Avogadro Chem Point

Chemical Equilibrium
Chemical reaction is of 2 type:
1. Reversible reaction: A reaction in which not only the reactants react to form products but also the
products react to form the reactants, under the same conditions is called a reversible reaction.
It is represented by putting a double arrow ( ) between the reactant and product.

For Ex:
Equilibrium mixture: The mixture of reactant and product in the equilibrium state is called an
equilibrium mixture.
2. Irreversible reaction: If a reaction cannot take place in the reverse direction i.e. the product formed
does not react to give back the reactant, it is called irreversible reaction.
It is represented by a single arrow (→) between the reactant and the product.
For Ex:

Equilibrium: When all the microscopic measurable property is constant then the system is at
equilibrium.
Tem, pressure, density, colour, concentration etc
2 type of equilibrium:
Static equilibrium: when the process is stop and all the property is in equilibrium then it is called static
equilibrium.
Ex: mechanical equilibrium
When piston is stop then all the property is in equilibrium and when piston is moving we can say that
equilibrium has been disturbed
Dynamic equilibrium: when forward reaction and backward reaction continue even after the
equilibrium has been reached, such a chemical equilibrium is called dynamic equilibrium.

Ex: physical equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, thermal equilibrium.

In general, we can say equilibrium is dynamic in nature.

Concept of Chemical Equilibrium:

Variation of rate of reaction with time in a reversible reaction: When the rate of forward reaction
becomes equal to rate of backward reaction, and the concentration of reactant and product remain
constant, then this stage is called chemical equilibrium.

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
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The important characteristics of chemical equilibrium are as follows:

a) Equilibrium can be achieved for the reversible reaction.
b) In a reversible reaction, chemical equilibrium can be attained from either sides. This means that the
equilibrium can be achieved in a reversible reaction whether we start from the reactant or products.
c) If gases are involved then equilibrium can be achieved in a closed vessel only.
d) A catalyst cannot alter the equilibrium state. It only changes the time to achieve the equilibrium.
[A catalyst increases or decreases the speeds of both the forward and the backward reaction to the
same extent. This means that it cannot alter or change the equilibrium point in the reaction.+ve
catalyst decrease the time and –ve catalyst increases the time].
e) Catalyst does not affect thermodynamic property.

f) Catalyst cannot initiate the reaction.

g) Catalyst takes part in the reaction but does not consume.
h) The observable properties (concentration, pressure, colour, temp, density etc) of the system become
constant once the equilibrium is reached.
i) The equilibrium is of dynamic nature.

Active mass: amount of a substance which directly takes part in chemical reaction that mean change in
active mass will affect the rate of reaction.
[ i.e if we increase the active mass of reactant then collision between them increases and thus rate of
reaction get increases and vice versa]

Note: In presence of gases, active mass of solid/ pure liquid can be considered constant during the
reaction. That is does not affect rate or equilibrium therefore not considered in rate and Keq expression.
For ex: ( ) () ( ) ( )
, ( )- , ( )-
, ( )-
For example:
( ) ( ) ( )

, ( )- , ( )-
, ( )-
, ( )-
Note: For heterogeneous reaction, the equilibrium expression does not include the concentration
of pure solid and pure liquid.

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
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lowermost layer of O2 is active mass of O2 as it interact with carbon and when it react with C then active
mass of O2 get decreases as no of molecule of O2 which interact with C get decreases i.e it's mass per
unit volume get decreases i.e density get decreases.
but when we taking about C then it's upper layer molecule is active mass which directly interact with O2.
but when it react, it's active mass doesn’t get decreases as no of molecule at surface will remains same.
only height of layer get decreases. P.e active mass of solid remains constant.
in above, active mass (upper layer of C which directly takes part in chemical reaction) remains constant
Q1) Why concentration of pure solid and liquid are ignored while writing the equilibrium constant
expression.
Ans:
For the concentration of pure solid or pure liquid,
, - , -

Since density of pure solid or liquid is constant at constant temperature and molecular mass is also
constant therefore, their molar concentration are constant and is taken as 1.

Numerically Molarity is known as active mass

Q: Find the active mass of water or [ - Q: 20 L of gas at STP find , -
Ans; d of water is 1 gm /ml
i.e 1 gm of water in ml , -

, -
i.e we can find out the active mass of any
substance by it’s density.

at
const T and P.

