each pack is sold at a discount of $9. If
Kelly wants to buy 4 apples, which brand of apples have a greater discount per cent? Explain
your answer.
Level Up Question
16. In an electrical appliance shop, Fiona bought a digital camera at a discount of 30% and saved
$210. Later, she bought a digital photo frame marked at $500 at a 40% discount. How much
did she pay in total?
80
5 Percentages (I)
Consolidation Exercise 5D
Level 1
Marked price Selling price Discount
(a) $80 $64
(b) $9.5 $5.7
(c) $250 $30
(d) $31.2 $4.8

Marked price Selling price Discount %
(a) $250 $150
(b) $480 $192
(c) $1 600 $720

Marked price Selling price Discount Discount %
(a) $350 40%
(b) $760 25%
(c) $90 30%
(d) $810 60%
4. A calculator marked at $160 is sold at a discount of 15%. Find the discount.
5. The marked price of a fitness band is $720. In a sale, Terry buys the band and saves $144, find
(a) the selling price, (b) the discount per cent.
6. The marked price of a dinnerware set is $600 and the selling price is $420. Find
(a) the discount, (b) the discount per cent.
7. In a computer fair, a printer is sold for $520 at a discount of $280. Find

(a) the marked price, (b) the discount per cent.
81
8. A TV set marked at $5 200 is sold at a discount of 30%. What is the selling price?
9. All the items in a shopping mall are sold at 20% off in the Christmas sale. If a briefcase is sold for
$560, find the marked price of the briefcase.
10. David buys a box of cookies at 60% discount and saves $90. How much is the box of cookies sold for?
11. A handbag is sold at a discount of 45%. The selling price is $990. Find
(a) the marked price, (b) the discount.
12. In a book store, the marked prices of three books are $110, $120 and $130. The book store offers the
customers to buy the three books together at a special price of $216. Find the discount per cent.
13. In a casual wear store, the marked price of a T-shirt is $180. Customers who buy a T-shirt at the
marked price can buy another T-shirt at a special price of $108. Kenneth buys two T-shirts at one time
from the store. Find the discount per cent.
14. In a store, each pair of socks of marked price $90 is sold at a discount of 10%.
(a) Find the selling price of each pair of socks.
(b) Mrs Lee buys three pairs of socks. She claims that she enjoys a discount of 30% on the whole.
Do you agree? Explain your answer.
15. In a supermarket, the marked price of a carton of milk is $15. If a customer buys 4 cartons of milk at
one time, he can get one of them for free. Mr Chow buys 4 cartons of milk at one time. Find the
discount per cent.
Level 2
16. A tablet computer is sold at a discount of 18%. Derek buys it with two $1 000 notes and the change is
$770. Find the marked price of the tablet computer.
17. A chair in a department store is sold at $500. The marked price is 60% higher than the selling price.
Find the discount.
18. In shop A, the marked price of a toaster is $360 and it is sold at 40% discount. In shop B, a customer
can buy the same toaster at a discount of 20% and saves $55. If Keith wants to buy the toaster at a
lower price, which shop should he choose? Explain your answer.
82
19. In a boutique, a tie is marked at $420 and a leather belt is marked at $280. Calvin buys the tie at a
30% discount and the leather belt at a 20% discount.
(a) Find the overall discount.
(b) Calvin claims that he buys the two items at an overall discount per cent of 25%. Do you agree?
20. A computer is sold at a discount of 15%. Elsa buys the computer and uses a $300 gift coupon in
payment. If she saves a total of $1 500 from the 15% discount and the gift coupon, find the marked
price of the computer.
21. In a furniture store, the marked price of a computer desk is $1 500. Now, the desk and an office chair
are sold together at a special price of $1 080, and the overall discount per cent is 40%. Find the
marked price of the office chair.
22. A manufacturer makes a hairdryer at a cost of $140. The marked price of the hairdryer is set to be
$560 and it is sold at $308 finally.
(a) Find the discount per cent.
(b) Find the profit per cent.
23. The marked price of a watch is $50 000. Philip buys the watch at a discount of 40% and then sells it at
a profit of 40%.
(a) How much profit does he make?
(b) Is the profit made the same as the discount offered to him? Explain your answer.
24. A stationery shop bought a box of pencils for $80. Its marked price is set 75% above its cost price.
Later, the box of pencils is sold at a discount of 40%.
(a) Find the marked price and the selling price of the box of pencils.
(b) Does the shop make a profit or a loss? Explain your answer.
(c) Find the profit or loss per cent.
25. Cindy buys a jacket for $960. It is then sold at a discount of 32% and a loss of 15% is made.
(a) How much does Cindy sell the jacket?
(b) Find the marked price of the jacket.
(c) If Cindy sells the jacket at 15% discount instead, can she make a profit? Explain your answer.
26. Jordon buys 600 bags of rice crackers at $15 each. He sets the marked price of each bag of rice
crackers to be $36. He sells n bags at the marked price and all the rest at 75% off. If a loss of
10% is made on the whole, find the value of n.
83
Consolidation Exercise 5D (Answer)
1. (a) $16 (b) $3.8 12. 40% 13. 20%
(c) $220 (d) $36 14. (a) $81 (b) no
2. (a) 40% (b) 60% 15. 25% 16. $1 500
(c) 55% 17. $300 18. shop A
3. (a) $210, $140 (b) $570, $190 19. (a) $182 (b) no
(c) $300, $210 (d) $1 350, $540 20. $8 000 21. $300
4. $24 22. (a) 45% (b) 120%
5. (a) $576 (b) 20% 23. (a) $12 000 (b) no
6. (a) $180 (b) 30% 24. (a) marked price: $140, selling price: $84
7. (a) $800 (b) 35% (b) profit (c) profit per cent: 5%
8. $3 640 9. $700 25. (a) $816 (b) $1 200
10. $60 (c) yes
11. (a) $1 800 (b) $810 26. 100
84
F1A: Chapter 6A
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85
6.1A Significance of Estimation

