Week-7

Mathematics for Data Science - 2

Affine subspace, Equivalence and Similarity of the matrices,
Length of a vector, Inner products
Graded Assignment

1 Multiple Select Questions (MSQ)

1. Consider the vector spaces V and functions ⟨., .⟩ : V × V → R defined as follows:

i) V = R2 and ⟨(x1 , x2 ), (y1 , y2 )⟩ = x1 y1 − x2 y1 − x1 y2 + 2x2 y2 .

ii) V = M2×2 (R) and ⟨A, B⟩ = T r(AB),
where T r(M ) denotes the trace of a matrix M , i.e., the sum of the diagonal elements
of M .
iii) V = M2×1 (R) and ⟨A, B⟩ = T r(AB t ),
where T r(X) denotes the trace of a matrix X, i.e., the sum of the diagonal elements
of X. Y t denotes the transpose of matrix Y .
iv) V = R2 and ⟨(x1 , x2 ), (y1 , y2 )⟩ = x1 y2 + x2 y1 .
⃝ Option 1: (i) is an inner product.
⃝ Option 2: (ii) is an inner product.
⃝ Option 3: (iii) is an inner product.
⃝ Option 4: (iv) is an inner product.
2. Consider two linear transformations T and S from R2 → R2 defined as T (x, y) = (2x +
y, x + y) and S(x, y) = (x + cy, x + 2y). Let A and B be matrix representations of linear
transformations T and S with respect to the standard bases of R2 respectively.
Consider the following statements:

• P: If c = 1, then A and B are similar matrices.

• Q: If c = 2, then A and B are similar matrices.

1 0
• R: If c = 1 and P AP = B, then P can be the matrix
−1
.
1 2
 
1 2
• S: If c = 1 and P AP = B, then P can be the matrix
−1
.
1 1
• T: If c = 1, then there are infinitely many P satisfying the equation P −1 AP = B.

Which of the following options are true?

⃝ Option 1: P is true but Q is false.
⃝ Option 2: Both P and Q are true.
⃝ Option 3: Both R and S are true.
⃝ Option 4: R is false but S is true.
⃝ Option 5: T is true.

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3. Let ⟨., .⟩ denote the standard inner product on R2 , i.e., ⟨(x1 , x2 ), (y1 , y2 )⟩ = x1 y1 + x2 y2 .
Which one of the following options is (are) true for the vector γ ∈ R2 , such that ⟨α, γ⟩ = 4
and ⟨β, γ⟩ = 8, where α = (3, 1) and β = (6, 2).
⃝ Option 1: No such γ exists.
⃝ Option 2: There are infinitely many such vectors which satisfy the properties
of γ.
⃝ Option 3: γ is unique in R2 .
⃝ Option 4: Any vector in the set {(t, 4 − 3t) | t ∈ R} satisfies the properties
of γ.
⃝ Option 5: (1, 1) is the only vector which satisfies the properties of γ.

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4. Let ⟨., .⟩ denote the standard inner product on R2 , i.e., ⟨(x1 , x2 ), (y1 , y2 )⟩ = x1 y1 + x2 y2
and let v ∈ R2 . Consider a linear transformation Tv : R2 → R defined as:

Tv (u) = ⟨u, v⟩,

where v ∈ R2 . Which of the following options is (are) true for Tv ?

⃝ Option 1: Tv is one-one for all v ̸= 0 ∈ R2 .
⃝ Option 2: Tv is onto for all v ̸= 0 ∈ R2 .
⃝ Option 3: Tv is onto for all v ∈ R2 .
⃝ Option 4: Tv is not one-one for every v ∈ R2 .
⃝ Option 5: There exists a v ∈ R2 such that Tv is not onto.

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5. Let L and L′ be affine subspaces of R3 , where L = (0, 1, 1) + U and L′ = (0, 1, 0) + U ′ , for
some vector subspaces U and U ′ of R3 . Let a basis for U be given by {(1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1)}
and a basis for U ′ be given by {(1, 0, 0)}. Suppose there is a linear transformation
T : U → U ′ such that (1, 0, 1) ∈ ker(T ) and T (1, 1, 0) = (1, 0, 0). An affine mapping
f : L → L′ is obtained by defining f ((0, 1, 1) + u) = (0, 1, 0) + T (u), for all u ∈ U . Which
of the following options are true?
⃝ Option 1: L = {(x, y + 1, x − y + 1) | x, y ∈ R}.
⃝ Option 2: L′ = {(x, y + 1, 0) | x, y ∈ R}.
⃝ Option 3: L = {(x − y, y + 1, x − y + 1) | x, y ∈ R}.
⃝ Option 4: L = {(x, x + 1, y + 1) | x, y ∈ R}.
⃝ Option 5: f (x, y + 1, x − y + 1) = (y, 1, 0)
⃝ Option 6: f (x − y, y + 1, x − y + 1) = (x, y + 1, 0)
⃝ Option 7: f (x, x + 1, y + 1) = (y, 1, 0)
⃝ Option 8: f (x, y + 1, x − y + 1) = (0, 1, y)

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 2 Numerical Answer Type (NAT)
6. Let θ be the angle between the vectors u = (4, 7, 3) and v = (1, 2, −6), then what will
be the value of cos(θ)? [Answer: 0]

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7. Consider a basis
{v1 = (1, 2, 0), v2 = (2, −1, 0), v3 = (0, 0, 2)}
of R3 with usual inner product. Suppose v = (x, y, 3x+y 5
) ∈ V is written as v = c1 v1 +
c2 v2 + c3 v3 , such that c1 + c2 = 4. What will be the value of c3 ? [Answer: 2]

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8. Let V = R2 be a vector space. Consider two inner products ⟨., .⟩1 and ⟨., .⟩2 on V defined
as
⟨(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )⟩1 = x1 x2 − x1 y2 − x2 y1 + 4y1 y2
and
⟨(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )⟩2 = 3x1 x2 + 2y1 y2 .
If ⟨(a, b), (8, 9)⟩1 = 215 and ⟨(a, b), (8, 9)⟩2 = 360, then find the value a + 2b. [Ans: 25]

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9. Let V = R3 be the inner product space with usual inner product. If θ is the angle
between (14, 11, 5) and (a, b, c) where 14a + 11b + 5c = 0 and (a2 + b2 + c2 ) ̸= 0, then
find the value of cos θ. [Ans 0]

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10. Consider a vector v = (x − 11, 2, 1) ∈ R3 . Find the value of x so that the length of the
vector v is minimum. [Ans: 11]

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