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
 Avogadro Chem Point
Law of Mass Action: Rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to multiplication of molar
concentration [active mass] of the reactant [where each concentration term raised to a power equal to its
stoichiometric coefficient]
Let us consider the following reaction:

Rate of forward reaction , - , - (According to law of mass action)

, - , - ---------- (i)

, - , - (According to law of mass action)

, - , - --------- (ii)

At equilibrium:

, - , - , - , -

, - , -
, - , -

, - , -
, - , -

Law of chemical equilibrium: For a reversible reaction in a state of equilibrium, the ratio of the
multiplication of the molar concentrations of the products to that of the molar concentration of the
reactant [where each concentration term raised to a power equal to its stoichiometric coefficient in the
balanced chemical equation] is a constant known as the equilibrium constant.

* +

a) Nature of reactant: for different reaction, value of will be different.

b) Tem
c) Stoichiometric coefficient

Q: How it depend on Stoichiometric coefficient?

, -
, - , -

, -
[ ]
, - , -

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
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Q2)
a) find
b) find
c) find

Q3) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant ( ) for the following reactions.
a)
b) ( )
c)
Q4) Write the equilibrium constant expression
a) ( ) ( ) ( )
b) () ( )
c) ( ) () ( ) ( )

Q5) For the following reaction, .

, What is for the reverse reaction?
Ans:

Q6)
Find if , - , - , -
[Ans: ]
Q7) The following concentration were obtained for the formation of from and at
equilibrium, - , - , - . Calculate the
equilibrium constant. [Ans: ]
Q8)
, - , - , - Find .
[Ans: ]
Q9) The value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction: ( ) ( ) ( )
at 720 K is 48. What is the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction:
( ) ( ) ( )
Ans:
Q10) For an equilibrium reaction, the rate constant for the forward and the backward reaction are
respectively. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
Ans:
Q11) Write the balanced chemical equation for this expression.
, - , -
, - , -

Equilibrium constant in gaseous system: When the reactant and product all are in gaseous phase, the
equilibrium constant can be expressed in terms of partial pressure, and then Equilibrium constant is
denoted by .

Note: term can be used for both solution as well as gases but term can be used only when gases
are involved.

For ex:

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
 Avogadro Chem Point
Equilibrium constant may be represented as:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

= partial pressure of A
= partial pressure of B

Formula for unit of : , -

Formula for Unit of : ( )
summation of no. of moles of gaseous product − summation of no. of moles of gaseous
reactant.
Relationship between and :
Let us consider the following reaction:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
()
( ) ( )
Now,

So,
, -
, -
, -
, -
Substitute this value in equation (i),
(, - ) (, - )
(, - ) (, - )

, - , - ( )
, - , - ( )
, - , -
{ } ( )( ) ( )
, - , -
( )
No. of moles of gaseous product − no. of moles of gaseous reactant.
Note:

Note:
a) ( )
For example ( ) ( ) ( ) –

b) when ( )
For example ( ) ( ) ( ) –

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
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c) when ( )
For example ( ) ( ) ( )

2 conditions at which

For example
( ) ( ) ( )

Q12) ( ) ( ) ( )
Calculate ( )
Q13) ( ) ( ) ( )
Calculate .
Q14) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Calculate
Q15) Find the value of for each of the following equilibria from the value of :
(a) ( ) ( ) ( )
(b) ( ) ( ) ( )
Ans:

Q16) Predict which of the following will have appreciable of reactants and products:
(a) ( ) ( )
(b) ( ) ( ) ( )
(c) ( ) ( ) ( )
Ans: Following conclusions can be drawn from the values of
a) Since the value of is very small, this means that the molar concentration of the products is very
small as compared to that of the reactions.
b) Since the value of is quite large, this means that the molar concentration of the products is very
large as compared to that of the reactions.
c) Since the value of is this means that both the products and reactants have appreciable
concentration.

Characteristics of Equilibrium Constant:

a) Equilibrium constant is applicable only when reactants and products have attained equilibrium.
b) The value of equilibrium constant for a reaction is constant at a given temperature and it change with the
change in temperature.
c) The value of the equilibrium constant is independent of the initial molar concentrations of the reactants
and products. However, it depends upon their molar concentrations in the equilibrium state.
d) The value of equilibrium constant is independent of the direction from which equilibrium is attained and
also the number of steps involved in the reaction.
e) For a reversible reaction, the equilibrium constant for the backward reaction is inverse (reciprocal) of the
equilibrium constant for the forward reaction.
f) The value of the equilibrium constant is independent of the presence or absence of catalyst.