Estimation is the process of finding an approximate value of a quantity or an expression.
The value obtained is called an estimated value.
e.g. Last New Year’s Eve, about 270 000 citizens celebrated New Year in Tsim Sha Tsui.
1. When expressing the value in each of the following cases, determine whether an estimated value or
an exact value is more appropriate to use.
(a) the total number of pages of a student handbook (b) the UV index of a day
(c) the number of spectators of a dragon boat race (d) the price of a bicycle
○→ Ex 6A 1
6.1B Estimation Strategies
I. Reformulation Strategy
Do quick estimation by replacing the numbers with approximate values.
(1) Rounding Off
e.g. (a) 53.7 = 50 (round off to the nearest ten)

(b) 53.8 = 54 (round off to the nearest one)
(c) 1.952 4 = 2.0 (round off to 1 decimal place)
2. Round off each of the following numbers 3. Round off each of the following numbers
to the nearest one. to 1 decimal place.
(a) 32.1 (b) 147.8 (a) 194.64 (b) 239.17
(a) 32.1 = (round off to the nearest one)
(b) 147.8 =
→
○ Ex 6A 2
(2) Front-end Method
Consider the left-most digit of the number only. All other digits are replaced by 0.
e.g. (a) 1 357 ≈ 1 000 1357 (b) 2.58 ≈ 2 2. 5 8
1000 2. 0 0
4. By front-end method, find the estimated 5. By front-end method, find the estimated
value of each of the following numbers. value of each of the following numbers.
(a) 501 (b) 17 (a) 8 631.4 (b) 1.606
(a) 501 ≈
(b) 17 ≈
○→ Ex 6A 3
86
Example 1 Install Drill 1
Estimate the value of 314 + 568 Estimate the value of 76.9 – 20.3
(a) by front-end method, (a) by front-end method,
(b) by rounding off each number to the nearest (b) by rounding off each number to the nearest
ten. one.
Replace each number in
Sol (a) 314 + 568 the expression with an Sol (a) 76.9 – 20.3
approximate value first.
≈ 300 + 500 ≈( )–( )
= 800 =
(b) 314 + 568 (b) 76.9 – 20.3
≈ 310 + 570 ≈( )–( )
= 880 =
6. Estimate the value of 851 + 224 + 159 7. Estimate the value of 1 253 + 4 309 + 287
(a) by front-end method, (a) by front-end method,
(b) by rounding off each number to the (b) by rounding off each number to the
nearest ten. nearest hundred.
(a) 851 + 224 + 159
≈( )+( )+( )
=
(b) 851 + 224 + 159
≈( )+( )+( )
=
8. Estimate the value of 9. Estimate the value of 12.4 ÷ 2.8 × 3.6

32.96 + 54.03 – 18.07 (a) by front-end method,
(a) by front-end method, (b) by rounding off each number to the
(b) by rounding off each number to the nearest one.
nearest one.
○→ Ex 6A 6, 7
87
(3a) Rounding Down
Step 1: Identify the digit to be rounded down.

Step 2: Replace all the digits to the right of the digit with zeros.

Round down each of the following numbers to the Round down each of the following numbers to the
place value given in brackets. place value given in brackets.
(a) 263 (ten) (a) 5 074 (hundred)
(b) 4.798 (1 decimal place) (b) 21.8 (one)
507 4
Sol (a) Step 1: The digit to be rounded Sol (a) 5 074
down is 6. 5 0__ __
≈
Step 2: 2 6 3
260 21.8
(b) 21.8
Note: Estimated value < exact value 2 __.__
≈
2 63 ≈ 2 60
4. 7 9 8
(b) 4.798
4. 7 0 0
≈ 4.7
10. Round down each of the following 11. Round down each of the following
numbers to the nearest ten. numbers to 1 decimal place.
(a) 145 (a) 31.48
(b) 77 (b) 22.638
(a) 145 ≈
(b) 77 ≈
○→ Ex 6A 4
12. Round down each number in the following 13. Round down each number in the following
expressions to the nearest hundred and then expressions to the nearest one and then
estimate the values of the expressions. estimate the values of the expressions.
(a) 5 187 + 3 249 – 1 065 (a) 2.5 × 3.2 – 1.6
Multiplication and
(b) 2 541 – 1 594 + 315 (b) 37.9 + 12.5 ÷ 4.83 division first, then
addition and
(a) 5 187 + 3 249 – 1 065 subtraction.
≈
○→ Ex 6A 9, 11
88
(3b) Rounding up
Step 1: Identify the digit to be rounded up.

