Exercise 15
And in Japan, there is a widespread belief that all children are born with the same innate
Bright children
A.By the time Laszlo Polgar’s first baby was born in 1969 he already had firm views on
child-rearing. An eccentric citizen of communist Hungary, he had written a book called
“Bring up Genius!” and one of his favorite sayings was “Geniuses are made, not born”. An
expert on the theory of chess, he proceeded to teach little Zsuzsa at home, spending up to ten
hours a day on the game. Two more daughters were similarly hot-housed. All three obliged
their father by becoming world-class players. The youngest, Judit, is currently ranked 13th in
the world and is by far the best female chess player of all time. Would the experiment have
succeeded with a different trio of children? If any child can be turned into a star, then a lot of
time and money are being wasted world wide on trying to pick winners.
B.America has long held “talent searches”, using test results and teacher recommendations to
select children for advanced school courses, summer schools, and other extra tuition. This
provision is set to grow. In his state-of-the-union address in 2006, President George Bush
announced the “American Competitiveness Initiative”, which, among much else, would train
70,000 high-school teachers to lead advanced courses for selected pupils in mathematics and
science. Just as the superpowers’ space race made Congress put money into science
education, the thought of China and India turning out hundreds of thousands of engineers and
scientists is scaring America into prodding its brightest to do their best.
C.The philosophy behind this talent search is that ability is innate; that it can be diagnosed
with considerable accuracy; and that it is worth cultivating. In America, bright children are
ranked as “moderately”, “highly”, “exceptionally” and “profoundly” gifted. The only chance
to influence innate ability is thought to be in the womb or the first couple of years of life.
Hence the fad for “teaching aids” such as videos and flashcards for newborns, and “whale
sounds” on tape which a pregnant mother can strap to her belly.
D.In Britain, there is a broadly similar belief in the existence of innate talent, but also an
egalitarian sentiment which makes people queasy about the idea of investing resources in
grooming intelligence. Teachers are often opposed to separate provisions for the best-
performing children, saying any extra help should go to strugglers. In 2002, in a bid to help
the able while leaving intact the ban on most selection by ability in state schools, the
government set up the National Academy for Gifted and Talented Youth. This outfit runs
summer schools and master classes for children nominated by their schools. To date, though,
only seven in ten secondary schools have nominated even a single child. Last year all schools
were told they must supply the names of their top 10%.
E.Picking winners is also the order of the day in ex-communist states, a hangover from the
times when talented individuals were plucked from their homes and ruthlessly trained for the
glory of the nation. But in many other countries, opposition to the idea of singling out talent
and grooming it runs deep. In Scandinavia, a belief in virtues like modesty and social
solidarity makes people flinch from the idea of treating brainy children differently.
F.
abilities – and should, therefore, be treated alike. All are taught together, covering the same
syllabus at the same rate until they finish compulsory schooling. Those who learn quickest
are expected then to teach their classmates. In China, extra teaching is provided, but to a self-
selected bunch. “Children’s palaces” in big cities offer a huge range of after-school classes.
Anyone can sign up; all that is asked is excellent attendance.
G.Statistics give little clue as to which system is best. The performance of the most able is
heavily affected by factors other than state provision. Most state education in Britain is
nominally non-selective, but middle-class parents try to live near the best schools. Ambitious
Japanese parents have made private, out-of-school tuition a thriving business. And
Scandinavia’s egalitarianism might work less well in places with more diverse populations
and less competent teachers. For what it’s worth, the data suggest that some countries – like
Japan and Finland, see table – can eschew selection and still thrive. But that does not mean
that any country can ditch selection and do as well.
H.Mr. Polgar thought any child could be a prodigy given the right teaching, an early start,
and enough practice. At one point he planned to prove it by adopting three baby boys from a
poor country and trying his methods on them. (His wife vetoed the scheme.) Some say the
key to success is simply hard graft. Judit, the youngest of the Polgar sisters, was the most
driven, and the most successful; Zsofia, the middle one, was regarded as the most talented,
but she was the only one who did not achieve the status of grandmaster. “Everything came
easiest to her,” said her older sister. “But she was lazy.”
Questions 28-33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the view of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the view of the writer
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about
NOT GIVEN
this
28.America has a long history of selecting talented students into different categories.
29.Teachers and schools in Britain held a welcome attitude towards the government’s
selection of gifted students.
30.Some parents agree to move to reputable schools in Britain.
31.Middle-class parents participate in their children’s education.
32.Japan and Finland comply with selected student’s policies.
33.Avoiding-selection-policy only works in a specific environment. Exercise 16
Questions 34-35
Putting the brakes on climate change
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet. Are hydrogen cars the answer?

