When |x| > |a| i.e.

, |a/x| < 1
In this case, (x + a)n = {x (1 + a/x)}n = x n (1 + a/x)n
number of terms particularly binomial theorem for any in-
dex, exponential and logarithmic series.
These expansions have great use in different branches = xn
of Mathematics and Engineering Calculus. In algebra, the
understanding of multinomial theorem too depends much
over these concepts and expansions.
Using any of these expansions as identity and applying dif- When |x| < |a| i.e., |x/a| < 1
ferent mathematical operations over them to create new identities In this case, (x + a)n = {a (1 + x/a)}n = a n (1 + x/a)n
and subsequently deriving different useful and interesting results
which will be always of a great fun to science loving students.
= an

It is more general form of binomial theorem in which the index

(exponent) need not be always a natural number. The statement
of theorem is given below: For any rational value of n,

The (r + 1)th term is called the general term and is denoted

by Tr+1. and (r + 1)th term in the expansion of (1 + x)n is given
;
by
where |x| < 1 i.e., – 1 < x < 1.

If x is positive, then which is the second negative term in the expansion of (1 + x)27/5?
 9th term will be + ve
10th term will be – ve
10th term will be second – ve term
If x
(1 – 7x)1/3 (1 – 2x)– 3/4.

(1 – 7x)1/3 (1 – 2x)–3/4 =

= x (neglecting terms containing x2 and higher powers of x) = 1

Find the 8th term of .

T8 = (1 – 3x)–1/2

= ; where r = 7

= ;r=7

= = =

x5 in the expansion of (1 – 2x)– 5/2

Tr+1 =

x5 ; r = 5

T6 = (–2)5 x5 =

x5 = 12012
 The general term in this expansion is Tr+1 = (–1)r

in the expansion of
(1 + x)n. If Tr+1 is the greatest term, then |Tr+1 | | Tr | 2. Replacing x by – x and n by –n in the expansion
of (1 + x)–n, we get (1 – x) n = 1 + nx +
or
+ ...
; where
+ (–1)r
The general term in this expansion is
(1 + x)n; |x| < 1; n
Tr+1 =
(a) Calculate
Putting n = 1, 2, 3 in the expansion of (1 + x)–n, we get
(b) If is integer, then T and T 1 are equal and both are (1 + x)–1 = 1 x + x2 x3 + x4 + .... + ( 1)r xr + ....,
greatest terms.
(1 + x) 2 = 1 2x + 3x2 4x3 + 5x4 + .... + ( 1)r(r + 1)
(c) If is not integer, then T[ ]+1 is the greatest term where
[.] denotes the greatest integer function. xr + ....,
(1 + x) 3 = 1 3x + 6x2 10x3 + .. + ( 1)r
xr + ....
1. Replacing n by – n in the expansion for (1 + x)n, we get Replacing x by –x in the above expansions, we get
(1 x) 1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + .... + xr + ...
(1 + x) n = 1 nx + +...+
(1 x) 2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + .... + (r + 1)xr + ... and

(1 x) 3 = 1 + 3x + 6x2 + ... + xr + ....

Show that (53)53 – (33)33 is divisible by 10.

(53)53 = (50 + 3)53 = 53C0 (50)53 (3)0 + 53C1 (50)52 (3)1 + .... + 53C52 (50)1 (3)52 + 53C53 (50)0 (3)53
= 10k1 + (3)53; where 10k1 k1
We know that periodicity of 3 is 4
(3)53 = (3)4(13)+1
Last digit of (3)53 is 3
Last digit of (53)53 is 3
Also: (33)33 = (30 + 3)33
= 33C0 (30)33 (3)0 + 33C1 (30)32 (3)1 + ... + 33C32 (30)0 (3)32 + 33C33 (30)0(3)33 = 10k2 + (3)33
Again last digit at (3)33 is 3
Last digit of (33)33 is 3
Last digit of (53)33 – (33)33 will be 0
(53)33 – (33)33 is divisible by 10

If x

.
 We have

= [ (1 + x)n = 1 + nx] =

= =

x4 in the expansion of if | x | < 1.

= (1 + x) (1 – x)–1

= (1 + x)
= (1 + x) (1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + ... to )
= 1 + 2x + 2x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 +2x5 ... to
x4 = 2

Find a, b xn in the expansion of may be 2n +1 and hence

the sum of the series 1+ 3(1/2) + 5(1/2)2 + ...

= (a + bx) (1 – x) –2

or = (a + bx) [1+ 2x + 3x2 + ... + nx n–1 + (n +1) xn + ...] (i)

xn = nb + (n +1)a = (a + b) n + a
Given (a + b)n + a = 2n + 1
n and constant term, we get, a + b = 2 (ii)
and a = 1 (iii)
Putting a = 1 in (ii), we get b = 1
Putting the values of a and b in (i), we get = (1+ x) (1+ 2x + 3x2 + ...)
= 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 + ...