Step 2: Add 1 to the digit and replace all the digits to the right of the digit with zeros.

Round up each of the following numbers to the Round up each of the following numbers to the
place value given in brackets. place value given in brackets.
(a) 607 (ten) (a) 3 159 (hundred)
(b) 2.845 (1 decimal place) (b) 48.6 (one)
31 5 9
Sol (a) Step 1: The digit to be rounded up Sol (a) 3 159
is 0. 3__ __ __
≈
Step 2: 6 0 7
610 48.6
(b) 48.6
Note: Estimated value > exact value 4__.__
≈
6 07 ≈ 6 10
2. 8 4 5
(b) 2.845
2. 9 0 0
≈ 2.9
14. Round up each of the following numbers 15. Round up each of the following numbers to
to the nearest hundred. the 1 decimal place.
(a) 281 (a) 60.83
(b) 3 462 (b) 14.082
(a) 281 ≈
(b) 3 462 ≈
○→ Ex 6A 5
16. Round up each number in the following 17. Round up each number in the following
expressions to the nearest ten and then expressions to the nearest one and then
estimate the values of the expressions. estimate the values of the expressions.
(a) 254 – 159 + 315 (a) 4.728 + 7.936 – 3.173
(b) 42 + 73 × 19 (b) 10.48 – 5.45 ÷ 1.46
(a) 254 – 159 + 315
≈
○→ Ex 6A 8, 10
89
(4) Choosing a Clustered Value
If the numbers involved in estimation are close in value, we may choose an approximate
value to replace each of them. The chosen value is called a clustered value.
e.g. 5.6 + 5.7 + 6.1 + 6.4 + 5.9
≈6+6+6+6+6 ∵ These five numbers are close to 6.
=6×5
∴ Choose 6 as the clustered value.
= 30
18. By choosing a suitable clustered value, 19. By choosing a suitable clustered value, estimate
estimate the value of 51 + 49 + 52 + 47. the value of 18 + 23 + 19 + 21 + 22.
51 + 49 + 52 + 47
≈( )+( )+( )+( )
=
20. By choosing a suitable clustered value, 21. By choosing a suitable clustered Estimate the value
of expression in
estimate the value of value, estimate the value of the brackets first.
23.9 + 27.3 + 24.6 – 25.1. (309 + 297 + 315 + 286 + 302) ÷ 15.
○→ Ex 6A 12 ○→ Ex 6A 13
(5) Using Compatible Numbers
Suppose a pair of numbers is involved in estimation. Sometimes, we can make the

calculation easier by replacing the two numbers with suitable approximate values. These
two approximate values are called compatible numbers.
6.4 ≈ 6
e.g. (a) 6.4 ÷ 2.9 ≈ 6 ÷ 3 = 2 6 and 3 are compatible numbers in division.
2.9 ≈ 3
8.62 ≈ 9
1 1
(b) 8.62 × 0.33 ≈ 9 × = 3 9 and are compatible numbers in multiplication.
3 3
1
0.33 ≈
3
90
22. Estimate the value of 23.7 ÷ 5.68 by using 23. Estimate the value of 35.6 ÷ 7.22 by using
compatible numbers. compatible numbers.
23.7 ÷ 5.68 35.6 ÷ 7.22
≈( )÷( ) ≈
=
24. Estimate the value of 97.4 × 0.48 by using 25. Estimate the value of 11.91 × 0.74 by using
compatible numbers. compatible numbers.
1 ( )
0.48 ≈ 0.74 ≈
( ) ( )
○→ Ex 6A 14, 15
II. Translation Strategy
Change the order of operations of the approximate values for easy calculation.

Using translation strategy, estimate the value of 454 Using translation strategy, estimate the value of
× 8 ÷ 5. 11.69 × 25 ÷ 2.95.
Sol 454 × 8 ÷ 5 Sol 11.69 × 25 ÷ 2.95
≈ 450 × 8 ÷ 5 Use Reformulation Strategy. ≈( )×( )÷( )
= 450 ÷ 5 × 8 450 ÷ 5 is easier to calculate =
= 90 × 8 than 450 × 8.
= 720
26. Using translation strategy, estimate the 27. Using translation strategy, estimate the
value of 30.06 × 11.17 ÷ 5.84. 1
value of ÷ 4.72 × 103.06.
5
○→ Ex 6A 16
91
III. Compensation Strategy
Obtain an estimation by rough calculation first. Then, make an adjustment

(or compensation) to increase the accuracy of the estimation.