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
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Types of chemical equilibrium:

Homogeneous equilibrium: The equilibrium reaction in which all the reactants and the products are in
the same phase are called homogeneous equilibrium.
( ) ( ) ( ), all are in gaseous phase

Heterogeneous equilibrium: The equilibrium reaction in which reactant and the product are present in
different phase are called heterogeneous equilibrium.
() ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

Predicting the direction of reaction:

Reaction quotient: It is the ratio of multiplication of concentration of products to the product of

concentration of reactant, at any stage of reaction.

, - , -
, - , -

a) (Reaction will remain in equilibrium)

b) (Reaction will proceed backwards)

Reason: Q will tend to decrease so as to become equal to . As a result, net reaction will proceed
in backward direction.

c) (Reaction will proceed in forward direction)

Reason: Q will tend to increase so as to become equal to . As a result, the net reaction will
proceed in forward direction.

Qp
Q
Qc

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 mole of A, 1 mole of B, and 4 mole of C are
present in aqueous solution.
a) net reaction will proceed in forward direction
so reaction will proceed in forward direction b) net reaction will proceed in backward
direction
c) at eq
d) Cannot predict

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
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. /

. /
( ) ( ) ( )
1 mole of A, 1 mole of B, and 4 mole of C are
present in aqueous solution.
. /

net reaction will proceed in forward direction

Q17) The value of for the reaction

At a given time, the composition of reaction mixture is , - , - , - . In which
direction will the reaction proceed?

Q18) The equilibrium constant at 298 K for: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

is . In a solution in which copper has displaced some silver ions from solution the
concentration of ions is and the concentration of ions is
. Is this system at equilibrium? Ans:

Q19) A mixture of is introduced into a reaction

vessel at . At this temperature, the equilibrium constant for the reaction given as follows:
( ) ( ) ( )
Is this reaction at equilibrium? If not, what is the direction of net reaction?
Ans:

Q20) The equilibrium constant for the reaction: ( ) ( ) ( )

is 0.35 at 298 K. In the following mixture at 298 K, has equilibrium been reached? If not state on which
side of the equilibrium the system is
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Q21) Equilibrium constant for the reaction, ( ) ( ) ( ) at At particular

time, the analysis shows that the composition of the reaction mixture is
of . Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, in which direction does the reaction
tend to proceed to reach the equilibrium? Ans:

Ex 1: 10 mole of A and 20 mole of B are taken in 5 L vessel and up to equilibrium 60% A is

reacted find
If volume is given separately in the question then we will do the stoichiometry in terms of moles
Expression for 3A + B
Initial moles 0 0

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Ex 2 : 10 mole of A and 20 mole of B are taken in 5 L vessel and conc of D is 0.5 molar at
equilibrium. find
If volume is given separately in the question then we will do the stoichiometry in terms of moles
Expression for 3A + B
Initial moles 0 0

Ex 3 : 10 mole of A and 20 mole of B are taken in 5 L vessel and at equilibrium total moles are 28
. find
If volume is given separately in the question then we will do the stoichiometry in terms of moles
Expression for 3A + B
Initial moles 0 0

( )
i.e fraction of dissociated amount up to equilibrium

( )
(g) (g) + (g)
2.2 moles of are taken in a 5 litre vessels. Total moles in vessel at equilibrium are 2.53. Calculate
the degree of dissociation of and dissociation constant (equilibrium constant) of .
(g) (g) + (g)

Initial moles 0 0

Moles at equilibrium

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
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( )
( )

Q: ( ) ( ) ( )
10 bar A is taken in a closed vessels. Pressure in the vessel at equilibrium is 14 bar. Calculate the degree
of dissociation of A and dissociation constant (equilibrium constant ) of A.
( ) ( ) ( )

( )
Q: ( ) ( ) ( )
1 mole are dissolved in 5 litre solution. Calculate the concentration of each species at
equilibrium.
( ) ( ) ( )

. /
( )

1 mole of A, 1mole of B and 4 mole of C are taken in a closed vessels. Calculate moles of each at
equilibrium.