Putting x = 1/2, we get,1 + 3(1/2) + 5 (1/2)2 + .....=

1. 4. xr in the expansion of
(1 + x) , when |x| < 1.
–2
.
2. xn in the expansion of (1 – 2x
+ 3x2 – 4x3 3
|x| < 1.
5. xn in the expansion of
3. .
is 4n when |x| < 1. is it true, when n = 0?
For what value of x
the general term. n = 0.
 10. If |x| < 1, show that
6. x3 in the expansion of (a) (1 + x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3
assuming that the expansion is possible. (b) (1 – x)–3 = 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3
7. If x be so small that its squares and higher powers are
11. Verify each of the following series as an expansion of
neglected, prove that

(a)
(a)

(b)
(b)

(c) 12. x24 in the multinomial expansion

of (1 + 3x + 6x + 10x3
2 2/3
8. If x is nearly equal to 1, prove that
(a) (b) 13. If c be a quantity so small that c3 may be neglected in

9. Compute comparison with l3, show that is

(a) to 4 places of decimal
very nearly equal to 2 + .
(b) Evaluate correct to 5 decimal places.

1. (1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + 5x4) 2. n+5

C5(–1)n

3. condition: x2r: x2 and

higher powers neglected.

5. 1 6. –9 9. (a) 5.4775 (b) 5.01329
11. (a) (b) 12. 25

1. The fourth term in the expansion of (1 – 2x)3/2

will be 4.
(a) (b)

(c) (d) (a) 61/3

2. The expansion of binomial theorem will

be valid, if (b) 6–1/3
(a) x < 1 (b) |x| < 1
(c) (d) None of these
(c) 61/3

3. If (a + bx)–2 = – 3x + ....., then (a, b) =

(a) (2, 12) (b) (–2, 12) (d) 6–1/3
(c) (2, – 12) (d) None of these
 (a) 1 (b) n
5. (c) n + 1 (d) None of these
10. If |x| < 1, then in the expansion of (1 + 2x + 3x2
(a) 2 + (b) 1 + + 4x3 + ....)1/2 xn is
(a) n (b) n + 1
(c) 1 (d) –1
(c) (d)
11. The sum of 1 + n
6. (r + 1) term in the expansion of (1 – x) will be
th –4
will be

(a) (b) (a) xn (b) x–n

(c) (d) None of these

(c) (d) None of these
12. If (r + 1)th
expansion of (1 + x)7/2, then the value of r is
7. In the expansion of xn
(a) 5 (b) 6
will be (c) 4 (d) 7
(a) 4n (b) 4n – 3
(c) 4n + 1 (d) None of these 13. If x is so small that x3 and higher powers of x may be

neglected, then may be approxi-

8. can be expanded by binomial theorem, if
mated as
(a) x < 1 (b) |x| < 1
(a) – (b)
(c) x > 1 (d) |x| > 1
9. If |x| xn in the expansion of
(c) 1 – (d) 3x +
(1 + x + x2 + ...)2 will be

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a)

(iv)
-
Proceeding similarly and substituting in (i), we get the
nite degree in variable x as:
result i.e.,
;

provided f(0), f f f
Proof: Let f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3
f(0) = a0 (ii) -
f x) = a1 + 2a2x + 3a3x2 + .... nite degree in variable (x – a) as:
f a1 (iii)
f x) = 2a2 + 3.2 a3x + 4.3a4x2 + ...
 Let f(x) = a0 + a1(x – a) + a2(x – a)2 f a) = 2a2 = 2! (a2) and so on.
+ a3(x – a)3 (i)
Substituting all these values in (i), we get
f x) = a1 + 2a2 (x – a) + 3a3 (x – a) 2

f x) = 2a2 + 3.2a3 (x – a
Substituting x = a, we get
f(a) = a0 = a0
f a) = a1 = 1!(a1)

(a) ex (b) sin x

(a) Let f(x) = ex f x) = ex f x) = ex .....

f(0) = 1 and f f

(b) Let f(x) = sin x f x) = cos x f x) = –sin x f x) = –cos x....

f(0) = 0 and f f f

By expanding using Mac Lauren’s theorem, prove the following:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(i) f(x) = ln(1 + x) ....; –1 < x

and so on

f(0) = ln1 = 0 f
f f
f By Mac Lauren’s theorem)

or

(ii) f(x) = cos x

f x) = – sin x
f x) = – cos x
f x) = sin x
 f x) = cos x and so on.
f(0) = 1, f f f f