Using compensation strategy, estimate the value of Using compensation strategy, estimate the value of
2.3 + 4.6 + 1.7 + 5.2. 6.54 + 9.25 + 3.69 + 2.47.
Sol Step 1 Estimation by rough calculation Sol Step 1 Estimation by rough calculation
(sum of the integral parts): (sum of the integral parts):
2+4+1+5 ( )+( )+( )+( )
= 12 =
Step 2 Adjustment Step 2 Adjustment
(sum of the decimal parts): (sum of the decimal parts):
0.3 and 0.6,
0.7 and 0.2 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.7 + 0.2
are two pairs
of compatible
= (0.3 + 0.6) + (0.7 + 0.2)
numbers in ≈1+1
addition.
=2
∴ The required estimated value ∴ The required estimated value
= 12 + 2 =
= 14
28. Using compensation strategy, estimate the 29. Using compensation strategy, estimate the
value of 2.73 + 4.95 + 8.26. value of 6.83 + 14.77 + 5.21 + 15.31.
○→ Ex 6A 17(a)
92
Using compensation strategy, estimate the value of Using compensation strategy, estimate the value of
323 × 4. 4 079 × 5.
Sol Step 1 Estimation by rough calculation: Sol Step 1 Estimation by rough calculation:
300 × 4 Front-end method ( )×5
= 1 200 =
Step 2 Adjustment: Step 2 Adjustment:
323 – 300
23 × 4
≈ 25 × 4 25 and 4 are compatible
= 100 numbers.
∴ The required estimated value

= 1 200 + 100 ∴ The required estimated value
= 1 300 =
30. Using compensation strategy, estimate the 31. Using compensation strategy, estimate the
value of 7 × 129. value of 2 026 × 8.
○→ Ex 6A 17(b)
93
6.1C Application of Estimation
The price of a can of coke is $3.8. Estimate the The price of a box of biscuits is $9.8. Estimate the
total price of 30 cans of coke. total price of 12 boxes of biscuits.
Sol Total price = $3.8 × 30 Sol Total price = $( )×( )
≈ $4 × 30 Rounding off ≈
= $120
32. Tim buys 68 gift coupons for $1 428. Estimate 33. The hourly wage of Paul is $41. If he works 49
the price of a gift coupon. hours in a week, estimate his total income in
Use compatible numbers. that week.
○→ Ex 6A 19, 20
The daily numbers of goods sold in a shop last The monthly expenses on transportation of
week are as follows. Mr Siu in the past six months are as follows.
72, 53, 48, 51, 49, 52, 50 $385, $497, $371, $402, $392, $413
Estimate the total number of goods sold last week. Estimate the total expense on transportation of Mr
Sol Total number of goods sold Siu in the past six months.
= 72 + 53 + 48 + 51 + 49 + 52 + 50 Sol Total expense on transportation
≈ 70 + (50 × 6) =
= 70 + 300 ∵ All the numbers are
close to 50 except 72.
= 370
∴ Choose 50 as the
clustered value.
34. Miss Li buys four clothes. Their prices are 35. The daily distances travelled by a car in the
$207, $204, $119 and $198. Round up the past five days are 81.8 km, 77.2 km,
prices to the nearest $10 to estimate the total 89.5 km, 74.6 km and 115.4 km. Round down
price of the clothes. the distances to the nearest 1 km to estimate
the total distance travelled by the car in the
past five days.
○→ Ex 6A 18, 21
94
36. Use a suitable estimation strategy to determine whether the estimated value of
25.4 + 24.8 + 25.2 + 24.6 + 48 ≈ 150 is reasonable and explain your estimation strategy.
to do the estimation.
25.4 + 24.8 + 25.2 + 24.6 + 48
≈
∴ It (is / is not) reasonable.
37. In a restaurant, each of 6 students orders a lunch set. The prices of the lunch sets are $41, $33, $42,
$35, $33 and $39.
(a) Round down the prices to the nearest $10 to estimate the total price they need to pay.
(b) If the total price is more than $200, they will get a 10% discount. Using the result of (a),
determine whether they can get the discount. Explain your answer. Why do we choose
rounding down method
to do the estimation?
Level Up Questions
38. Ben buys 5 reference books in a book fair. Their prices are $393, $207, $195, $206 and $208. Estimate
the average price of these 5 books.
39. (a) By front-end method, estimate the value of 20.6 + 7.21 + 4.98 + 10.17.
(b) Using compensation strategy, find an estimated value which is more accurate than that in (a).
95
6 Estimation in Numbers and Measurement
Level 1
1. When expressing the value in each of the following cases, determine whether an estimated value or an
exact value is more appropriate to use.
(a) the cost price of a smart phone
(b) the number of leaves of a tree
(c) the number of passengers in a lift
(d) the population of a country
2. Round off each of the following numbers to the place value given in brackets.
(a) 3 448 (hundred) (b) 427 (ten) (c) 16.46 (one)
3. By front-end method, find the estimated value of each of the following numbers.
(a) 18.44 (b) 667 (c) 3 573
4. Round down each of the following numbers to the place value given in brackets.
(a) 6.58 (one) (b) 366.5 (ten) (c) 12 580 (thousand)
5. Round up each of the following numbers to the place value given in brackets.
(a) 3.22 (one) (b) 141.3 (ten) (c) 426 (hundred)
6. Round off each number in the following expressions to the nearest ten and then estimate the values of
the expressions.
(a) 173 + 336 − 204 + 38 (b) 483 ÷ 77 × 42
7. By front-end method, estimate the values of the following expressions.