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
 Avogadro Chem Point

( )

Note 1: if we have to assume initial amount in question then

3A + B
Initial moles/conc 0 0
(if no information is given in the question)
Note 2: if we have to assume initial amount in question then
3A + B
Initial moles/conc 0 0
(if reactant are taken in their st.coff ratio in question)

Note 1: if we have to assume initial amount in question then

3A + B
Initial moles/conc 0 0
(if reactant are taken in equimolar amount in the question)

1 mole of A, 1.5 mole of B and 2 mole of C are taken in 2 L vessels. Equilibrium concentration of C is
0.5 M. find

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
Pressure in the vessels at eq is 10 bar. Calculate
( ) ( ) ( )

Initial pressure 0 0
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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
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pressure at eq x x

Note: numerically

Note: if in power of 10, power difference is 2 or more than 2 b/w larger value and smaller value
then we can neglate it.
ex:
ex:
ex:

Q22) ( ) ( ) ( )
If a mixture of 2 mole of and 5 mole of is present in a one liter flask and allowed to form , If
no. of moles of formed is 2 mole, then
a) find what will be the concentration of each at equilibrium
b) find the value of Ans:
Q23) ( ) ( ) ( )
If a mixture of 2 mole of N2 and 5 mole of is present in a two liter flask and allowed to form , if
no. of moles of formed is 2, then
a) find what will be the concentration of each at equilibrium
b) find the value of Ans:
Q24) ( ) ( ) ( )
If a mixture of 2 mole of and 5 mole of is present in a two liter flask and is 20% dissociated,
then
a) find what will be the concentration of each at equilibrium
b) find the value of Ans:
Q25) Nitric oxide reacts with bromine and gives nitrosyl bromide according to the reaction:

When 0.087 mole of NO and 0.0437 mole of Br2 are mixed in a closed container at constant temperature,
0.0518 mole of is obtained at equilibrium.
a) Calculate the equilibrium amount of nitric oxide and bromine
b) Calculate Equilibrium constant,
[Ans: ]
Q26) One mole of and one mole of were heated in a 10 L closed vessel at 725K. At equilibrium, 40%
of the water was found to be reacted according to equation:
Calculate [Ans: 0.44]
Q27) ( ) ( ) ( ) The partial P of and are 0.80 and 0.40 atm at equilibrium. The
total pressure of the system is 2.80 atm. Find [Ans: 50]
Q28) dissociates as: ( ) ( ) ( )
If the initial P is 500 mm of and total at equilibrium is 700 mm of . Calculate .
[Ans: 133.3 mm]
Q29) A sample of is placed in a flask at a pressure of 0.2 atm. At equilibrium, partial pressure of is 0.04
atm. What is ?
[Ans: 4]

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
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Q30) At a certain temperature and a total pressure of Pa, iodine vapour contain 40% by weight of iodine
atom. [ ( ) ( )]. Calculate the for the reaction. [Ans: ]
Q31) ( ) ( )
13.8 g of was placed in a 1L vessel at 400 K and allowed to attain equilibrium. The total pressure
at equilibrium was found to be 9.15 bar. Calculate , and partial pressure at equilibrium.
[Ans: -
Q32) The equilibrium constant for the reaction . Find the
equilibrium pressure of all gases if 10 bar of is introduced into a sealed container.
, -
Q33) The ester, ethyl acetate is formed by the reaction of ethanol and acetic acid and the equilibrium is
represented as: () () () ()
a) Write the concentration ratio (concentration quotient) for this reaction. Note that water is not in
excess and is not a solvent in this reaction.
b) At , if one starts with mol of acetic acid and mol of ethanol, there is mol of
ethyl acetate in the final equilibrium mixture. Calculate the equilibrium constant.
c) Starting with mol of ethanol and mol of acetic acid and maintaining it at
mol of ethyl acetate is found after some time. Has equilibrium been reached?
Ans:
(i)
(ii)
Q34) A sample of pure was introduced into an evacuated vessel at . After equilibrium was reached,
the concentration of was found to be . If what are the
concentrations of and at the equilibrium?
Ans: [ -
[ ]
Q35) 3 moles of kept in 1 L closed reaction vessel was allowed to attain equilibrium at 380K. Calculate
the composition of the mixture at equilibrium,
[Ans: , - , - , - ]
Q36)
If a mixture of 0.482 mol of and 0.933 mol of is placed in a reaction vessel of 10 L and allowed
to form for which . What will be composition of equilibrium mixture?
Ans: , - , - , - -
Q37) What is the equilibrium concentration of each of the substances in the equilibrium when the initial
concentration of was ?
( ) ( ) ( )
, - , - , - -
Q38) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, Calculate the equilibrium concentration of and . Only and are
present initially at concentration of 0.10M each.
[Ans: , - , - , - , - -
Q39) The equilibrium constant for the reaction is 16.
What will be concentration of , , at equilibrium if two mole of hydrogen and three mole of iodine
are inject into a liter flask.
Q40)
Initially, [ ] . What is it’s molar concentration in the mixture at equilibrium?
[Ans: ]