34. What’s Laszlo Polgar’s point of view towards geniuses of children A.It is tempting to think that the conservation of coral reefs and rainforests is a separate issue

A.Chess is the best way to train geniuses. from traffic and air pollution. But it is not. Scientists are now confident that rapid changes in
the Earth's climate are already disrupting and altering many wildlife habitats. Pollution from
B.Genius tends to happen on the first child.
vehicles is a big part of the problem.
C.Geniuses can be educated later on.

D.Geniuses are born naturally. B.The United Nation’s Climate Change Panel has estimated that the global average
temperature rise expected by the year 2100 could be as much as 6°C, causing forest fires and
35. What is the purpose of citing Zsofia’s example in the last paragraph
dieback on land and coral bleaching in the ocean. Few species, if any, will be immune from
A.Practice makes a genius.
the changes in temperature, rainfall and sea levels. The panel believes that if such
B.Girls are not good at chess. catastrophic temperature rises are to be avoided, the quantity of greenhouse gases, especially
C.She was an adopted child. carbon dioxide, being released into the atmosphere must be reduced. That will depend on

D.A Middle child is always the most talented. slowing the rate of deforestation and, more crucially, finding alternatives to coal, oil and gas
as our principal energy sources.
Questions 36-40

Use the information in the passage to match the countries (listed A-E) with correct C.Technologies do exist to reduce or eliminate carbon dioxide as a waste product of our
connection below. energy consumption. Wind power and solar power are both spreading fast, but what are we
Write the appropriate letters, A-E, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. doing about traffic? Electric cars are one possible option, but their range and the time it takes

36.Less gifted children get help from other classmates
37.Attending extra teaching is open to anyone
38.People are reluctant to favor gifted children due to social characteristics
39.Both views of innate and egalitarian co-existed
40.The craze of audio and video teaching for pregnant women.
to charge their batteries pose serious limitations. However, the technology that shows the
most potential to make cars climate-friendly is fuel-cell technology. This was actually
invented in the late nineteenth century, but because the world's motor industry put its effort
into developing the combustion engine, it was never refined for mass production. One of the
first prototype fuel-cell-powered vehicles has been built by the Ford Motor Company. It is
like a conventional car，only with better acceleration and a smoother ride. Ford engineers

expect to be able to produce a virtually silent vehicle in the future.

A Scandinavia
D China
B Japan D.So what’s the process involved – and is there a catch? Hydrogen goes into the fuel tank,
E America
C Britain producing electricity. The only emission from the exhaust pipe is water. The fuel-cell is, in
some ways similar to a battery, but unlike a battery it does not run down. As long as
hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to the cell, it will keep on generating electricity. Some
cells work off methane and a few use liquid fuels such as methanol, but fuel-ceils using Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below.
hydrogen probably have the most potential. Furthermore, they need not be limited to
transport. Fuel-cells can be made in a huge range of size, small enough for portable
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
computers or large enough for power stations. They have no moving parts and therefore need
no oil. They just need a supply of hydrogen. The big question, then, is where to get it from.
List of Headings

E.One source of hydrogen is water. But to exploit the abundant resource, electricity is
needed, and if the electricity is produced by a coal-fired power station or other fossil fuel,
then the overall carbon reduction benefit of the fuel-cell disappears. Renewable sources, such i Action already taken by the United Nations

as wind and solar power, do not produce enough energy for it to be economically viable to
ii Marketing the hydrogen car
use them in the 'manufacture' of hydrogen as a transport fuel. Another source of hydrogen is,
however, available and could provide a supply pending the development of more efficient iii Making the new technology available worldwide
and cheaper renewable energy technologies. By splitting natural gas (methane) into its
constituent parts, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are produced. One way round the problem of iv Some negative predictions from one group of experts

what to do with the carbon dioxide could be to store it back below ground – so-called
v How the new vehicle technology works
geological sequestration. Oil companies, such as Norway's Statoil, are experimenting with
storing carbon dioxide below ground in oil and gas wells. vi The history of fuel-cell technology