(a) 143 + 86 + 68 − 234 (b) 6.25 × 5.36 ÷ 10.68
8. Round up each number in the following expressions to the nearest ten and then estimate the values of
the expressions.
(a) 231 + 356 + 165 + 193 (b) 44 − 237 ÷ 26
9. Round down each number in the following expressions to the nearest one and then estimate the values
of the expressions.
(a) 23.8 + 37.2 + 16.5 + 44.4 (b) 24.6 × 5.3 − 45.8
10. Estimate the value of 146.7 − 32.3 + 46.5 by rounding down each number to
(a) the nearest one,
96
(b) the nearest ten.
11. Estimate the value of 7.57 − 9.22 ÷ 3.08

(a) by front-end method,
(b) by rounding up each number to 1 decimal place,
(c) by rounding off each number to the nearest one.
By choosing suitable clustered values, estimate the values of the following expressions.
[Nos. 12–13]
12. (a) 72 + 69 + 71 + 67 (b) 34.3 + 34.1 − 33.8 + 33.6 + 34.2
1
13. (a) (211 + 209 − 212) × (b) (88 + 92 + 91 + 87) ÷ 6
3
Estimate the values of the following expressions by using compatible numbers. [Nos. 14–15]
161
14. (a) (b) 41.8 ÷ 7.1
83
15. (a) 17.91 × 0.444 4 (b) 0.667 × 54.2 ÷ 1.9
16. Using translation strategy, estimate the values of the following expressions.
1
(a) 131 – 59 + 267 – 144 (b) ÷ 19.3 × 498
5
17. Using compensation strategy, estimate the values of the following expressions.
(a) 11.31 + 3.62 – 5.77 – 4.09 (b) 8 × 324
18. The length of a book is 19.5 cm. Estimate the total length of 16 books.
19. The scores of 6 students in a test are shown below:

60, 61, 58, 56, 63, 90
Estimate the total score of the students.
20. The weight of a box of oranges is 5 633 g. If 1 ounce equals 28.3 g, estimate the weight of the box of
oranges in ounces.
21. A theatre has 180 seats. The numbers of students of 4 classes are 38, 42, 45 and 33 respectively.
Round up the numbers of students to the nearest ten to estimate whether the theatre can accommodate
all the students.
Level 2
Use suitable estimation strategies to determine whether the estimated value of each of the following
97
numerical expressions is reasonable and explain your estimation strategy. [Nos. 22–23]
22. (a) 0.26 × 8.3 ≈ 4
(b) 726.6 × 23.4 ÷ 7.3 ≈ 2 000
23. (a) 30.2 × 4.8 ≈ 150

(b) 20.7 + 19.8 + 19.1 + 20.3 – 60.42 ≈ 40
Use suitable estimation strategies to estimate the values of the following numerical expressions and explain
your estimation strategy. [Nos. 24–27]
24. 15.01 + 14.88 + 14.9 + 15.2
25. 26.8 − 4.36 + 23.4 − 34.6
26. 6.92 × 99.7 + 3304 ÷ 11.2
27. 60 – 31.8 × 6.04 ÷ 4.1
28. (a) By front-end method, estimate the value of 12.28 + 43.3 + 6.97 + 20.7 − 21.3.
(b) Using compensation strategy, find an estimated value which is more accurate than that in (a).
29. Estimate whether the sum of 16.3, 20.6, 32.8, 56.7 and 73.2
(a) is smaller than 230,
(b) is larger than 180.
30. The prices of 6 books are as follows.