By Mac Lauren’s theorem;

(iii) f(x) = tan x

f x) = sec2 x
f x) = 2sec2x tan x
f x) = 2sec4 x + 2tan x (2sec2 x tan x)
= 2sec4x + 4sec2x tan2x
f x) = 2(4) sec3 x secx tan x
+ 4sec2 x (2 tan x.sec2x)
+ 4 tan2x (2sec2x tan x) = 16sec4x tanx + 8sec2x tan3x
f(0) = 0; f f
f f f x) (16 sec6x) + terms containing tan x
f
By Mac Lauren’s theorem,

(iv) f(x) = tan–1x

f (x) = (–1) (1 + x2)–2 (2x) = –2x(1 + x2)–2

f x) = –2(1 + x2)–2 – 2x (–2) (1 + x2)–3 (2x)
f x) = (–2) (–2) (1 + x2)–3 (2x) + 8x2 (–3) (1 + x2)–4 (2x) + 8 (1 + x2)–3 (2x) and so on
f(0) = 0; f f f
By Mac Lauren’s theorem,

Let n be a natural number greater than 1, then

1/n < 1. Using binomial theorem, we have (1 + 1/n)n
The concept of ‘e’ was introduced by a great Swiss = 1.n (1/n)3 + .....
Mathematician Leonhard Euler, in his text of calculus in
1748. That is why, e is known as Euler Number.
(1 + 1/n)n = 1 + 1 + (1 – 1/n) (1 –

2/n) + .....
This is an identity and it is true for all values of n, how-
is denoted by e which is equal to the limiting value of ever large. If n n , then 1/n, 2/n,
(1 + 1/n)n as n 3/n etc. will approach to zero.
 We know that n! > 2n–1 for all n > 2

for all n > 2

Thus

(a) e lies between 2 and 3 i.e., 2 < e < 3

(b) The value of e, correct to 10 places of decimals, is

2.7182818284.
(c) e is an irrational (incommensurable) number.
(d) e is the base of natural logarithm (Napier logarithm).
i.e., ln x = loge x
e<1+

e<1+2=3 (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get 2 < e < 3.
(i) 0 ! = 1 2. e is an irrational number:
In fact, e is an irrational number and its val-
(ii)
ue, to 10 places of decimal is 2.7182818284. Let us
now prove that e is an irrational number.
If possible, let e = p/q, where p and q are positive
integers. Then

For x ,

or

The above series is known as exponential series and ex is Multiplying both sides of (ii) by q!, we get,
called exponential function. Exponential function is also
denoted by exp. x i.e., exp A = eA exp x = ex p(q – 1)! = (iii)

1. e lies between 2 and 3.

Note that p(q – 1)! and are
We have,
positive integer, therefore, from (iii), we get

must be a positive integer.

e–2=
But <
e – 2 = a positive number e>2 (i)
 (1)
=
(2)
Thus 1/q. But q is a positive integer. Therefore,
1/q 1 or 1. But this is not possible, as is a (3)
positive integer.
Therefore, e cannot be a rational number.
3. If a > 0, then ax is
and (4)
for all

real values of x. or
We have, ex = 1 + x + + ... Putting x = 1 in (1), (2), (3) and (4), we obtain
Replacing x by cx in this series, we get or (5)

ecx =
or (6)

ecx = or (7)

Let ec = a. Then c = ln a and ecx = (ec)x = ax

and or
Putting these values in (i), we get

ax = (8)

(a) (b)

(a) Given series is S =

= e–1

(b)

=e
 Show that

If Un be the nth term of the given series. Then

Let Tn be the nth term of the series 4,11,22,......... and Sn be the sum of n terms. Then

Also
Subtracting, we get

(Summing up the A.P. series)

= 2e + 3e + (e – 1) = 6e – 1

1. Prove that 6. x10 in the expansion of e2+3x.

xn.
(i)
7. xn in the expansion of
(ii)
8. Prove that...... .
(iii)
9. nth term
is......
2. Find the sum of the series
. (a) (b)

3. If y = show that 10. If a = dratic

equation whose roots are a and b.

x=
11. Prove that
4. If y = x – x2 + x3 – x4 x = y + y2
+ y3 + .... .
12. Prove that
5. xn in the expansion of
13. Prove that 14. Prove that

2. e2 – e 6. 7.

9. (a) (b) e 10.