F.With freak weather conditions, arguably caused by global warming, frequently in the vii A holistic view of climate change
headlines, the urgent need to get fuel-cell vehicles will be available in most showrooms.
Even now, fuel-cell buses are operating in the US, while in Germany a courier company is viii Locating the essential ingredient
planning to take delivery of fuel-cell-powered vans in the near future. The fact that centrally-
run fleets of buses and vans are the first fuel-cell vehicles identifies another challenge – fuel ix Sustaining car manufacture

distribution. The refueling facilities necessary to top up hydrogen-powered vehicles are

available only in a very few places at present. Public transport and delivery firms are logical
places to start, since their vehicles are operated from central depots. 27 Paragraph A

G.Fuel-cell technology is being developed right across the automotive industry. This 28 Paragraph B
technology could have a major impact in slowing down climate change, but further
29 Paragraph C
investment is needed if the industry – and the world's wildlife – is to have a long-term future.
30 Paragraph D
Questions 27-32
31 Paragraph E
 Exercise 17
32 Paragraph F
Compliance or noncompliance for children
Questions 33-36
A Many Scientists believe that socialization takes a long process, while compliance is the
Complete the sentences below. outset of it. Accordingly, compliance for education of children is the priority. Motivationally
distinct forms of child compliance, mutually positive affect, and maternal control, observed
in 3 control contexts in 103 dyads of mothers and their 26-41-month-old children, were
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. examined as correlates of internalization, assessed using observations of children while alone
with prohibited temptations and maternal ratings. One form of compliance (committed
Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet. compliance), when the child appeared committed wholeheartedly to the maternal agenda and
eager to endorse and accept it, was emphasized. Mother-child mutually positive affect was
both a predictor and a concomitant of committed compliance. Children who shared positive
33 In the late nineteenth century, the car industry invested in the development of the
effect with their mothers showed a high level of committed compliance and were also more
____________, rather than fuel-cell technology. internalized. Differences and similarities between children’s compliance to requests and
prohibitions (“Do” vs. “Don’t” demand contexts) were also explored. Maternal “Dos”
34 Ford engineers predict that they will eventually design an almost ___________ car. appeared more challenging to toddlers than the “Don’ts.” Some individual coherence of
behavior was also found across both demand contexts. The implications of committed
35 While a fuel-cell lasts longer, some aspects of it are comparable to a ___________. compliance for emerging internalized regulators of conduct are discussed.

36 Fuel-cells can come in many sizes and can be used in power stations and B A number of parents were not easy to be aware of the compliance, some even overlooked
in ___________ as well as in vehicles. their children’s noncompliance. Despite good education, these children did not follow the
words from their parents on several occasion ‘especially boys in certain ages. Fortunately,
this rate was acceptable; some parents could be patient with the noncompliance. .Someone
Questions 37-40 held that noncompliance is probably not a wrong thing. In order to determine the effects of
different parental disciplinary techniques on young children’s compliance and
Do the following statements agree, with the information given in Reading Passage 3? noncompliance, mothers were trained to observe emotional incidents involving their own
toddler-aged children. Reports of disciplinary encounters were analyzed in terms of the types
of discipline used (reasoning, verbal prohibition, physical coercion, love withdrawal, and
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write combinations thereof) and children’s responses to that discipline (compliance, noncompliance
and avoidance). The relation between compliance/ noncompliance and type of misdeed (harm
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information to persons, harm to property, and lapses of self-control) was also analyzed. Results indicated
that love withdrawal combined with other techniques was most effective in securing
children’s compliance and that its effectiveness was not a function of the type of technique
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information with which it was combined. Avoidant responses and affective reunification with the parent
were more likely to follow love withdrawal than any other technique. Physical coercion was
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this somewhat less effective than love withdrawal, while reasoning and verbal prohibition were
not at all effective except when both were combined with physical coercion.
37 Using electricity produced by burning fossil fuels to access sources of hydrogen may
increase the positive effect of the fuel-cell. C “Noncompliant Children sometimes prefer to say no directly as they were younger, they
are easy to deal with the relationship with contemporaries. when they are growing up .During
the period that children is getting elder, who may learn to use more advanced approaches for
38 The oil company Statoil in Norway owns gas wells in other parts of the world. their noncompliance. They are more skilful to negotiate or give reasons for refusal rather than
show their opposite idea to parents directly” said Henry Porter, scholar working in
39 Public transport is leading the way in the application of fuel-cell technology, Psychology Institute of UK. He indicated that noncompliance means growth in some way,
may have benefit for children. Many experts held different viewpoints in recent years, they
tried drilling compliance into children. His collaborator Wallace Freisen believed that
40 More funding is necessary to ensure the success of the fuel-cell vehicle industry. Organizing child’s daily activities so that they occur in the same order each day as much as
possible. This first strategy for defiant children is ultimately the most important. Developing A always comply with their parents, words
a routine helps a child to know what to expect and increases the chances that he or she will
comply with things such as chores, homework, and hygiene requests. When undesirable
activities occur in the same order at optimal times during the day, they become habits that are B be good at math
not questioned, but done without thought.
C have a high score at school
Chances are that you have developed some type of routine for yourself in terms of showering,
cleaning your house, or doing other types of work. You have an idea in your mind when you D disobey their parents’ order sometimes
will do these things on a regular basis and this helps you to know what to expect. In fact, you
have probably already been using most of these compliance strategies for yourself without
realizing it. For children, without setting these expectations on a daily basis by making them 28. Face to their children’s compliance and noncompliance，parents
part of a regular routine, they can become very upset. Just like adults, children think about
what they plan to do that day and expect to be able to do what they want. So, when you come
along and ask them to do something they weren’t already planning to do that day, this can A must be aware of the compliance
result in automatic refusals and other undesirable defiant behavior. However, by using this
compliance strategy with defiant children, these activities are done almost every day in the B ask for help from their teachers
same general order and the child expects to already do them.