$248, $252, $246, $250, $253, $249
Estimate the average price of the 6 books.
31. The area of Hong Kong Island is about 78.3 square kilometres. If 1 square mile equals 2.59 square
kilometres, use compatible numbers to estimate the area of Hong Kong Island in square miles.
 13 
 Take 2.59 ≈ . 
 5 
32. A toy shop offers a ‘Buy 2 Get 1 Free’ discount, which allows Susan to buy 7 dolls by paying the total
price of 5 dolls only. If the marked price of each doll is $69.8, estimate the average price of the dolls
bought by Susan.
98
33. In a bookshop, all books are sold at a discount of 19%. If each comic book is marked at $14.9,
estimate the total selling price of 39 comic books.
34. The table below shows the time spent by Jimmy to finish four tasks.
Task Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4
Time (min) 122 148 204 156
(a) Estimate the total time by
(i) rounding up each number to the nearest 10 min,
(ii) rounding down each number to the nearest 10 min.
(b) Using the results of (a), determine whether Jimmy can finish all the tasks within 10 hours.
35. In each of the last four months, Peter saved $628, $336, $204 and $425 respectively. Estimate whether
Peter has enough money to buy a toy sold at $1 500. Explain your answer.
36. The table below shows the weights and the quantities of some new products in a store. Round up the
weight of each product to the nearest 1 kg and estimate the total weight of all the products.
Product I II III IV V
Weight (kg) 3.8 14.2 7.7 5.1 2.6
Quantity 3 1 1 4 2
37. In a company, a machine runs four different programs. The cost of running each program is
shown as follows.
Program A B C D
Cost ($) 402.1 597.5 100.3 98.6
Yesterday, the machine ran program A 5 times, program B 3 times, program C 2 times and program D
4 times.
(a) Estimate the total cost of running the programs yesterday by
(i) rounding up each number to the nearest $10,
(ii) rounding down each number to the nearest $10.
(b) A worker of the company reported that the total cost of running the programs yesterday
was $4 938. Based on the results of (a), did the worker make a mistake? Explain your
answer.
99
1. (a) exact value (b) estimated value 21. yes
(c) exact value (d) estimated value 22. (a) no (b) yes
2. (a) 3 400 (b) 430 (c) 16 23. (a) yes (b) no
3. (a) 10 (b) 600 (c) 3 000 24. 60 *
4. (a) 6 (b) 360 (c) 12 25. 11 *
000 26. 1 000 *
5. (a) 4 (b) 150 (c) 500 27. 12 *
6. (a) 350 (b) 240 28. (a) 56 (b) 62
7. (a) 40 (b) 3 29. (a) yes (b) yes
8. (a) 970 (b) 42 30. $250 *
9. (a) 120 (b) 75 31. 30 square miles
10. (a) 160 (b) 150 32. $50 *
11. (a) 4 (b) 4.6 (c) 5 33. $480 *
12. (a) 280 * (b) 102 * 34. (a) (i) 650 min
13. (a) 70 * (b) 60 * (ii) 610 min
14. (a) 2 (b) 6 (b) no
15. (a) 8 (b) 18 35. yes
16. (a) 200 (b) 5 36. 65 kg
17. (a) 5 (b) 2 600 37. (a) (i) $4 470 (ii) $4 330
18. 300 cm * (b) yes
19. 390 *
20. 200 ounces *
100
F1A: Chapter 6B
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101
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Self-Test
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102
Book 1A Lesson Worksheet 6B (Refer to §6.2A, BI, C)
6.2A Approximate Nature and Degree of Accuracy of Measurement
All measurements are approximations only.

The higher the degree of accuracy of a measuring tool, the more accurate is the
measured value obtained (i.e. a result closer to the exact value).
6.2B Direct Measurement

I. Choosing Appropriate Measuring Tools and Units
Choose an appropriate measuring tool for measurements, and a suitable unit to express
the measured values properly.
e.g. Use a measuring cup to measure the volume of a bowl of soup, and the measuring
unit is mL.
1. Choose an appropriate measuring tool and unit for each of the following measurements.
(a) Measurement Measuring tool Unit
• thermometer • • m3
(i) the weight of a calculator •
• bathroom scale • • mL
(ii) the temperature of milk •
• mechanical scale • • °C
(iii) the volume of a flask •
• measuring cup • • g
(b) Measurement Measuring tool Unit

• clock • • hour
(i) the thickness of a tablet •
• measuring tape • • m
(ii) the length of a blackboard •
• stopwatch • • km2
(iii) the sleeping time •
• ruler • • mm
2. Choose an appropriate unit for each of the following, and circle the answer.
(a) the length of Castle Peak Road
( cm / m / km )
(b) the area of a poster
( mm2 / cm2 / km2 )
(c) the volume of a chocolate bar
( mm3 / cm3 / m3 ) ○→ Ex 6B 1
103
6.2C Indirect Measurement
I. Benchmark Strategy
Estimation is based on a known reference, which is called benchmark.
The figure above shows the face of a cartoon

Refer to the figure. The height of the boy is about character. It is given that the diameter of its eye is 3
1.6 m. Estimate the height of the flagpole. cm. Estimate the width of its face.
Sol From observation, the height of the flagpole is Sol From observation, the width of its face
about twice the height of the boy. is about ( ) times the diameter of its
∴ Height of the flagpole ≈ 1.6 × 2 m eye.
= 3.2 m ∴ Width of its face
≈( )×( ) cm
= cm
3. The length of the pen 4. Refer to the figure. 30 cm

in the figure is about Estimate the length
15 cm. Estimate the of the bed.
length of the desk. Length of the bed
Length of the desk ≈
≈( )×( ) cm
= cm
5. 6.
The figure shows the result after Peter

Refer to the figure. The height of the girl poured 200 mL of water into an empty
is about 1.2 m. Estimate the height of the vase. Estimate the capacity of the vase.
wall. The height of the
wall is about
( ) times the
height of the girl.
○→ Ex 6B 2–5
104
II. Decomposition-Recomposition Strategy
Decompose a large quantity into some smaller parts first, and estimate the quantity
of each smaller part. Then, recompose the results to obtain an approximate value of
the original quantity.

In a building of 20 floors, there are 50 residents on In a school of 30 classes, there are 35 students in
the 8th floor. Estimate the number of residents in S2C. Estimate the number of students in the school.
the building. Sol Number of students in the school
Sol Number of the residents in the building ≈( )×( )
≈ 20 × 50 =
= 1 000
7. There are 15 rows in a passage, and one of 8. There are 55 bookshelves in a library. John
them contains 20 words. Estimate the total estimates that there are 240 books on a
number of words in the passage. bookshelf. Estimate the total number of
books in the library.
○→ Ex 6B 8
III. Measurement by Grouping Small Objects
Group a certain number of small objects together and obtain the measurement, and
then estimate the measurement of each small object by division.

