Practice Set 16

Peter Politics
A ‘Goodness of Fit’ Chi-Square Story

Expanded data table:

Candidate Candidate Candidate Candidate
Total
A B C D
Observed Outcomes
24 18 33 12 87
Number of students who voted for the candidate
Expected Outcomes
Number of students should vote for the candidate
24.84 26.10 24.84 5.22 87
if the university had voted in accordance to the
general population (round off to 2 decimal places)
Difference 3.84
- -

8.10 5.16 6.78

between observed and expected outcomes

Computations Table:

2
�𝑓𝑓obs −𝑓𝑓exp �
∑(𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓diff)
2
(6.20)2
X2 =∑ 𝑓𝑓exp
=
exp
= 1-
3.84728+15.1612
24.84
27.84
I
5.2 2

0.53
=

2.51
+
0.96
+
8.81
+

Y 12.81

df = (1-1) =
(4-1) =
3,

Elements of Hypothesis Testing: assignment

Experimental Design:
Between Subjects Design

Statistical analysis used:

Chi-square Goodness of Fit Test

Research hypotheses:
H0: The vote of the students did not change in accordance with the general population
HA: The vote of the students changed in accordance with the general population

Level of significance:
0.05
Critical value:
7.81
Research conclusion: It is most likely that the vote of the students changed in accordance with the general population,
X (3, N=87) = 12.81, p < 0.05
2
Love At First Sight
A ‘Test of Homogeneity’ Chi-Square Story

Contingency table:
Observed Men Women Total
Believe 63 75 138
Do not believe 37 25 62
Total 100 100 n = 200

Expected Frequencies table:

Expected Men Women Total
Believe 69 69 138

Do not believe 31 31 62

100 100
Total n 200
=

Differences table:
Difference Men Women
Believe -

6 6

Do not believe 6 -

Computations Table:

(6)2 1- 6)2
2

�𝑓𝑓obs −𝑓𝑓exp �
2
(𝑓𝑓diff )2 1 67 (6)
X2 =∑ ∑
-

= = t I I
𝑓𝑓exp 𝑓𝑓exp 69 31 69 31

0.52
=
+ 1.16 0.52
+
+ 1.16

3.36
=

df = (K-1) 2-1 1,
=

Elements of Hypothesis Testing:

Experimental design: Between Subjects Design

Statistical analysis used: Chi-square Test of Homogeneity

Research hypotheses:
H0: Men and women do not differ in their belief in love at first sight
HA: Men and women differ in their belief in love at first sight

Level of significance: 0.05

Critical value: 3.84
Research conclusion:
Data is in line with the supposition that men and women do not differ
in their belief in love at first sight, X(1, N=200) = 3.36, p > 0.05
2
Teacher Talk
A ‘Test of Independence’ Chi-Square Story

Contingency table:
Observed Above average Average and below Total
Usually or always 151 113 264
Sometimes to never 41 83 124
192 196 388

Expected Frequencies table:

Expected Above average Average and below Total

Usually or always 130.64 135.36 264

Sometimes to never 61.36 62.64 124

n = 388

Differences in Frequencies table:

Differences Above average Average and below

Usually or always 20.36 -
20.36

Sometimes to never 20.36 20.36

Computations Table:

2
(20.36)" (20.36)
"
1
20.36)2(20.36)2
(𝑓𝑓diff )2
-

�𝑓𝑓obs −𝑓𝑓exp �
X2 =∑ 𝑓𝑓exp
= ∑ 𝑓𝑓exp
= 130 .64
I
61.36
t
133.34
I
62.64

= 3.14 6.46
+
+
3.11 6.62
+

19.66
=

df = 1(r -1)(c -

1) (2 1)(2 1) (1)(1) 1,
=
- -
= =

Elements of Hypothesis Testing:

Experimental Design:
Between Subjects Design

Stat analysis used: Chi-square Test of Independence

Research hypotheses:
H0: Students’ academic performance is not dependent on how often they talk with their teacher
HA: Students’ academic performance is dependent on how often they talk with their teacher

Level of significance:
0.01
Critical value:
6.63
Research conclusion:
Data is in line with the supposition that the students’ academic performance is
dependent on how often they talk with their teacher, X (1, N=388) = 19.66, p < 0.01
2