C some of them may ignore their noncompliance

D Doctor Steven Walson addressed that organizing fun activities to occur after frequently
refused activities. This strategy also works as a positive reinforcer when the child complies
with your requests. By arranging your day so that things often refused occur right before D pretend not to see
highly preferred activities, you are able to eliminate defiant behavior and motivate your
child’s behavior of doing the undesirable activity. This is not to be presented in a way that the
29. According to Henry Porter, noncompliance for children
preferred activity is only allowed if a defiant child does the non-preferred activity. However,
you can word your request in a way so that your child assumes that you have to do the non-
preferred activity before moving on to the next preferred activity. For example, you do not A are entirely harmful
want to say something such as, “If you clean your room we can play a game.” Instead word
your request like this,”As soon as you are done cleaning your room we will be able to play
that really fun game you wanted to play.” B may have positive effects

E Psychologist Paul Edith insisted praise is the best way to make children to comply with. C needs medicine assistance
This is probably a common term you are used to hearing by now. If you praise your child’s
behavior, he or she will be more likely to do that behavior. So, it is essential to use praise
D should be treated by expert doctor
when working with defiant children. It also provides your child with positive attention.
However, it is important to know how to praise children in a way that encourages future
automatic reinforcement for your child when doing a similar behavior. 30. When children are growing up. they

Questions 27-31 A always try to directly say no

Choose the correct letter, A, B，C or D. B are more skillful to negotiate

Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, C learn to cheat instead of noncompliance

27. The children, especially boys received good education may D tend to keep silent
31. Which is the possible reaction the passage mentioned for elder children and younger ones E organizing child’s daily activities in the same order as much as possible.
if they don’t want to comply with the order?

F use praise in order to make children compliant

A elder children prefer to refuse directly

G take the children to school at a early age

B elder ones refuse to answer

C younger children may reject directly Questions 36-40

D younger ones may save any words Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage? In boxes
36-40 on your answer sheet，write

Questions 32-35
TRUE if the statement is true
Look at the following people and list of statements below. FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
Match each person with the correct statement. 36. Socialization takes a long process, while compliance is the beginning of it.

Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet. 37. Many parents were difficult to be aware of the compliance or noncompliance.

32 Henry Porter 38. Noncompliant Children are simple to deal with the relationship with the people in the
same age when they are growing up.
33 Wallace Freisen
39. Experts never tried drilling compliance into children.
34 Steven Walson
40. Psychologist Paul Edith negated the importance that knowing how to praise children in a
35 Paul Edith encouraged way.