If the total weight of 100 candies is measured to be If the total weight of 200 plastic beans is measured
50 g, estimate the weight of each candy. to be 30 g, estimate the weight of each plastic bean.
Sol Weight of each candy ≈ (50 ÷ 100) g Sol Weight of each plastic bean
= 0.5 g ≈ [( )÷( )] g
= g
9. If the total thickness of 12 workbooks is 10. If the total volume of 25 oil droplets is
measured to be 3 cm, estimate the thickness of measured to be 8 mL, estimate the volume of
each workbook. each oil droplet.
○→ Ex 6B 6, 7
IV. Using Formulae
105
We can use formulae to estimate quantities such as areas, volumes, speeds, etc.
First obtain the measured values of the quantities required in the relevant formulae,
and then do the estimation.

The length and the width of a rectangular postcard The radius of a circle is measured to be 10 cm.
are measured to be 14 cm and 10.5 cm respectively. Using the formula
Estimate the area of the postcard. ‘circumference = 2 × π × radius’,
Sol Area of the postcard estimate the circumference of the circle.
Area of a rectangle
≈ 14 × 10.5 cm2 = length × width (Take π = 3.14.)
2
= 147 cm Sol Circumference of the circle
≈2×( )×( ) cm
= cm
11. The length, the width and the height of a 12. The base and the height of a triangular carpet are
rectangular box are measured to be measured to be 60 cm and 38 cm respectively.
14.1 cm, 10 cm and 2 cm respectively. Estimate the area of the carpet.
Estimate the volume of the box. Area of a triangle
1
Volume of the box = × base × height
Volume of a rectangular
2
≈ box
= length × width × height
13. A MTR train travels from Central to Tsuen 14. The diameter of a sphere is measured to be
Wan. The distance travelled is 16 km and 7 cm. Using the formula
the time used is 0.5 h. Using the formula ‘surface area of a sphere = 4 × π × (radius)2’,
distance estimate the surface area of the sphere.
‘speed = ’, estimate the average
time  22 
speed of the train.  Take π = .
 7 
○→ Ex 6B 9, 10
106
15. A water tap leaks 20 droplets of water in one minute. Mable uses a cup of capacity 300 mL to collect
the water leaking from the tap. After 2 hours, the cup is fully filled with water. Is it possible that the
volume of each water droplet is more than 0.1 mL? Explain your answer.
Number of water droplets collected in 2 hours

=
Volume of each water droplet

≈
∵ ______ mL ( < / > ) 0.1 mL Remember to write down the reason.

∴ It (is / is not) possible that the volume of each water droplet is more than 0.1 mL.
16. It is given that a book has 167 pages. Gary counts that there are 300 words on one of the pages, and
then claims that the whole book has 50 000 words. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level Up Question
17.
The figure above shows a notice board in a classroom. The diameter of the circle is 20 cm.
(a) Estimate the length and width of the notice board. (Give the answers in m.)
(b) Estimate the area of the notice board. (Give the answer in m2.)
107
6 Estimation in Numbers and Measurement
Level 1
Appropriate Appropriate
measuring tool measuring unit
(a) Temperature of a bowl of soup
(b) Weight of a watermelon
(c) Volume of a bottle of milk
(d) Length of an exercise book
2. In the figure, building A is the Oriental Pearl Tower in Shanghai. If the

height of building B is 155 m, estimate the height of the Oriental Pearl Tower.
3. In the figure, some buses are parked on a horizontal ground. If the distance between P and Q is 15.1 m,
estimate the width of each bus.
P Q
4. A book consists of 120 pieces of paper. The weight of each piece of paper is 4.98 g. Estimate the
weight of the book.
5. The figure shows some liquid in a measuring cup. If the volume of the liquid is 1 L, estimate the
capacity of the measuring cup.
6. The weight of 16 marbles is about 728 g. Estimate the weight of each marble.
108
7. (a) Estimate the area of the figure shown on the right.
(b) Suggest a way to reduce error in the measurement
in (a).
8. Estimate the total number of words (excluding punctuation marks) in the following passage.
9. The relation between the circumference (C cm) of a circle and its radius (r cm) can be expressed by
the formula below:
C = 2πr
Estimate the circumference of a circle with radius 3 cm. (Take π = 3.14.)
distance
10. A car travels 180 km and its average speed is 60 km/h. Use the formula ‘speed = ’ to
time
estimate the time spent by the car to travel 180 km.
11. Emma measures the volume of a cup of tea with a cylinder.