1. x10 in the series of e2x is

6. Sum of the series is
(a) (b)
(a) xex (b) x3ex
(c) (d) None of these
(c) x2e–x (d) x2ex
2. xn in the expansion of ea+bx in powers
of x is
7. The value of is
(a) (b)

(c) (d) None of these (a) (b)

3. xn in the expansion of is (c) (d)

(a)
8. x+
(b)
(a) x2ex (b) (x + x2)ex
(c) (1 + x)ex (d) None of these
(c)
9. is
(d) None of these
(a) e–1 (b) e2
4. Sum of the series is
(c) e3 (d) e
(a) e + 1 (b) e – 1
(c) e – 2 (d) None of these 10. The value of is

5. Sum of the series is

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(c) e – e–1 (d) None of these
 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a)

= 1 – x + x2 – x3 + x4 – x5 +.....
We know that logarithm of any number N to the given base
a is the exponent or index of the power to which the base
must be raised to obtain the number N. Thus if ax = N, x
is called the Logarithm of N to the base a. It is also called
designated as logaN.
loga N = x; ax = N, a > 0, a 1 and N > 0
In Logarithmic series, we are taking number e as the
base of the logarithm. Logarithms of numbers calculated
to the base e are called Naperian Log or Natural Since, loge (1 + x) = , (–1 < x 1) (1)
and the logarithms to the base 10 are known as
Replacing x by –x in (1), we get
. Now, we will obtain an expansion for
loge(1 + x) as a series in powers of x which is valid only loge (1 – x) = – x– – ..., (–1 x < 1) (2)
when |x| < 1.
Adding (1) and (2), we get
loge [(1 + x) (1 – x)] = – ,

(–1 < x < 1) (3)

loge (1 + x) = or Subtracting (2) from (1), then

loge (1 + x) = loge , (–1 < x < 1) (4)

xn in the expansion of log(1+ x+ x2) is -2/n or 1/n according as n

is a multiple of 3 or not a multiple of 3.

log(1+ x+ x2) =

If n

xn = 1/n
1. If be the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 8. Prove that loge (x + a) – loge(x – a) =
0, show that log(a – bx + cx2) = log a + ( + ) x –
x2 +.......... . 2

2. Prove that 2 log x – log(x + 1) – log(x – 1) = 9. Prove that

(a)

3. Prove that
log [(1 + x)1+x (1 – x)1 ] = (b) loge (x + 2h) = 2 loge(x + h) – loge x –

4. Evaluate the sum of the series +

10. Prove that .............

5. Evaluate the sum of the series
(a)

(b)
6. Show that +
11. Prove that
loge 3 – loge 2
12. Prove that

7. Prove that

4. log (4/e) 5.

1. The value of (c)

.................... is (d) None of these

3. The value of
(a) (b)

(c) n(a + b) (d) n(a – b) (a)

2. The value of is (b)

(c)
(a)

(b) (d)
4. xn in the expansion of ln (1 + 3x +
2x2) is 7. The sum of

(a) (b)
(a) (b)

(c) (d) None of these

(c) (d) None of these

5. is
8. The sum of
(a) n2–1 (b) 3 n 2 – 1

(c) (d) None of these (a) n(4/5) (b) n(5/4)

(c) (d) None of these

6.

(a) n2–1 (b) 9. The sum of

(c) (d) None of these (a) ln3 (b) ln2

(c) ln4 (d) 7n

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a)

 4. The value of (0.98)–3 upto 2 decimal places is
(a) 1 (b) 1.06
(c) 1.24 (d) 1.08
1. xn in the expansion of is
Solution: (b) (0.98) -3 = (1 -0.02) -3
(a) 2n (b) 3n
(c) 4n (d) –3n

Solution: (c) = (1 + x)2 (1 – x)–2

= 1 + 0.0600 + 0.0024
=
[Neglecting other terms as they contain 3 or more
zeros just after decimal]
= 1.0624 = 1.06 upto two places of decimal
xn in =1 (n + 1) + 2
5. xn in the expansion of ea + bx
in
(n) + 1 (n – 1) = n + 1 + 2n + n – 1 = 4 n powers of x is
2. x4 in the expansion of (1 + 2x + 3x2
+ 4x3 + ...)1/2 is (a) (b)
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 4 (d) 3
(c) (d) None of these
Solution: (b) We have, (1 + 2x + 3x + 4x + .....)
2 3 1/2

= [(1 – x)– 2]1/2 = (1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + ....+ xn +..

Solution: (c) We have
x4 = 1.

3. If x is nearly equal to 1, is nearly equal to or

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
6. x2 in the expansion of e2x+3 as a
series in powers of x is
Solution: (d) Let x = 1+ h, where h is so small that its
(a) –2 e4 (b) 2 e3
square and higher powers can be neglected.
(c) –2 e (d) –2 e6

Solution: (b) We have e2x + 3 = e2x.