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
 Avogadro Chem Point
Q41) At 700 K, Equilibrium constant for the reaction is 54.8
If 0.5 mole of is present at equilibrium, what are the concentration of and
assuming that initially we start with and allowed to reach equilibrium?
[Ans: , - , - ]
Q42) At and 1 atmosphere pressure, a gaseous of and in equilibrium with solid carbon has
by mass.
( ) ( ) ( )
Calculate for the reaction at the above temperature.
Ans:
Q43) The value of for the reaction ( ) ( ) . If equilibrium concentration
of in air at what is the concentration of ?
Ans: , -
Q44) The reaction ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) is at equilibrium at in a flask. It also
contain mole of ,
Determine the concentration of in the mixture. The equilibrium constant, for
the reaction at the given temperature is 3.90. Ans: , -
Q45) atm at for the equilibrium shown below. What is the equilibrium concentration of
when it is placed in a flask at atm pressure and allowed to come to equilibrium?
( ) ( ) ( )
Ans:
Q46) One of the reactions that takes place in producing steel from iron ore is the reduction of iron (II) oxide
by carbon monoxide to give iron metal and
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
What are the equilibrium partial pressures of and at if the initial pressures are:

Ans: [ -
, -
Q47) Dihydrogen gas used in Haber’s process is produced by reacting methane from natural gas with high
temperature steam. The first stage of two stage reaction involves the formation of and . In second
stage, formed in first stage is reacted with more steam in water gas shift reaction.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
If a reaction vessel at is charged with an equimolar mixture of and steam so that
bar, what will be the partial pressure of at equilibrium?
Ans:

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
 Avogadro Chem Point
Factors affecting the state of equilibrium:
Le-Chatelier’s Principle: If a system is in equilibrium and there is any change in concentration,
temperature or pressure, the equilibrium shifts in a direction such that it nullifies the effect of change
produced.
( ) ( )
Note: when we say that net reaction / equilibrium is shifted in forward direction it means moles of the
product are increases and moles of the reactant are decreased and vice versa.
Note: The same effect on concentration / partial pressure can occur only when volume and temperature
are constant

1. Effect of concentration/partial pressure of a particular substance:

If we study the effect of concentration or partial pressure it means volume and temperature is constant
and concentration/ pressures is changed by changing the mole
If concentration of a particular substance decreased it means it’s no of mole decreased and vice versa.

If we increase the concentration of reactant or decreasing the concentration of product, then

equilibrium will shift towards the forward direction and vice versa.
Reason: The effect of change in concentration can be predicted by comparing the and .
Let, ( ) ( )

, -
, -
If we increase concentration of A, then we can write in place of .
, -
, -
As concentration of [A] is increases so will be less than and in order to re attain the equilibrium,
will tend to increase and this will happen only when reaction proceeds towards the forward direction.
(g) + (g) 2 (g)
if we increases the mole of then reaction proceeds towards the forward direction

same effect on conc / partial pressure as volume is constant.

i.e

(g) + (g) 2 (g)

on adding some water what will happen?

will dissolve so rkn forward

( ) ( ) ( )
on adding what will happen?
on adding

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
 Avogadro Chem Point
On adding what will happen?

on adding
as in
, -
Note: on adding solid there is no effect on mole/conc/pressure

2. Effect of pressure: Only in case of gaseous substance involved.

By changing volume of vessel at const T

Consider the dissociation of into

1mol 2 mol
If we increase the pressure by decreasing the volume of container at constant temp. Then reaction will
shift in that direction which result in decreases in pressure.
, -
V is constant as volume of vessels is changed by us. Reaction cannot change the volume of vessel. So
once the volume of vessels decreased/increased then it cannot decreased or increased by it owns. That’s
why we considered that volume of vessel become constant after changing it’s volume