(a) Suggest an appropriate degree of accuracy for the measurement.
(b) Suggest a way to reduce error in the measurement.
109
Level 2
12. In the figure, the dimensions of the photo on the bulletin board are 3 cm × 6 cm.
6 cm y cm
3 cm
x cm
(a) Estimate the values of x and y.
(b) Hence, find the approximate area of the board.
13. The figure shows a box of coins. Estimate the capacity of the box.
14. The photo below shows some sweets. After counting, it is known that there are about 5 sweets in the
rectangular frame as shown. Estimate the total number of sweets in the whole photo and explain your
estimation strategy.
15. The weight and the volume of 12 ice bricks are about 54 g and 60 cm3 respectively.
(a) Estimate the weight of each ice brick.
(b) Estimate the volume of each ice brick.
16. Frank spends $180 to buy a box of game cards. The box consists of 5 sets of cards. By counting, he
finds that there are 24 cards in one of the sets.
(a) Estimate the total number of the cards bought by Frank.
(b) Estimate the price of one game card.
110
17. In a library, each bookshelf has 8 layers. By counting, a layer of a bookshelf holds 45 books.
(a) Estimate the number of books in the bookshelf.
(b) There are 420 such bookshelves in the library. Ken claims that there are about 150 000
books in the library. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
18. On the map as shown, the distance between positions

P and Q is 1.5 cm. The actual distance between the two
positions is about 150 km. Estimate the actual distances Q
between the following positions. R

(Give the answers correct to the nearest 10 km.)
(a) O and P P
(b) O and R
O
19. The relation between the area (A cm2) of a circle and its radius (r cm) can
be expressed by the formula below:
A = πr 2
The lengths of the minute hand and the hour hand are 10.5 cm and 7 cm
respectively.
(a) Estimate the area of the clock face.
(b) Hence, estimate the area of the shaded region on the clock.
 22 
 Take π = . 
 7 
111
1. (a) thermometer, °C 11. (a) correct to the nearest mL/correct to the
(b) mechanical scale, kg nearest 0.1 mL
(c) measuring cup (or cylinder), mL (or (b) use a cylinder with smaller scale
cm3) interval/the line of sight is vertical to
(d) ruler, cm the surface of the markings
2. 465 m * 12. (a) x = 9 *, y = 12 *
3. 2.5 m * (b) 108 cm2 *
4. 600 g * 13. 48 cm3
5. 3L* 14. 40 *
6. 45.5 g * 15. (a) 4.5 g (b) 5 cm3
7. (a) 14 cm2 * 16. (a) 120 (b) $1.5
(b) use a graph paper with smaller grids 17. (a) 360 (b) yes
8. 225 * 18. (a) 350 km * (b) 250 km *
9. 18.84 cm 19. (a) 346.5 cm2 (b) 192.5 cm2
10. 3 h
112

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Chapter 4 Introduction to Geometry

For mathematics problems consultation, please email to the following address:

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

4.1A Points, Lines and Planes

Refer to the figure.

D (c) AB is a line segment. A line segment is a part of

Example 1 Instant Drill 1

In the figure, L is a straight line. In the figure, L is a straight line.

1. Refer to the figure. 2. By observation only, find the number of

(a) The figure is formed by

(a) When two lines meet each other at a arm

Example 2 Instant Drill 2

Name Straight angle Reflex angle Round angle

3. F 4. Determine the types of the following

Step 2: Place the base line along BC.

Step 3: Read the inner scale where 0° B C

Measure obtuse ∠PQR first. Then

Step 1: Draw a line segment AB.

Step 2: Place the base line of the

Step 3: Mark point C at 140° by using B A

Step 4: Join BC. Then ∠ABC = 140°.

(b) 95° (b) reflex ∠PQR = 290°

In the same plane,

(b) two straight lines that meet each other at a right P

Example 4 Instant Drill 4

Use different numbers of arrows to

Parallel lines: FA // EC, AC // FE.

Refer to the figure.

2. (a) Name all the line segments in the figure. P

3. Refer to the figure.

(a) How many line segments are there in the figure?

7. Refer to the figure below.

Determine the types of the angles a, b, c, d, e and f according to their sizes.

8. Arrange the following angles in ascending order of sizes.

11. Use a protractor to measure the following angles.

12. Use a protractor to construct the following angles.

17. (a) In the figure, draw a line

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

(a) All points on a circle are at the same

(b) The figure shows a circle with centre O.

1. Refer to the circle with centre O in the figure. Match the P

2. In the figure, O is the centre. Use a ruler to measure the diameter X

According to the sizes of angles:

Example 1 Instant Drill 1

According to the lengths of sides:

∴ △ABC is an isosceles triangle. ∴ △DEF is .

For each △XYZ in Nos. 3–4,

Name the triangles according to the following types, if any.

6. Can each set of angles below be the interior angles of a triangle?

Step 1: Use a ruler to draw a line segment AB of 4 cm.

Step 2: With centre at point A and radius 3 cm, use a

Step 3: With centre at point B and radius 5 cm, use a

Step 4: The two arcs drawn have to meet at a point C.

Step 5: Join AC, then BC. △ABC is drawn.

Step 2: Use a protractor to draw ∠TPQ which

Step 3: Use a ruler to mark a point R on PT (or PT

Step 4: Join QR, then △PQR is drawn.

(a) A polygon is enclosed by 3 or more side

(c) If a polygon is both equilateral (equal sides) and

15. Refer to the polygons I, II, III and IV below.

16. Refer to the polygons I, II, III and IV below.