[Neglecting h2 and higher powers of h]

= [ x = 1+ h]
7. If then 2S is Solution: (c) Let
(a) e (b) e2
(c) -2 e (d) e3 Then the given series is

Solution: (d)
Then,

10. log(1 + 3x + 2x2) = ....

(a)

(b)
2S = e .
3

(c)
8. If then the value (d) None of these
of (Bn–Bn–1) is Solution: (a) log (1 + 3x + 2x2) = log {(1 + x)
(1 + 2x)} = log (1 + x) + log (1 + 2x)
(a) 1 (b)
=
(c) (d) None of these

Solution: (b) We have,

.....
=

= B0 + B1x + B2x2 + ..+ Bnxn + 11. is equal to

xn and xn-1 on both
sides, we get
(a) logba (b) log a
(c) – logab (d) logab
Solution: (a) Let x = a – 1 and y = b – 1. Then,
and

9: The results of

is equal to

(a) 2 logeb + 2loge (b) logea + logeb 12. xn in the expansion of

(c) logeb – logea (d) None of these loge (1 + 3x + 2x2) is
 (a) (b) 13. is equal to

(c) (d) None of these (a) 1/2 loge3 (b) loge2

(c) loge3 (d) (1/2) loge2
Solution: (c) We have,
loge (1 + 3x + 2x2) = loge {(1 + x) (1 + 2x)} Solution: (d) We have:

Solution:

1: If the series

be denoted by S1, S2 and S3, then

show that Now,

Solution: If is an imaginary cube root of unity

xn in the expansion of
Now = =

and 3. x24 in the expansion of

is 25.

Solution: Let
and
= Subtracting, we get

Similarly,
or

= e0.x = e0 = 1 [ (1+ + 2
) = 0]
2. xn in the expansion of =
is . =
x24 (Taking r = 24) = 24 + 1 = 25
4. Prove that R. H. S. =

Solution: L. H. S.
=
=

=
=

= =

=
=

= 6. If m is nearly equal to n, then the value of the

expression is nearly equal to (m/n)1/3.

Solution: Since m is nearly equal to n

m = (1 + ) n orm/n = 1 + (i)
= Where is so small that and higher powers of
2

may be neglected

= = =

= =

= =
= (1 + )1/3 = (m/n)1/3 (from (i))
7.

; where b is so small

in comparison with a, such that b2, b3, ...etc., can be

neglected.
5. Prove that
Solution: Let,

S=

Solution: Put then =

 = (1+ nC1 x2 + nC2 x4 + ..... + nCn - 2 x2n - 4 + nCn-1 x 2n-2 +
=
n
Cn x2n) × (1+ 3C1 x + 4C2 x2 + .... + 2n+2 C2n x2n + ...)

x2n in
=
= nC0 + 6 nC1 + 15 nC2 + 28 nC3 + ...+ (n+1) (2n +1) nCn

= =

[ b is so small , (b/a) is very small,

= (i)
(b/a)2, (b/a)3, ...can be neglected]
Now (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1 x + nC2 x2 + ..... + nCn xn
= Differentiating both sides w.r.to x, we get
n (1 + x)n 1 = nC1 + 2 nC2 x + 3 nC3 x2 + ..... + n nCn xn-1
= = Multiplying both sides by x
nx (1 + x)n 1 = nC1 x + 2 nC2 x2 + 3 nC3 x3+ ..... + n nCn xn
8. xn in the expansion again differentiating both sides w.r.to x we get
n [x (n-1) (1 + x)n 2 + (1+x)n 1 .1] = nC1 + 22 nC2 x + 32
of in ascending powers of x is n
C3 x2 + ..... + n2 nCn xn-1
Putting x = 1 in (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
and x2n in the expan-
2n = ,
sion of is . x2n in

Solution: Since
= 2n(n+1) 2n-2 + 3n 2n-1 + 2n = n(n+1)2n-1 + 3n2n-1 + 2n
and = 2n-1 [n2 + n + 3n + 2] = 2n 1 (n2 + 4n + 2)
9. If n
= prove that
(i) (1 x)-3 = 1 2 3
x2 + .... n
xn-1 + ....