List of statements
A children of all ages will indirectly show noncompliance
B elder children tend to negotiate rather than show noncompliance
C converse behavior means noncompliance
D organizing fun activities to occur after frequently refused activities
Exercise 18:
Does an IQ test prove creativity?
Everyone has creativity, some a lot more than others. The development of humans, and
possibly the universe, depends on it. Yet creativity is an elusive creature. What do we mean
by it? What is going on in our brains when ideas form? Does it feel the same for artists and
scientists? We asked writers and neuroscientists, pop stars and AI gurus to try to deconstruct
the creative process-and learn how we can all ignite the spark within.
A. In the early 1970s, creativity was still seen as a type of intelligence. But when more subtle
tests of IQ and creative skills were developed in the 1970s, particularly by the father of
creativity testing, Paul Torrance, it became clear that the link was not so simple. Creative
people are intelligent, in terms of IQ tests at least, but only averagely or just above. While it
depends on the discipline, in general beyond a certain level IQ does not help boost creativity;
it is necessary but not sufficient to make someone creative.
B. Because of the difficulty of studying the actual process, most early attempts to study
creativity concentrated on personality. According to creativity specialist Mark Runco of
California State University, Fullerton, the “creative personality” tends to place a high value
on aesthetic qualities and to have broad interests, providing lots of resources to draw on and
knowledge to recombine into novel solutions. “Creatives” have an attraction to complexity
and an ability to handle conflict. They are also usually highly self-motivated, perhaps even a
little obsessive. Less creative people, on the other hand, tend to become irritated if they
cannot immediately fit all the pieces together. They are less tolerant of confusion. Creativity
comes to those who wait, but only to those who are happy to do so in a bit of a fog.
C. But there may be a price to pay for having a creative personality. For centuries, a link has
been made between creativity and mental illness.Psychiatrist Jamison of Johns Hopkins
University in Baltimore, Maryland, found that established artists are significantly more likely
to have mood disorders. But she also suggests that a change of mood state might be the key to
triggering a creative event, rather than the negative mood itself. Intelligence can help channel
this thought style into great creativity, but when combined with emotional problems, lateral,
divergent or open thinking can lead to mental illness instead.
D. Jordan Peterson, a psychologist at the University of Toronto, Canada, believes he has
identified a mechanism that could help explain this. He says that the brains of creative people
seem more open to incoming stimuli than less creative types. Our senses are continuously
feeding a mass of information into our brains, which have to block or ignore most of it to
save us from being snowed under. Peterson calls this process latent inhibition, and argues that
people who have less of it, and who have a reasonably high IQ with a good working memory
can juggle more of the data, and so maybe open to more possibilities and ideas. The downside
of extremely low latent inhibition may be a confused thought style that predisposes people to
mental illness. So for Peterson, mental illness is not a prerequisite for creativity, but it shares
some cognitive traits.
E. But what of the creative act itself? One of the first studies of the creative brain at work was
by Colin Martindale, a psychologist from the University of Maine in Orono. Back in 1978, he
used a network of scalp electrodes to record an electroencephalogram, a record of the pattern
of brain waves, as people made up stories. Creativity has two stages: inspiration and
elaboration, each characterised by very different states of mind. While people were dreaming
up their stories, he found their brains were surprisingly quiet. The dominant activity was
alpha waves, indicating a very low level of cortical arousal: a relaxed state, as though the
conscious mind was quiet while the brain was making connections behind the scenes. It’s the
same sort of brain activity as in some stages of sleep, dreaming or rest, which could explain
why sleep and relaxation can help people be creative. However, when these quiet minded
people were asked to work on their stories, the alpha wave activity dropped off and the brain
became busier, revealing increased cortical arousal, more corralling of activity and more
organised thinking. Strikingly, it was the people who showed the biggest difference in brain
activity between the inspiration and development stages who produced the most creative
storylines. Nothing in their background brain activity marked them as creative or uncreative.
“It’s as if the less creative person can’t shift gear,” says Guy Claxton, a psychologist at the
University of Bristol, UK. “Creativity requires different kinds of thinking. Very creative
people move between these states intuitively.” Creativity, it seems, is about mental
flexibility: perhaps not a two-step process, but a toggling between two states. In a later study,
Martindale found that communication between the sides of the brain is also important.
F. Paul Howard-Jones, who works with Claxton at Bristol, believes he has found another
aspect of creativity. He asked people to make up a story based on three words and scanned
their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In one trial, people were asked not
to try too hard and just report the most obvious story suggested by the words. In another, they
were asked to be inventive. He also varied the words so it was easier or harder to link them.
As people tried harder and came up with more creative tales, there was a lot more activity in
a particular prefrontal brain region on the right-hand side. These regions are probably
important in monitoring for conflict, helping us to filter out many of of combining the words
and allowing us to pull out just the desirable connections, Howard-Jones suggests. It shows
that there is another side to creativity, he says. The story-making task, particularly when we
are stretched, produces many options which we have to assess. So part of creativity is a
conscious process of evaluating and analysing ideas. The test also shows that the more we try
and are stretched, the more creative our minds can be.
