ESTIMATION AND VALUATION 1.

0 Introduction

Introduction

Estimating is the process of predetermining of cost and size(quantities) of any work-in

other word an estimate for any construction work may be defined as the process of
calculating the quantity and cost of various item required in proposed work.

In preparation of an estimate, the quantity of different item of work are calculate by simple
mensuration method, the calculation mainly consists of Length x Breadth x Height or Length
x Breadth or Length only and from these quantities the cost calculated by Quantity x Unit
rate of each item of work.

The unit rate of each item of work should consists cost of the materials, cost of labor , cost
of transportation ,cost of tools and plants, establishment charges, supervision charges,
taxes and reasonable profit of contractor etc.

An accuracy in estimate is very importance, if estimate is exceed it becomes very difficult to

arrange for additional money. An estimate may be varying due to inaccuracy in preparing
estimate, omission of item, change in design and improper rates. So, accuracy of an
estimate depends on a drawing, method of estimating, consideration of rates and probable
expenses which may be required for various unforeseen works.

Importance of estimation

 The estimate is necessary for fixing budget for the proposed project.
 It is necessary to draw up work schedule.
 It is necessary for calculating the required quantity of materials and labour for
project.
 It is useful to check the work done by contractor during and after the execution of
work.
 It is require for preparing tender for the project.
 It is useful for valuation of land and building.

Purpose of estimation

The main purpose of estimating is to find the probable cost of any type of work.Including
this, other purpose are as follow:

 To find probable cost of work.

 To find quantity of various materials and labour required for executing work.
 To have an idea of the time of completion of the work.
 To help in controlling the expenditure during execution.
 To help checking of work done by contractor.
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ESTIMATION AND VALUATION 1.0 Introduction

 To help in completion of department formalities such as inviting tender, technical

sanction etc.
 To help in fixation of standard rent, price of flat and valuation of properties.

Estimated cost and actual cost

The estimated cost is the probable cost of work and is determined theoretically by
mathematical calculation base on drawing and current rates.

The actual cost of work is known at the completion of work. Account of all expenditure is
maintained day to day during execution of work in the account section and at the end of
completion of work when the account is completed, the actual cost is known. Estimated
cost should not differ by more than 5% than actual cost.

System of unit

The unit of different works depends on their nature, size and shape. In general the units of
different item of work are based on following principle.

 Mass, voluminous and thick work shall be taken in cubic unit or volume.
 Shallow, thin and surface (thickness specified) works shall be taken in square unit
or area.
 Long and thin (two dimension (x-sectional area) specified) works shall be taken in
linear unit or running unit.
 Piece works, job works etc shall be taken in number.

Units of Measurement and Payments for Items of Work and Materials:

Unit (MKS)of
S.N Description Remarks
Measurement Payment
1.0 Earthwork
1.1 E/W in excavation cu.m per cu.m
1.2 E/W in filling cu.m per cu.m
1.3 Surface dressing sq.m per sq.m
1.4 quarrying of stone or boulder cu.m per cu.m
1.5 Blasting of rock cu.m per cu.m
1.6 Rock excavation cu.m per cu.m
2.0 Brickwork
2.1 Flat brick soling sq.m per sq.m
2.2 Brickwork in foundation cu.m per cu.m

2.3 Brickwork in cornice,coping,drip course per

( projection specified) running meter runn.m
2.4 Half brick thick wall sq.m per sq.m

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ESTIMATION AND VALUATION 1.0 Introduction