= – (ii) 2 ( 1 2n 2 2n-1 n n+1

)=

= Solution: Given = n=
n

xn in (1-x)-3
=
=

xn in is =

=
=
(i) (1 – x)–3= 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + ....
= 1 + 3C1 x + 4C2 x2 + 5C3 x3 + ... + n+1Cn–1 xn–1 + ....
Now
= 1 + 3C2 x + 4C2 x2 + 5C2 x3 + ... + n+1C2 xn–1 + ....
 = 2C2 x + 3C2 x2 + 4C2 x3 + ... + n+1C2 xn–1 + ....
= 1 2 3
x2 + .... n
xn–1 + .... Deduction: Since
(ii) Since 1 2 3
x + ....
2
n
xn–1 + .... 2n–1 x2n–2
x2n–1+ ... = (1 x) 3 Putting p = 99, q = 101 and n = 6
2n
squaring both sides, we get
then,
(1 2 3
x2 + .... n
xn–1 + .... 2n–1 x2n–2 +
2n
x + ...) = (1 x)
2n–1 2 6

x2n–1 in L.H.S
= 2( 1 2n 2 2n-1
+ .... n n+1)
x2n-1 in R.H.S
Hence approximate value of is .
=
11.
(1 + x)7/2 and 0 < x < 1.
=

= Solution:

= is
negative.
10. If p is nearly equal to q and n > 1, show that
That is when or i.e, what
i- Hence when r
this is
mate value of .

Solution: Let p = q + h (say), where h is so small that

its square and higher powers may be neglected. Then 12. x7 in the expansion of
= (x – 2x2)–3; |x| < 1/2.
Solution: Let x7 occurs in Tr+1
( p = q + h)
Now,

=
=
Hence r – 3 = 7 r = 10
7
=
=
=
13. If y = 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 +....,
= Prove that x = ..............

Solution: y = 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 +..............

= =
1 + y = 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 +..... =(1 – x)–3 ;
( q + h = p) (1 – x) = (1 + y)–1/3
 (i) General term Tr+1 = (–1)r (n+r–1)Crxr
(ii) Coeff. of xr = coeff. of Tr+1 = (–1)r (n+r–1) Cr
= +
16. If ln be expanded in ascending power
xn is – 1/n if n is odd
or of the form 4 2 and 3/n if n is of the form 4

Solution:

14. Find the numericaly greatest term in (1 + x)15/2; where =

x = 2/3. =
Solution: Here
=
Let n be odd. Then there is no term containing
Tr+1 Tr , according as 17 – 2r r xn in the second series.

i.e., according as r r 3
Hence 4th term is the greatest term. Let n = 4 2
Then coeffcient of xn x4 2

15. xn in the expansion and

x5 and x7. Let, n = 4

Then coefficient of xn = coefficient of
Solution: = (1 + 2x + x2) (1–x)–3 x4 =

= (1 + 2x + x2)
17. If x is small and if the expansion of
.[1 + 3x + 6x2 +...+ (n+1) (n+2) xn +...]
is equal to 2 + 3x +... a, b) and also the
xn.
xn Solution: Given expression = (1 – x)–2 +
=
=

=
Equating constant terms
x5 = 2.52 + 2.5 + 1 = 61
x7 = 2.72 + 2.7 + 1 = 113
Remember x
(1) If |x| < 1, and n
(1 – x)–n = 1 + nC 1x + (n+1)C2x2 + C3x3 +...+
(n+2)

(n+r–1)
Crxr +...
(i) General Term Tr+1 = (n+r–1)Crxr Thus, (a,b) =
(ii) Coeff. of xr = coeff of Tr+1 = (n+r–1)Cr
(2) If |x| < 1, and n xn = (n +1) +
(1 + x)–n = 1 nC1 x + (n+1)
C2x2 – (n+2)
C3x3 +..+
(–1)r (n+r–1) Crxr +...
18. x2 in (1 + x + x2)10.

Solution: (1 + x + x2)10 = =

= (1 – x3)10 (1 – x)–10
x2 in (1 + x +x2)10
x2 in (1–x3)10 (1–x)–10 =
x in (1–x)
2 –10
= C2 = 55
11

=
19. If x is so small that x and higher powers can be
3

=
neglected, then a + bx +
=
cx2, then evaluate a, b and c. [neglecting terms giving x3 and higher powers of x]

= =

Solution:

4. If | x x3 in the expansion of

is
1. If | x xn in the expansion
of (1 + x + x2 + x3......)2 is
(a) (b)
(a) n (b) n – 1
(c) n + 2 (d) n + 1
(c) (d) None of these
2. x in the expansion of
4

(1 + x + x2 + x3)11 is 5. The constant term in the expansion of .