G. And creativity need not always be a solitary, tortured affair, according to Teresa Amabile
of Harvard Business School. Though there is a slight association between solitary writing or
painting and negative moods or emotional disturbances, scientific creativity and workplace
creativity seem much more likely to occur when people are positive and buoyant. In a
decade-long study of real businesses, to be published soon, Amabile found that positive
moods relate positively to creativity in organisations, and that the relationship is a simple
linear one. Creative thought also improves people’s moods, her team found, so the process is
circular. Time pressures, financial pressures and hard-earned bonus schemes on the other
hand, do not boost workplace creativity: internal motivation, not coercion, produces the best
work.
H. Another often forgotten aspect of creativity is social. Vera John-Steiner of the University
of New Mexico says that to be really creative you need strong social networks and trusting
relationships, not just active neural networks. One vital characteristic of a highly creative
person, she says, is that they have at least one other person in their life who doesn’t think they
are completely nuts
Questions 28-31
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
28 High IQ guarantees better creative ability in one person than that who achieves an average
score in an IQ test.
29 In a competitive society, individuals’ language proficiency is more important than other
abilities.
30 A wider range of resources and knowledge can be integrated by more creative people into
bringing about creative approaches.
31 A creative person not necessarily suffers more mental illness.
Questions 32-36
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-F) with opinions or deeds
below.
Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.
A Jamison
B Jordan Peterson
C Guy Claxton
D Howard-Jone
E Teresa Amabile
F Vera John-Steiner
32 Instead of producing the negative mood, a shift of mood state might be the one important
factor of inducing a creative thinking.
33 Where the more positive moods individuals achieve, there is higher creativity in
organizations.
34 Good interpersonal relationship and trust contribute to a person with more creativity.
35 Creativity demands an ability that can easily change among different kinds of thinking.
36 Certain creative mind can be upgraded if we are put into more practice in assessing and
processing ideas.
Questions 37-40
Complete the summary paragraph described below.
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write the correct answer with NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS.
But what of the creative act itself? In 1978, Colin Martindale made records of pattern of brain
waves as people made up stories by applying a system constituted of many
37…………………………………… The two phrases of creativity, such as
38………………………………. were found. While people were still planning their stories,
their brains shows little active sign and the mental activity was showed a very relaxed state as
the same sort of brain activity as in sleep, dreaming or rest.
However, experiment proved the signal of 39……………………………………went down
and the brain became busier, revealing increased cortical arousal, when these people who
were in a laidback state were required to produce their stories. Strikingly, it was found the
person who was perceived to have the greatest 40………………………………………..in
brain activity between two stages, produced storylines with highest level of creativity.
Exercise 19
Computer provides more questions than answers
A.The island of Antikythera lies 18 miles north of Crete, where the Aegean Sea meets the
Mediterranean. Currents there can make shipping treacherous – and one ship bound for
ancient Rome never made it. The ship that sank there was a giant cargo vessel measuring
nearly 500 feet long. It came to rest about 200 feet below the surface, where it stayed for
more than 2,000 years until divers looking for sponges discovered the wreck a little more
than a century ago.
B.Inside the hull were a number of bronze and marble statues. From the look of things, the
ship seemed to be carrying luxury items, probably made in various Greek islands and bound
for wealthy patrons in the growing Roman Empire. The statues were retrieved, along with a
lot of other unimportant stuff, and stored. Nine months later, an enterprising archaeologist
cleared off a layer of organic material from one of the pieces of junk and found that it looked
like a gearwheel. It had inscriptions in Greek characters and seemed to have something to do
with astronomy.
C.That piece of “junk” went on to become the most celebrated find from the shipwreck; it is
displayed at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Research has shown that the
wheel was part of a device so sophisticated that its complexity would not be matched for a
thousand years – it was also the world’s first known analogue computer. The device is so
famous that an international conference organized in Athens a couple of weeks ago had only
one subject: the Antikythera Mechanism.
D.Every discovery about the device has raised new questions. Who built the device, and for
what purpose? Why did the technology behind it disappear for the next thousand years? What
does the device tell us about ancient Greek culture? And does the marvelous construction,
and the precise knowledge of the movement of the sun and moon and Earth that it implies,
tell us how the ancients grappled with ideas about determinism and human destiny?
E.“We have gear trains from the 9th century in Baghdad used for simpler displays of the
solar and lunar motions relative to one another – they use eight gears,” said François
Charette, a historian of science in Germany who wrote an editorial accompanying a new
study of the mechanism two weeks ago in the journal Nature. “In this case, we have more
than 30 gears. To see it on a computer animation makes it mind-boggling. There is no doubt
it was a technological masterpiece.”
F.The device was probably built between 100 and 140 BC, and the understanding of
astronomy it displays seems to have been based on knowledge developed by the Babylonians
around 300-700 BC, said Mike Edmunds, a professor of astrophysics at Cardiff University in
Britain. He led a research team that reconstructed what the gear mechanism would have
looked like by using advanced three-dimensional-imaging technology. The group also
decoded a number of the inscriptions. The mechanism explores the relationship between
lunar months – the time it takes for the moon to cycle through its phases, say, full moon to