Unit (MKS)of
S.N Description Remarks
Measurement Payment
3.0 Stone work
Stone masonry,Random Rubble
3.1
masonry in wall, in arches cu.m per cu.m
3.2 Stone slab in roofing, shelve etc. sq.m per sq.m
3.3 Stone work in wall facing or lining
( thickness specified) sq.m per sq.m
4.0 Concrete work
4.1 PCC in foundation cu.m per cu.m
4.2 Lime concrete in foundation cu.m per cu.m
4.3 75 mm thick PCC sq.m per sq.m
4.4 DPC (Thickness specified) sq.m per sq.m
4.5 RCC work cu.m per cu.m
4.6 Formwork sq.m per sq.m
4.7 Precast PCC and RCC cu.m per cu.m
5.0 Woodwork
5.1 Woodwork in door and window frame cu.m per cu.m
5.2 Woodwork in rafters beam roof trusses cu.m per cu.m
5.3 Timbering of trenches, boarding etc. sq.m per sq.m
5.4 Plywood sq.m per sq.m
5.5 Woodwork in partition sq.m per sq.m
5.6 Ballies (diameter specified) meter per m.
6.0 Flooring work
6.1 Sand filling cu.m per cu.m
6.2 mosaic flooring sq.m per sq.m
6.3 marble flooring sq.m per sq.m
6.4 screed (kora) sq.m per sq.m
6.5 cement sand punning sq.m per sq.m
7.0 Finishing work
7.1 Plaster work sq.m per sq.m
7.2 Painting work sq.m per sq.m
7.3 Skirting (Thickness and ht. specified) sq.m per sq.m
7.4 Whitewashing,Colour washing,cemet
washing( No. of coat specified) sq.m per sq.m
7.5 Distempering ( No. of coat specified) sq.m per sq.m
7.6 Enamel painting on door and window
( No. of coat specified) sq.m per sq.m
7.7 Painting letters and figures no. per no.

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ESTIMATION AND VALUATION 1.0 Introduction

Unit (MKS)of
S.N Description Remarks
Measurement Payment
8.0 Roofing work
8.1 Tiled roofing sq.m per sq.m
8.2 Tile on ridge of roof m per m
8.3 Corrugated galvanized iron(C.G.I) roof sq.m per sq.m
8.4 Asbestos Cement (A.C) sheet roof sq.m per sq.m
8.5 Slate roofing, timber roofing sq.m per sq.m
9.0 Steel work
9.1 Steel reinforcement quintal per quintal
9.2 Channels, Angles I-section beam ..etc. quintal per quintal
9.3 Bending, binding of steel reinforcement quintal per quintal
9.4 Iron work in truss quintal per quintal
9.5 Iron gate sq.m per sq.m
9.6 Iron grill, collapsible gate sq.m per sq.m
9.7 Rolling shutter sq.m per sq.m
9.8 Steel door and window sq.m per sq.m
9.9 Threading in iron cm per cm.
9.10 Boring holes in iron no. per no.
10.0 Miscellaneous item
10.1 Cutting trees no. per no.
10.2 Railing (height and type specified) m per m.
10.3 pile driving m per m.
10.4 Pipe laying (Dia. Specified) m per m.
10.5 Site clearance work sq.m per sq.m
10.6 Furniture( type and size specified) no. per no.
10.7 Fixing door and window no. per no.
10.8 Bituminous road surfacing sq.m per sq.m
10.9 Water closet (w.c), wash basin etc no. per no.
10.10 Electric wiring point per point.
10.11 Grouting work in crack m per m.
10.12 Grouting work in road sq.m per sq.m

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ESTIMATION AND VALUATION 1.0 Introduction

Unit (MKS)of
S.N Description Remarks
Measurement Payment
11.0 Material
11.1 Brick no. per no.
11.2 cement bag of 50 kg per bag
11.3 Sand cu.m per cu.m
11.4 Aggregate cu.m per cu.m
11.5 Brick ballast, stone ballast cu.m per cu.m
11.6 steel quintal per quintal
11.7 Bitumen tonne per tonne
11.8 A.C sheets sq.m per sq.m
11.9 switches. Plugs, bulbs …etc no. per no.
11.10 pipe m per m.
11.12 explosive for blasting kg per kg
11.13 Varnish, oil ,paints .. litre per litre.

Data requirement of estimating:

(1) Drawing
Plan, elevation and section with clear feature and dimension are required for
calculation of quantity of each item of work so drawing should have clear feature
and dimension.
(2) Specification
The documents describing the quality, quantity and work-man- ship for every item
of work is known as specification. The rate and cost of the project directly depends
on the specification of the project. Detailed specification gives the quality, nature
and class of work, materials, to be used in various parts of work, their proportion,
and method of preparation; work-man-ship and description of execution of work.
(3) Rates
The rate of various item of work, material to be used in construction and different
categories of the labour (skilled or unskilled) should be available for estimating of
any work. The cost of transportation should also be known as far as possible.
(4) Method of measurement
The methods of measurement of different civil works are needed to calculate
quantities of various item of work. For example:
 10% deduction for uncompacted filling of earth.
 In RCC work –no deduction for vol. of reinforcement.
 In Brick work – no deduction for opening of area less than 0.1 sq.m and
bearing of lintel, hold fast blocks etc.

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