Airports Session 5 Part I Physical Environment Handout

Site Information Wind Rose Obstacle surfaces Environmental issues Site Information exercise
Airports
Session 5; Part I:
Physical environment of the airport
Manuel Soler
Airports
Master in Aeronautical Engineering
Leganés, October 6th, 2014
Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Outline
1 Site Information
Site Information
Site data
2 Meteorology and runway orientation

Wind speed and direction
Wind rose
3 Obstacle limitation surfaces

Main obstacle limitation surfaces
Diagrammatic obstacle limitation surfaces
4 Environmental issues
Introduction
Noise contours around airports
5 Site Information exercise

Site Information
Site selection
Elements to take into account:

The climatology (wind, fog, temperature, etc.).
The topography (unevenness and slopes in the terrain).
Obstacles in the surroundings (for safe taking off and landing).
Intermodal connexions.
Availability of terrains.
Environmental impact.

Site data
Site data
A set of data referring to the aerodrome emplacement (univocally determined
by the geographical coordinates referred to the World Geodesic System) must
be supplied to the authorities to be ultimately published in the corresponding
Aeronautical Information Service (AIS).
These are:
Aerodrome’s Reference Point;
Aerodrome’s Elevation;
Coordinates of the runway’s thresholds;
Coordinates of the parking positions;
Mean elevation of each of the thresholds;
Elevation of the runway’s heads;
Maximum elevation of the touchdown zone;
Let’s take a look to Adolfo Suarez Madrid Barajas Airport

Site data
Geometric data of the movement area

Moreover, geometric data about the movement area must be provided.
These are:
Runways’ dimensions, markers, designators, slopes, type of pavement, etc.
Strip, RESA, and Stop-Way’s dimensions and type of surface for each of
the runways;
Taxiways’ dimensions, designators, and type of pavement;
Apron’s type of pavement and number of parking positions;
Clear Way dimensions and terrain profile;
Noted obstacles in the aerodrome and its vicinity;
Visual aids;
Location and frequency of instrumental aids;
Paths to be followed in and out parking positions.
Again, let’s take a look to Adolfo Suarez Madrid Barajas Airport

Wind effects in aircraft runway performance
On the airport surface, the speed and direction of winds directly affect aircraft
runway utilization.
Bets operational configuration → headwind.
It allows an aircraft to achieve lift at slower ground speeds (with obviously

greater true airspeeds) and shorter runway lengths.
Most common → to be affected by crosswinds to some extent.
ICAO provides requirements to runway design so that 95% of the annual wind
conditions at the airport allow safe operations.

Maximum permissible crosswind components
Maximum permissible crosswind components

According to ICAO, the crosswind component must not exceed:
37 km/h (20 kt) in the case of aeroplanes whose reference field length is
1500 m or over, except that when poor runway braking action owing to
an insufficient longitudinal coefficient of friction is experienced with some
frequency, a crosswind component not exceeding 24 km/h (13 kt) should
be assumed;
1200 m or up to but not including 1500 m; and
less than 1200 m.

Wind rose
Wind rose example

data collection
Wind speed range [knots]

3.5-13 13-17.5 17.5-22 22-30
Sector Percentage of time Total
N 2.4 0.4 0.1 0 2.9
NNE 3.0 1.2 1.0 0.5 5.7
NE 5.3 1.6 1.0 0.4 8.3
ENE 6.8 3.1 1.7 0.1 11.7
E 7.1 2.3 1.9 0.2 11.5
ESE 6.4 3.5 1.9 0.1 11.9
SE 5.8 1.9 1.1 0 8.8
SSE 3.8 1.0 0.1 0 4.9
S 1.8 0.4 0.1 0 2.3
SSW 1.7 0.8 0.4 0.3 3.2
SW 1.5 0.6 0.2 0 2.3
WSW 2.7 0.4 0.1 0 3.2
W 4.9 0.4 0.1 0 5.4
WNW 3.8 0.6 0.2 0 4.6
NW 1.7 0.6 0.2 0 2.5
NNW 1.7 0.9 0.1 0 2.7
Subtotal 60.4 19.7 10.2 1.6 91.9
Calms 8.1
Total 100
Wind rose
13 knots
N
NNW NNE
NW NE
ENE
WNW
E
W
WSW ESE
SW SE
SSW SSE
S
Figure: Wind Rose coordinate system and template with cross wind component
limits of 13 knots.

Wind rose
Wind rose exercise

To be completed at home
Let’s take a look to the proposed exercise on wind rose
Please, complete it at home. We will see the solution next week.

These are:
Outer horizontal surface
Conical surface
Inner horizontal surface
Approach surface
Inner approach surface
Transitional surface
Inner transitional surface
Balked landing surface
Take-off climb surface
Design criteria can be consulted @ ICAO Annex 14 (Chapter 4).

Figure: Obstacle limitation surfaces





Introduction
Environmental issues
The construction of a new airport (also the enlargement) of an existing one
Tremendous environmental impact
Social Factor: land development; displacement and relocation; parks,

recreational ares, historical places.
Ecological factors: wildlife, waterfowl, flora, fauna, endangered species;
wetlands and coastal zones
Pollution factors: air quality, water quailty, NOISE.
See Horenheff, Chapter 14 (Environmental planning) for more details.

Noise models
Figure: Noise scale
Models and Legislation

Let’s take a look to
Method for Computing Noise Contours around Airports (ICAO’s Cir. 205)
Integrated Noise Model
Noise data from AIP
Figure: B737 noise data for take-off

Noise footprint
Figure: Noise footprint

Noise footprint
Madrid barajas Plan Director

Site Information exercise
Please, try to complete in class the proposed exercise.

The end
Thank you for your attention

Airports Session 5 Part I Physical Environment Handout

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Site Information Wind Rose Obstacle surfaces Environmental issues Site Information exercise

Leganés, October 6th, 2014

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

2 Meteorology and runway orientation

3 Obstacle limitation surfaces

5 Site Information exercise

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Elements to take into account:

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Let’s take a look to Adolfo Suarez Madrid Barajas Airport

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Geometric data of the movement area

Again, let’s take a look to Adolfo Suarez Madrid Barajas Airport

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Wind speed and direction

Wind effects in aircraft runway performance

Bets operational configuration → headwind.

It allows an aircraft to achieve lift at slower ground speeds (with obviously

Most common → to be affected by crosswinds to some extent.

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Wind speed and direction

Maximum permissible crosswind components

Maximum permissible crosswind components

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Wind rose example

Wind speed range [knots]

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Wind rose exercise

Let’s take a look to the proposed exercise on wind rose

Please, complete it at home. We will see the solution next week.

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Main obstacle limitation surfaces

Main obstacle limitation surfaces

Design criteria can be consulted @ ICAO Annex 14 (Chapter 4).

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Diagrammatic obstacle limitation surfaces

Figure: Obstacle limitation surfaces

Diagrammatic obstacle limitation surfaces

Figure: Obstacle limitation surfaces

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Diagrammatic obstacle limitation surfaces

Figure: Obstacle limitation surfaces

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Diagrammatic obstacle limitation surfaces

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Diagrammatic obstacle limitation surfaces

Figure: Obstacle limitation surfaces

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

The construction of a new airport (also the enlargement) of an existing one

Tremendous environmental impact

Social Factor: land development; displacement and relocation; parks,

See Horenheff, Chapter 14 (Environmental planning) for more details.

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Noise contours around airports

Figure: Noise scale

Models and Legislation

Noise contours around airports

Noise data from AIP

Figure: B737 noise data for take-off

Airports Session 3; Part I: Physical environment of the airport

Noise contours around airports

Figure: Noise footprint