the full moon – and calendar years. The gears had to be cut precisely to reflect this complex
relationship; 19 calendar years equal 235 lunar months.
G.By turning the gear mechanism, which included what Edmunds called a beautiful system
of epicyclic gears that factored in the elliptical orbit of the moon, a person could check what
the sky would have looked like on a date in the past, or how it would appear in the future.
The mechanism was encased in a box with doors in front and back covered with inscriptions
– a sort of instruction manual. Inside the front door were pointers indicating the date and the
position of the sun, moon and zodiac, while opening the back door revealed the relationship
between calendar years and lunar months, and a mechanism to predict eclipses.
H.“If they needed to know when eclipses would occur, and this related to the rising and
setting of stars and related them to dates and religious experiences, the mechanism would
directly help,” said Yanis Bitsakis, a physicist at the University of Athens who co-wrote the
Nature paper. “It is a mechanical computer. You turn the handle and you have a date on the
front.” Building it would have been expensive and required the interaction of astronomers,
engineers, intellectuals and craftspeople. Charette said the device overturned conventional
ideas that the ancient Greeks were primarily ivory tower thinkers who did not deign to muddy
their hands with technical stuff. It is a reminder, he said, that while the study of history often
focuses on written texts, they can tell us only a fraction of what went on at a particular time.
I.Imagine a future historian encountering philosophy texts written in our time – and an
aircraft engine. The books would tell that researcher what a few scholars were thinking today,
but the engine would give them a far better window into how technology influenced our
everyday lives. Charette said it was unlikely that the device was used by practitioners of
astrology, then still in its infancy. More likely, he said, it was bound for a mantelpiece in
some rich Roman’s home. Given that astronomers of the time already knew how to calculate
the positions of the sun and the moon and to predict eclipses without the device, it would
have been the equivalent of a device built for a planetarium today – something to spur
popular interest or at least claim bragging rights.
J.Why was the technology that went into the device lost? “The time this was built, the
jackboot of Rome was coming through,” Edmunds said. “The Romans were good at town
planning and sanitation but were not known for their interest in science.” The fact that the
device was so complex, and that it was being shipped with a number of other luxury items,
tells Edmunds that it is very unlikely to have been the only one over made. Its sophistication
“is such that it can’t have been the only one,” Edmunds said. “There must have been a
tradition of making them. We’re always hopeful a better one will surface.” Indeed, he said, he
hopes that his study and the renewed interest in the Antikythera Mechanism will prompt
second looks by both amateurs and professionals around the world. “The archaeological
world may look in their cupboards and maybe say, ‘That isn’t a bit of rusty old metal in the
cupboard.’”
Questions 14-18
The Reading Passage has ten paragraphs A-J
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-J, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14 The content inside the wrecked ship
15 Ancient astronomers and craftsman might involve
16 The location of the Antikythera Mechanism
17 Details of how it was found
18 Appearance and structure of the mechanism
Questions 19-22
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE
THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
An ancient huge sunk 19………………………….. was found accidentally by sponges
searcher. The ship loaded with 20……………………….. such as bronze and sculptures.
However, an archaeologist found a junk similar to a 21……………………….. which has
Greek script on it. This inspiring and elaborated device was found to be the
first 22………………………… in the world
Questions 23-26
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or deeds
below. Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once
A Yanis Bitsakis
B Mike Edmunds
C François Charette
23 More complicated than the previous device
24 Anticipate to find more Antikythera Mechanism in the future
25 Antikythera Mechanism was found related to the moon
26 Mechanism assisted ancient people to calculate the movement of stars.
Knowledge in medicine
A What counts as knowledge? What do we mean when we say that we know something?
What is the status of different kinds of knowledge? In order to explore these questions we are
going to focus on one particular area of knowledge——medicine.
B How do you know when you are ill? This may seem to be an absurd question. You know
you are ill because you feel ill; your body tells you that you are ill. You may know that you
feel pain | or discomfort but knowing you are ill is a bit more complex. At times, people
experience the symptoms of illness, but in fact they are simply tired or over-worked or they
may just have a ‘ hangover. At other times, people may be suffering from a disease and fail to
be aware of the illness until it has reached a late stage in its development. So how do we
know we are ill, and what counts as knowledge?
C Think about this example. You feel unwell. You have a bad cough and always seem to be
tired. Perhaps it could be stress at work, or maybe you should give up smoking. You feel
worse. You visit the doctor who listens to your chest and heart, takes your temperature and
blood pressure, and then finally prescribes antibiotics for your cough.
D Things do not improve but you struggle on thinking you should pull yourself together,
perhaps things will ease off at work soon. A return visit to your doctor shocks you. This time
the doctor, drawing on years of training and experience, diagnoses pneumonia. This means
that you will need bed rest and a considerable time off work. The scenario is transformed.
Although you still have the same symptoms, you no longer think that these are caused by
pressure at work. You now have proof that you are ill. This is the result of the combination of
your own subjective experience and the diagnosis of someone who has the status of a medical
expert. You have a medically authenticated diagnosis and it appears that you are seriously ill;
you know you are ill and have evidence upon which to base this knowledge. Questions 27-32

