COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT

IN SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER USING CuO

NANOPARTICLE
Faiza Fareeha 1, Shaad Sarwar Md2, M Yogish Chandra3, V Sai Trinath 4, S.Ramesh5
1,2,3,4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Student, Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science,
Warangal, Telangana
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Assistant Professor, Kakatiya Institute of Technology &
Science, Warangal, Telangana

Abstract: following components to make the solar

This study is about the heat transfer rate of a fluid in a
counter flow heat exchanger under turbulent flow
condition and then compared it with a heat transfer rate
of the fluid containing nanoparticle of CuO at the
concentration of 0.4% and 0.7% with Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The heat transfer rate would
increase by amplifying the heat transfer rate of fluid
itself. This can be achieved by many ways, one of them
is through injecting nano particles to the hot fluid in the
heat exchanger and results are generated using ANSYS
fluent software.
wheelchair. Firstly, a hub motor of 24V and a
24V battery to run the motor and a 24V solar
panel to charge the battery. Here we also used
a charge controller to control the flow of
energy from the solar panel to the battery. This
model can help users to move from one place
to another without any problem.
II. OVERVIEW OF SYSTEM

Keywords: In this solar wheelchair, we are using a solar

tracking system to charge the wheelchair to get
Counter Flow, Shell and tube heat exchanger, Heat
Transfer, Nano Particles, ANSYS CFD maximum power. Here the solar panel and the
tracking system are placed on top of the
I. INTRODUCTION wheelchair and it is connected to the charge
In the present world, many people are disabled controller because solar energy is not constant
and they cannot walk on their own and cannot and it can damage the battery. To avoid
travel from one place to other on their own. damage to the battery charge controller is
They must depend on others to move from one used. In this way, the batteries of wheelchairs
place to other, to overcome this wheelchairs are charged with the help of solar panels. The
are introduced. Even the person should rely on block diagram of the system is shown below in
others to travel to overcome this situation fig-1.
electric wheelchairs are introduced. But here Figure 1: Block Diagram of Solar Powered Wheel Chair
the main problem is with the charging of the
battery. So here we had designed and
fabricated a wheelchair that charges with the
help of solar power. The main objective of this
present project is to make a wheelchair that
runs with the help of solar energy so that we
can use the wheelchair for a long time.
Solar Panel:
Here a Solar Tracking system is used
A solar panel is a device that converts solar
to generate more energy compared to the
radiation into electrical energy. Here we are
conventional system. And, to reduce the cost
of the wheelchair we are using scrap materials
for manufacturing purposes. Here we used the
using 24V 1Ah solar panel to charge the sinusoidal way following the rotation angle of
batteries of the solar wheelchair. the rotor.

Figure 2: Solar Panel Figure 5: 24V Sine Controller

Charge Controller:

A charge controller is a device that is used to Motor:

charge the batteries with the help of a solar
The motor is one of the most important
panel. As the energy released from the solar
components of the wheelchair. It should be
panel is fluctuating it may damage the
picked based on the below specifications.
batteries. To prevent damage to batteries we
use a solar charge controller.

 Rated Power = 240W.

 Rated Voltage =24V.
 Rated Current = 6A.
 Rated Speed = 150Rpm.
 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ×
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒(𝑔) × 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
Figure 3: Charge Controller  Power=160*9.81*3.05*0.03=144W
 Radius of Wheel= 200mm =0.2m
Battery:  Perimeter=2*3.14*Radius=2*3.14*0.2
Here we are using a 24V 7Ah Lead acid = 1.256m
battery as it is easy and convenient battery  Speed = 3.05 m/s (i.e., it can travel
technology for an electric vehicle. Here the 3.05m in 1 sec)
energy generated by the solar panel is stored in  From this we can say that to travel
the batteries and used to run the wheelchair. 1.256m it takes 0.411sec.
Here we connected two 12V 7Ah batteries in  1.256m is 1 revolution of the wheel
series to make it 24V &7Ah battery. from this we can say that it takes
0.411sec for 1 revolution
 From this we can say that in 1 minute
it can rotate 145.9 times i.e., 145 times
 Therefore ω =146 rev/min
power 144
 Load Current = = = 6
voltage 24
Amps