(a) 900 (b) 909
(a) –1/3 (b) 0
(c) 990 (d) 999
(c) –1/2 (d) 1/3

3. The sum of the series is 6. is equal to

(a) 2e (b) e – 1 (a) 4e (b) 3e

(c) 3e (d) 5e – 7 (c) 2e (d) None of these
 7. The general term in the expansion of (1 – 2x)3/4 is (a) xy2 = 2x – y (b) xy2 = x – 2y
(c) x2y = 2x – y (d) xy2 = x – 2y
(a) (b)
15.
(c) (d) None of these
(a) e/2 (b) e
(c) 2e (d) 4e
8. If | x | < 1, then the value of 1 + n
6. x4 in the expansion of
(1 + 2x + 3x2 +...)1/2 is
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
(a) (b)
17. xn in the expansion of
(c) (d) is
(a) (b)
9. If x be very small compared with unity such that
(c) (d) None of these
= a + bx, then the value of a and

b are 18. If then

(a) a = 1, b = (b) a = 1, b = –
is equal to
(c) a = 1, b = (d) a = 1, b = –
(a) (b) x
(c) x + 1 (d) None of these
10. xn in the expansion of
(1 – 9x + 20 x ) is
2 –1
19. If then
(a) 4n+1 – 3n+1 (b) 5n+1 – 4n+1
Bn – Bn–1 equals
(c) 4 + 3
n n
(d) 5n + 4n
11. If (2 + 3x)–5 expanded in ascending powers of x, (a) (b)
then x
(c) (d) 1
a) [–1, 1] (b)

20. xn in the expansion of loga (1 + x) is

(c) (d)
(a) (b)

12. The sum of the series is equal to (c) (d)

(a) 2e–2
(b) e –2

(c) e–1 (d) 2e–1 21. x4 in the expansion of

is
13. 2 is equal to
(a) (b)

(a) loge (b) loge (c) (d) None of these

(c) loge (d) 2 loge
22. x4 in the expansion of is
14. If then
(a) n2 + 2n + 1 (b) 2n2 + n + 1
relation between x and y is (c) 2n2 + 2n + 1 (d) n2 + 2n + 1
23. If y = x – x2 + x3 – x4 +... to , then the value of x is 32. The sum of the series
(a) y/(1 – y) (b) y/(1 + y)
(c) y – (1/y) (d) y + (1/y) is

24. The approximate value of (7.995)1/3 correct to four

decimal places is (a) (b)
(a) 1.9995 (b) 1.9996
(c) 1.9990 (d) 1.9991 (c) (d)

25. The sum of the series

33. The sum of the series
is
(a) 11 e (b) 10 e
(c) 9 e (d) 8 e
(a) (b)
34. The sum of the series is
(c) (d)
(a) log 2 (b) log (1/2)
(c) log (3/2) (d) None of these
26. If x is so small that its two and higher powers can be
neglected and if (1 – 2x)–1/2 (1 – 4x)–5/2 = 1 + kx, then
k is equal to
35. If then S is
(a) 1 (b) –2
(c) 10 (d) 11
equal to
27. y = then the value of x is
3 (a) logey (b) logay
(c) logea (d) logya
(a) 1 + ey (b) 1 – ey
(c) ey (d) ey – 1 36. If x is very large, the value of is
(a) 25/(2x) (b) 7/(2x)
28. If ex = y + , then the value of y is
(c) 5/(2x) (d) 3/(2x)
(a) ex – e (b) 1/2 (ex – e )
(c) ex + e (b) 1/2(ex + e ) 37. If y = then the value of

(y + 1) is
29. If S = then e equals
(a) 21/3 (b) 31/3
(a) loge (4/3) (b) 4/e (c) 41/3 (d) 51/3
(c) loge (e/4) (d) e/4
38. The value of (a + b) (a – b) + (a + b) (a – b)
30. If then ab equals (a2 + b2) + (a + b) (a – b) (a4 + a2 b2 + b4) +... is
(a) 1 (b) e2
(a) (b)
(c) (d) (c) (d) None of these

31. is 39. is equal to

(a) x (b) (1 + x)1/3 (a) ln x (b) x

(c) (1 – x)1/3 (d) (1 – x)–1/3 (c) 1/ln x (d) 1/x
 (c) the value of the third term i 3/2, when x = 1/2
40. n–1 in the expansion of log10 (d) the value of the third term i 2/81, when x = – 3
is
(a) (b) 43.

(c) (d) is valid for

(a) all n n<0

(c) n < – 1 or n > 0 (d) no value of n
41. If x is small and = P + Qx, then
44. The sum of the series log4 2 – log8 2 + log16 2 –... is
(P, Q) is
(a) e2 (b) loge 2 – 1
(a) (b) (c) loge 3 – 2 (d) 1 – loge 2

(c) (d) 45. Let and

42. In the expansion of (1 + x)–3

(a) the third term is 4C2 x2, if | x | <1 then

(b) the third term is 4C2 , if x > 1 (a) S = 2T (b) 2S = T

(c) S = T (d) S = 3T

3. is
1. If then (a) ln3 (b) ln2
(c) ln(log39) (d) None of these
is equal to
(a) –x (b) x
4. The value of is
(c) x + 1 (d) ey – 1
2. The value of is
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(c) (d) None of these
(c) (d) None of these

(a) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is

The questions given below consist of an assertion (A)
and the reason (R). Use the following key to choose the
appropriate answer.
the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are correct but reason is
not correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) If assertion is correct, but reason is incorrect
(d) If assertion is incorrect, but reason is correct
 Now consider the following statements:
R: and
1. A:
.
R:

2. A: x5 in (1 – x)–8 is 13C5 4. A: Binomial expansion for is valid

R: x in (1 – x) is n+1C .