Complete the table.

E This scenario shows many different sources of knowledge. For example, you decide to
consult the doctor in the first place because you feel unwell—this is personal knowledge
about your own body. However, the doctor’s expert diagnosis is based on experience and Choose no more than three words from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in
training, with sources of knowledge as diverse as other experts, laboratory reports, medical boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet
textbooks and years of experience.
Source of
Examples
F One source of knowledge is the experience of our own bodies; the personal knowledge we knowledge
have of changes that might be significant, as well as the subjective experience of pain and
physical distress. These experiences are mediated by other forms of knowledge such as the
words we have available to describe our experience and the common sense of our families Symptoms of a (27)……………………… and tiredness
and friends as well as that drawn from popular culture. Over the past decade, for example,
Western culture has seen a significant emphasis on stress-related illness in the media. Doctor’s measurement by taking (28)………………….. and
Reference to being Stressed out has become a common response in daily exchanges in the
workplace and has become part of popular common-sense knowledge. It is thus not surprising
that we might seek such an explanation of physical symptoms of discomfort. Personal temperature

experience
G We might also rely on the observations of others who know us. Comments from friends Common judgment from (29)……………………… around
and family such as you do look ill or ‘that’s a bad cough might be another source of you
knowledge. Complementary health practices, such as holistic medicine, produce their own
sets of knowledge upon which we might also draw in deciding the nature and degree of our ill
health and about possible treatments.

H Perhaps the most influential and authoritative source of knowledge is the medical Medical knowledge from the general
knowledge provided by the general practitioner. We expect the doctor to have access to (30)………………………
expert knowledge. This is socially sanctioned. It would not be acceptable to notify our
employer that we simply felt too unwell to turn up for work or that our faith healer, e.g. doctor’s medical(31)………………………………
astrologer, therapist or even our priest thought it was not a good idea. We need an expert Scientific
medical diagnosis in order to obtain the necessary certificate if we need to be off work for
more than the statutory self-certification period. The knowledge of the medical sciences is evidence Examine the medical hypothesis with the previous drill
privileged in this respect in contemporary Western culture. Medical practitioners are also and(32) ……………………………..
seen as having the required expert knowledge that permits them legally to prescribe drugs and
treatment to which patients would not otherwise have access. However there is a range of
different knowledge upon which we draw when making decisions about our own state of
health.

Question 33-40
I However, there is more than existing knowledge in this little story; new knowledge is
constructed within it. Given the doctors’ medical training and background, she may The reading Passage has nine paragraphs A-I
hypothesize ‘is this now pneumonia’ and then proceed to look for evidence about it. She will
use observations and instruments to assess the evidence and—critically interpret it in the light
of her training and experience. This results in new knowledge and new experience both for Which paragraph contains the following information?
you and for the doctor. This will then be added to the doctor’s medical knowledge and may
help in future diagnosis of pneumonia.
Write the correct letter A-I, in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet.
33. the contrast between the nature of personal judgment and the nature of doctor’s diagnosis

34. a reference of culture about pressure

35. sick leave will not be permitted without the professional diagnosis

36. how doctors’ opinions are regarded in the society

37. the illness of patients can become part of new knowledge

38. a description of knowledge drawn from non-specialized sources other than personal
knowledge

39. an example of collective judgment from personal experience and professional doctor

40. a reference that some people do not realize they are ill