Figure 4: 12V 7Ah Battery

Sine Controller:

It is a device that is used to rotate the rotor by

changing the voltage of the stator coil in a

Figure 6: 24V Hub Motor


III. OVERVIEW OF SOLAR
TRACKING SYSTEM
In a solar tracking system, the solar panel
moves in the direction of the sun so that the
panel can generate energy without any rest till
the sun set. Here we are using dual axis solar
tracking system. The main components of the
solar tracking system are Arduino Uno, Servo
Motors-2No, and Light Dependent Resistors-
4No.
Arduino Uno:
The specifications of Arduino that we have
used in this is Arduino Uno R3 which is
developed by Arduino based on an
ATmega328P microcontroller. This Arduino
works as an open-source microcontroller and
manages the input and output devices that are
connected to it. The Arduino looks as shown in
fig-6.
Figure 7: Arduino Uno
Light Dependent Resistors:
Light-dependent Resistors are also called
LDRs. These are the electronic components
that are mostly used in an electronic circuit
where the presence and intensity of light must
be detected. These are light-sensitive gadgets
that detect the intensity of light and send the
intensity of light as a signal to the Arduino
Uno through analog pins in form of voltage
based on which the Arduino sends the output.
It operates based on photoconductivity. It is as
shown in fig-8.
Figure 8: Light Dependent Resistors
Servo Motors:
It is a linear actuator or rotary actuator that
allows for the precise control of linear position
or angular position, velocity, and acceleration.
An appropriate motor is connected to a
position feedback sensor. The vertical and
horizontal rotary motion of the solar panel in
this model is controlled by two servo motors.
Figure 9: Servo Motor
IV. WORKING PRINCIPLE
Working of Solar Tracking System:
When the light falls on the LDR they send the
signals to the Arduino based on the intensity of
sunlight falling on them. If the intensity is
more on the left LDR then the corresponding
analogy pins send more voltage and vice versa.
These intensities are compared with the code
that has been installed in the Arduino and
Digital pins send the signals to the servo
motors to rotate according to the output that
occurred from the program. So that the servo
motors rotate the solar plate in the direction of
the sun.
Working of Wheel Chair:
Solar Energy from the sun is converted into
electrical energy with the help of solar panels.
Here we are using the solar tracking system.
The energy received from the solar panel is
stored in the battery through the charge
controller when the wheelchair is at rest. Now,
this energy is used to run the motors of the
wheelchair. When the wheelchair is in motion
the energy received from the solar panel is
used to run the wheelchair. In this way,
disabled people can travel from one place to
another without depending on anyone.
V. DESIGN OF WHEELCHAIR
For designing the wheelchair, we used Solid
works software. Below is the tracking system
that is designed for solid works. This is a dual-
axis solar tracking system that rotates along
the X-axis and Y-axis according to the
direction of the sun.
Figure 10: Design of Solar Tracking System
Below is the wheel that we designed in solid
works software. Solid works are software that
is used to design different products and is also
helpful in finding their weight and different
properties.
It is very useful in designing different products
to have a preview of the final product.
Figure 11: Design of Solar Wheel Chair
VI. CONCLUSION
The solar wheelchair designed above will be
helpful for disabled people to travel long
distances without any problem. As we are
using a solar tracking system to charge the
battery the time taken to charge the battery
will be less when compared to a conventional
method. This wheelchair can carry a weight of
165kg and can travel at a speed of 3.5m/s. The
recharge capacity of the panel is more efficient
and can travel 5km with a single charge. This
is more efficient on flat surfaces when
compared with inclined surfaces. The design is
made in such a way that the solar panel is
placed on top of the wheelchair so that it can
protect the driver from different climatic
conditions. And the motor can run at 3
different speeds so that the person can travel
without any fear or difficulty.
VII. REFERENCES
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Solar-Powered Wheelchair” on
November 19, 2020.
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31, 2018.
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Controlled Using Android App and
Joystick” V ol.12 No.12, 2021.
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Advanced in Smart Wheel Chair
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People”, 2022.
[6]. Vivek Nair “Smart Wheelchair with
Electric Bike” Volume 5, Issue 7, pp
62-65, July-2021.
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Applications with Free-Positioning
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