3. A: where for .

|tan | < 1 equals R: Binomial expansion for (1 + x)n ; where n is -ve

or fractional index is valid for |x| < 1.

(a) 3n
Cn (b) 3n
Cn(–1)n
(c) –3nCn (d) None of these
A: When ‘n’ is a negative integer or negative or positive 2. xn in the expansion of is
fraction and |x| < 1 then
(a) (b) (–1)n(n+2C2 – n–2C2)

In this case, we cannot expand (1 + x)n as C0 + C1x + (c) (–1)n (d) None of these
C2x2 +........
C0, C1C2 - 3. x5 in the expansion of (1 – x)–3 is
rem, we have the following useful expansion. (a) C2 7
(b) 7C3
x3 + (c) 7C4 (d) 7C5
B:
(i)

(ii)
Where | x| < 1.
(iii)
If n N then above two expansions can be written as
(1 + x) = 1 – nC1x + n+1C2x2 – n+2C3x3 (iv)
= and (1 – x) = 1 – nC1x + n+1C2x2

+ n+2C2x3

n any –ve or fractional index.

of various powers of x in the expansion of (1 + x)
(v)
or (1 – x) .
On the basis of above expansions and their cor-
1. xn in the expansion of [1 + 3x + 6x2 + responding domains, answer the following ques-
10x +.............] is, n
3
. tions.
4. The value of is = expansion is valid for |x| < 1

and x = 1
(a) (b)
ln (1 – x) =
(c) (d) None of these
= . using above facts, answer the
5. The value of
will be following questions:
7. xn in the expansion of 1 –
(a) x–n (b) xn
(c) (d) None of these

6. The sum of the series

(a) (b)
exist when
(c) (d) None of these
(a) (b)
8. x4 in the expansion of is
(c) (d) None of these
(a) (b)
C: A function which exists at x =
derivative , second derivative {f (x)} and so
(c) (d)
on exist at x = 0, can be expanded using f(x) = f(0) +
, and is called
9. is
Mclaurin’s expansion. Using this, we can expand
functions like ex, In(1 + x) sin x, tan x, cos x etc. (a) (b)
For example:
(c) (d)
=
10. x6 in the expansion of
Replacing x by – x;
log [(1 + x) . (1 – x)1 ] is
1+x

(a) (b)
Also we can expand ln (1 + x)
(c) (d)

(iii)

1. Column-1
(iv)
(i)
Column-2
(ii) (a) 4e
(b) 5e
 (c) 2e 3. Column-1
(d) (i)
2. Column-1
(i) If (r + (ii)
expansion of (1 + x)7/2 then value of r (where | x
| < 1) is (iii)
x4 in the expansion of (1 + 2x + 3x2
+ 4x 3 1/2
is c, c then c + 1 where |x| < 1
x in the expansion of (1 + x +
401 (iv)
x2 +.........x9)–1 where | x | < 1 is
(iv) Number of values of r satisfying Column-2

(a)
Column-2
(b) loge 3
(a) Divisible by 5
(b) A prime Number (c)
(c) Divisible by 2
(d) <0 (d)

6. then evaluate .
1. x35 in the expansion
of (1 + x + x + x + ......) is , then evaluate
2 3 2
.
7. If , then
2. If x is so small such that its square and higher
evaluate .
powers many be neglected, then the value of

where is in lowest 8. If +

fraction, then evaluate (2µ – ).

9. If where gcd
3. x100 in is k, then evaluate
(m, n) = 1 then evaluate ( 2
– n2)
. 10. If the sum of the series

4. If the value of then evaluate

is .
11. In the expansion of (1 + x)–2 ; |x| < 1; the 5th term is
where gcd(k,l) = 1 then evaluate (k + l).
kx4 k

5. If then 12. If the value of then

evaluate |k|. evaluate k.
 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (c)

1. (b,d) 2. (a,c) 3. (b,c) 4. (a,b)

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d)

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d)

1. (i) (c) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (b, d)

2. (i) (a, b) (ii) (b, c) (iii) (d) (iv) (b, c)
3. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (d) (iv) (a)

1. 6 2. 13 3. 4 4. 5 5. 1 6. 5 7. 3 8. 2 9. 5 10. 5
11. 5 12. 3