Now reaction will shift in that direction where no of mole is less so that pressure also decreases.
On increasing the pressure / decreasing the volume of vessel, net reaction occur in a direction such
that mole of gases decreased and vice versa

High pressure favors lower no. of moles,

Lower pressure favors higher no. of moles.
Note: The effect of change of pressure can be predicted by comparing the and .
Let us consider,
, -
, -, -
Now suppose the reaction mixture is compressed to half the volume, i.e. pressure is doubled
The molarity of each gets doubled as,

* , -+ , - , -
* , -+ * , -+ , -, - , -, -
, To re-stabilize the equilibrium, tends to rise. This can happen only when reactant
converts to product so equation will shift towards forward direction i.e towards lower no of mole
Note: There is no effect of pressure if no. of moles of reactant and products are same.
For ex:
2 mole 2mole

3. Effect of temperature:
Note: Increase in temperature favors endothermic reaction.
Decrease in temperature favors exothermic reaction

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
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Exothermic
For ex: {exothermic }
Endothermic
Now, if temperature is increased i.e. heat is supplied to the system, then according to
Le – Chatelier’s principle, equilibrium will shift towards the side that absorbs heat i.e.in the backward
direction.
Note: absorbs 92.4 kJ and converts into and i.e. and have more heat than , i.e.
heat lies within and that’s why we say reaction will shift towards backwards direction.

4. Effect of inert gas on addition:

a) at constant volume:
inert gas
N2, H2, NH3

If volume is kept constant, then addition of inert gas has no effect on the equilibrium because at
constant volume there is no change in no of mole of reactant or product so no change in partial pressure
or molar concentration of each component. So Q remains same.

a) Volume → constant, partial P of each remains constant. ( ). However total

pressure will increase due to addition of inert gas. sum of partial pressure (since inert
gas have some pressure)
b) Since volume is constant so there is no change in molarity (n/V) that’s why there is no effect of
adding inert gas at constant volume.

b) Addition of inert gas at constant pressure:

piston
N2, H2
inert gas at const p
NH3

At const p and T, on adding inert gas, no of mole of gases get increases so volume of container also
increases (i.e piston move upward) and on increasing volume of container, partial pressure of each
component get decreases and decreases in partial pressure favour higher no of mole so Addition of inert
gas at constant pressure favors higher no. of moles.
Addition of inert gas at constant pressure means total P should remain constant.
To make total P constant, we have to decrease the partial pressure.
( = Partial P of all gases + partial P of inert gas)
So addition of inert gas at constant pressure favour higher no of mole.
Ex:
Due to addition if inert gas at constant pressure, equilibrium shifts towards backward direction

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
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5. Effect of catalyst: Catalyst does not shift the equilibrium in any direction. This is because catalyst
favors the rate of forward reaction and rate of backward reaction equally. However it helps to achieve
the equilibrium quickly.

Q48) ( ) ( ) ( )
By adding inert gas at constant P, in which direction will equilibrium shift?

Q49) ( ) ( ) ( )
Describe the effect of on equilibrium of the reaction:
a) Addition of
b) Addition of
c) Removal of
d) Removal of ,

Q50) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a) Write an expression for the from the above reaction.
b) How will the value of and composition of each mixture be affected by
(i) Increasing P
(ii) Increasing T as this reaction is endothermic
(iii)Using a catalyst
Ans:
(i) By increasing the pressure, the no. of moles per unit volume will increase. In order to decrease the
same, the equilibrium gets shifted to the left or in the backward direction. As a result, more of
reactants will be formed and the value of will decrease.
(ii) If the temperature is increased, according to Le Chatelier’s principle, the forward reaction will be
favored as it is endothermic. Therefore, the equilibrium gets shifted to the right and the value of
will increase.
(iii) The addition of catalyst will not change the equilibrium since it influences both the forward and
the backward reactions to the same extent. But it will be attained more quickly.

Q51) ( ) ( ) ( )

a) Write an expression for .

b) What is the value of for the reverse reaction at the same temperature?
c) What would be the effect on if (i) more is added, (ii) temperature is increased.
Ans:
(c) (i) By adding more of value of will remain constant because there is no change in
temperature.
(ii) By increasing the temperature, the forward reaction will be favoured since it is endothermic in
nature. Therefore, the value of equilibrium constant will increase.

Q52) Which of the following reaction will get affected by increasing pressure? Also mention whether change
will cause the reaction to go into forward or backward direction.
a) ( ) ( ) ( )
b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
c) ( ) ( ) ( )
d) ( ) ( ) ( )

WZ-186, Central Market, Near Bank of India, Bodella, Vikaspuri, ND-18 M No 9911395433 Page 19
Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
 Avogadro Chem Point
e) ( ) ( ) ( )
f) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Q53) Does the number of moles of reaction products increase, decrease, or remain same when each of the
following equilibrium is subjected to a decrease in pressure by increasing the volume?
(i) ( ) ( ) ( )
(ii) ( ) ( ) ( )
(iii) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Q54) A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapours in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of
the container is suddenly increased. (i) What is the initial effect of the change on the vapour pressure?
(ii) How do the rates of evaporation and condensation change initially? (iii) What happens when
equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?
Ans:
(i) On increasing the volume of the container, the vapour will initially decrease because the same
amount of vapours are now distributed over a larger space.
(ii) On increasing the volume of the container, the rate of evaporation will increase initially because now
more space is available. Since the amount of the vapours per unit volume decrease on increasing the
volume, therefore, the rate of condensation will decrease initially.
(iii) when equilibrium is restored then rate of evaporation = rate of condensation. The final vapour
pressure will be same as it was originally because vapour pressure of liquid depends upon only on
temperature and not upon the volume of the container.

Q55) The following reaction has attained equilibrium:

( ) ( ) ( )
What will happen if
a) Volume of reaction vessel is suddenly reduced to half.
b) The partial pressure of hydrogen is suddenly doubled.
c) An inert gas is added to the system.

Equilibrium in Physical Process: → observed in phase transformation process

Solid Liquid
Liquid Gas
Solid Gas
a) Solid – liquid equilibrium:
Solid Liquid But for ,
( )

( )

( )
Freezing or Melting point: Temperature at which solid and liquid are in equilibrium at atmospheric
pressure is called melting or freezing point.
b) Liquid vapour
( )

( )

WZ-186, Central Market, Near Bank of India, Bodella, Vikaspuri, ND-18 M No 9911395433 Page 20
Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
 Avogadro Chem Point
c) A(gas) A(aq)
( )

i.e solubility of gas

Equilibrium involving dissolution of solid in liquid:

( ) ()
Suppose more and more sugar is added into a fixed volume of water at room temperature. First the sugar
will keep on dissolving but when a stage will come when no more sugar dissolves, it will start settling
down at the bottom. The solution is now said to be saturated solution and it is in equilibrium i.e. rate of
dissolution becomes equal to rate of precipitation.

Solubility: The maximum amount of solid that can be dissolved in 100 g of a solvent at a particular
temperature is called solubility of that solid in the given solvent.
ENDO
( )
EXO

High temperature → favours forward reaction

Note: Pressure has no large effect on solid as it is less compressible.

Equilibrium involving dissolution of gas in liquid:

Effect of temperature on the solubility of gas in liquid:

EXO

( )
ENDO

High temperature → favors backward reaction i.e. dissolution of gas in liquid gets deceases at high
temperature.

Effect of pressure on the solubility of gas in liquid:

( )
The solubility of a gas in a liquid can be understood by Henry’s Law.
HENRY’S LAW: - The solubility of a particular gas in a liquid is directly proportional to it’s partial
pressure above liquid surface at constant temperature when liquid & gas are in equilibrium.
, +

* +

{Solubility is taken in term of mole fraction and unit of is unit less

so }

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
 Avogadro Chem Point
Application of Henry’s Law: -
a) To increase the solubility of in soft drinks & soda water, the bottle is sealed under high
pressure.
b) At high altitudes, the partial pressure of oxygen is less than that at ground level. This lead to low
of oxygen in the blood & tissue. Low blood oxygen causes climber to become weak & unable
to think clearly and this condition known as anoxia.

 Relationship between equilibrium constant , reaction quotient and standard Gibb’s free
energy .

So,

Note:
a) – Reaction will be spontaneous and reaction proceeds in forward reaction
b) Reaction will be non-spontaneous.
c) Reaction will be in equilibrium.

Q56) The value of for the phosphorylation of glucose in glycolysis is 13.8 KJ/mole. Find the value of
at 298 K. [Ans: ]
Q57) Hydrolysis of sucrose gives glucose and fructose. Equilibrium constant for the reaction is
at 300 K. Calculate the for 300 K.

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Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium